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PubMed2000

On the biogeography of yeasts in the Wickerhamiella clade and description of Wickerhamiella lipophila sp. nov., the teleomorph of Candida lipophila.

We describe the new yeast species Wickerhamiella lipophila, the teleomorph of Candida lipophila, a haploid heterothallic yeast previously isolated from insects associated with morning glories in Hawaii. Both mating types were recovered in the eastern region of Maui, and a single strain was found in the Waimea region of Kauai. We reexamined the mating compatibility of the several strains of Candida lipophila previously collected on the island of Hawaii and found them to be fertile mating types that had been overlooked because of the unpredictability of mating and ascus formation. The type culture of Candida lipophila [UWO(PS)91-681.3 = CBS 8458, h+] is transferred to the genus Wickerhamiella, and strain UWO(PS)00-340.1 (CBS 8812, h-) is designated as isotype. Also found on Maui and Kauai were strains of Candida drosophilae that produced a strong extracellular protease. An update on the global distribution of members of the Wickerhamiella clade is given.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prospective evaluation of the impact of amoxicillin, clarithromycin and their combination on human gastrointestinal colonization by Candida species.

BACKGROUND: Amoxicillin and clarithromycin have been used extensively for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori. However, no study has examined the impact of their combination on the Candida albicans concentration of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This is the first study examining and comparing directly the effect of amoxicillin, clarithromycin and their combination on the C. albicans concentration of the human GI tract. METHODS: Thirty-three adult patients (11 in each antibiotic group) were studied prospectively. Quantitative stool cultures for Candida were conducted at the beginning, the end and 1 week after the discontinuation of antibiotic treatment. RESULTS: All three regimens increased the GI colonization in patients by Candida. The combination of amoxicillin with clarithromycin caused the highest increase; however, this was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Amoxicillin and clarithromycin used either alone or in combination cause a small to moderate increase in GI colonization by Candida. Hence, these drugs could be safely used in patients at risk for candidiasis originating from the GI tract.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Candida dubliniensis isolates from clinical specimens in Kuwait.

OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out to characterize Candida dubliniensis using phenotypic and molecular methods and to determine the occurrence of C. dubliniensis in clinical specimens in Kuwait. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 880 clinical specimens for isolation of fungi were processed according to standard procedures. Of these, 390 germ-tube-positive clinical isolates of Candida species were examined for rough colonies with hyphal fringes and chlamydospore production on simplified sunflower seed agar for their presumptive phenotypicidentification as C. dubliniensis. The identification of C. dubliniensis isolates was further confirmed by the Vitek 2 yeast identification system, semi-nested (sn) PCR amplification of high-copy rDNA and direct DNA sequencing of the internally transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region. RESULTS: Of the 390 isolates of Candida species investigated, 12 were identified as C. dubliniensis, giving an overall occurrence of 3%. All the C. dubliniensis isolates formed rough colonies with hyphal fringes and abundant chlamydospores on sunflower seed agar, did not assimilate trehalose, lactate and alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, and were isolated from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative patients. Four C. dubliniensis isolates utilized D-xylose. The species-specific primer derived from the ITS2 sequence of C. dubliniensis and used together with the panfungal reverse primer in the reamplification step of the snPCR specifically amplified rDNA from reference and clinical C. dubliniensis isolates and not from C. albicans or other Candida species. The identity of two representative isolates was confirmed by DNA sequencing of the ITS2 region. CONCLUSIONS: The identity of 12 C. dubliniensis isolates was first established by phenotypic characteristics and then by snPCR using species-specific primers derived from ITS2 sequences. The recovery of C. dubliniensis from HIV-negative patients from Kuwait reinforces the existing view that this novel yeast species has a worldwide distribution and its occurrence is not restricted to any particular immunocompromised population.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1983

Candida overgrowth in gastric juice of peptic ulcer subjects on short- and long-term treatment with H2-receptor antagonists.

Candida overgrowth in gastric juice of peptic ulcer subjects under therapy with H2-receptor (H2-R) antagonists has been detected in 21.4 and 53.8% of cases after short- and long-term treatment respectively, and in 8% of controls. Both types of H2-R antagonists, ranitidine and cimetidine, were equally associated with production of yeasts. The location of ulcers, whether gastric or duodenal, seems to have no influence on fungal growth. Females were more susceptible than males to develop Candida in gastric juice. In the short-term course with H2-R blockers fungal colonization of gastric juice was associated with delay of the rate of ulcer healing. Fungal detection in gastric juice was not associated with mucosal invasion by Candida since in none of the patients who had a biopsy for gastric ulcer was Candida detected by histology.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Characterization of a monoclonal antibody (RJ5) against the immunodominant 41-kD antigen of Candida albicans.

A 41-kD component of Candida albicans was identified to be the major antigen radioimmunoprecipitated by antibodies with increased titers in the sera of patients with invasive candidiasis. A mouse monoclonal antibody (RJ5) was generated which, by immunoblotting, showed positive reactivity to the immunoprecipitated 41-kD component. By two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting, MoAb RJ5 was shown to react with different isoforms of the 41-kD component with pI values from 6.1 to 6.9. Furthermore, MoAb RJ5 showed positive reactivity to cytoplasmic antigens of C. albicans by frozen section and immunoperoxidase staining. By SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting, MoAb RJ5 showed no cross-reactivity to antigens of Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilosis. The epitope of the 41-kD molecule recognized by MoAb RJ5 was susceptible to treatment of proteinase K at concentrations of greater than or equal to 5 micrograms/ml, and was relatively resistant to periodate oxidation with concentration of NaIO4 up to 20 mM. This MoAb may be useful in the purification and characterization of the immunodominant 41-kD antigen of C. albicans, and as a probe in the detection of Candida antigens in the sera of patients with invasive candidiasis.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1997

Allergens of Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida boidinii share IgE-binding epitopes.

From an Aspergillus fumigatus complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) library displayed on phage surface, an allergen formally termed rAsp f 3 was cloned. The open-reading frame of the cloned gene for the allergen encodes a protein of 168 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 18.5 kD, showing 36% identity and 58% similarity to two peroxisomal membrane proteins of Candida boidinii. Recombinant Asp f 3 was expressed as a [His]6-tagged fusion protein in Escherichia coil at yields of 30 mg/L, and was purified by Ni(2+)-chelate chromatography. In an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), serum IgE antibody reactivity to rAsp f 3 could be detected in 72% of 89 individuals sensitized to A. fumigatus, demonstrating that the protein represents a major allergen of the mold. IgE specific to rAsp f 3 and the two recombinant Candida proteins was further demonstrated by IgE-immunoblot analysis. IgE binding to rAsp f 3 could be inhibited in the ELISA by adding either of the recombinant Candida peroxisomal proteins to sera containing IgE directed against Asp f 3. Taken together, these observations prove that the Asperigillus allergen and the two Candida proteins share IgE-binding epitopes.

Allergens↗
PubMed1986

The tuberculin test. Studies of the dynamics of reactivity to tuberculin and Candida antigen in institutionalized patients.

To determine the importance of the recall phenomenon ("booster effect") in chronically hospitalized patients, we performed three sequential tuberculin and Candida antigen skin tests in patients at two hospitals. Twenty of 162 patients (12.3%) demonstrated a significant reaction on the initial tuberculin test, and 9 additional patients (5.5%) showed a significant reaction (booster response) to a second tuberculin test administered 3 wk later. Five patients (3.1%) demonstrated a significant reaction only when a third tuberculin test was administered 6 wk after the initial test. Only 1 patient (0.6%) with a significant tuberculin reaction on the first 2 tests was nonreactive on the third test. Nineteen patients (11.7%) demonstrated a significant response to Candida antigen on the initial test and a booster effect was noted in 11 (6.2%) and 6 (3.7%) patients, respectively, on subsequent tests. Four patients (2.5%) appeared to lose reactivity to Candida antigen on each of the 2 repeat tests. Only 25% of patients who demonstrated a tuberculin booster response had a significant reaction to the initial Candida skin test. Serial skin tests may be necessary to reliably determine the ability of a chronically hospitalized patient to demonstrate a response to tuberculin.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Oral Candida: clearance, colonization, or candidiasis?

Candida albicans is frequently isolated from the human mouth, yet few carriers develop clinical signs of candidiasis. Oral candidiasis presents clinically in many forms. This reflects the ability of the yeast to colonize different oral surfaces and the variety of factors which predispose the host to Candida colonization and subsequent infection. Colonization of the oral cavity appears to be facilitated by several specific adherence interactions between C. albicans and oral surfaces which enable the yeast to resist host clearance mechanisms. Thus, Candida has been shown to adhere to complement receptors, various extracellular matrix proteins, and specific sugar residues displayed on host or bacterial surfaces in the oral cavity. Oral candidiasis results from yeast overgrowth and penetration of the oral tissues when the host's physical and immunological defenses have been undermined. Tissue invasion may be assisted by secreted hydrolytic enzymes, hyphal formation, and contact sensing. While these and other phenotypic characteristics may endow certain Candida species or strains with a competitive advantage in the oral cavity, it is the host's immune competence that ultimately determines whether clearance, colonization, or candidiasis occurs.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Candida keratitis in a patient with candidiasis of the fingernails.

PURPOSE: To report a case of Candida keratitis following penetrating keratoplasty in a patient with Candidiasis of the fingernails. CASE REPORT: An 80 year-old male presented with recurrent Candida keratitis following penetrating keratoplasty. Patient was found to have evidence of Candidiasis of the fingernails. COMMENT: Candidiasis of the fingernails have led to recurrent fungal keratitis following penetrating keratoplasty. Cultures grew Candida albicans. Preoperative recognition, prompt and appropriate therapy of foci of infection may prevent Candida keratitis following penetrating keratoplasty.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Candida meningitis in children: report of two cases.

Candida meningitis is rare in children. However reports have been increasing recently. We report two cases of meningitis caused by Candida species. The first case was a term male infant who was admitted at 14 days of age with the diagnosis of possible sepsis. He had received multiple courses of antibiotics without improvement. Later his cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture grew Candida tropicalis. The damage done by the infection was severe and the patient died. The second case was a 2-month old girl who was born at 34 weeks of gestation. She was admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) and given antibiotics as prophylaxis. Despite this she developed recurrent episodes of fever that required multiple courses of antibiotics. After discharging her, she continued to have fever. Upon investigation, her blood and CSF grew Candida albicans. She was treated and responded to therapy.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2001

Determination of minumum inhibitory concentrations of Candida species isolated from vaginal swab specimens by using broth macrodilution and E-test.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the utility of the E-test in determining the antifungal susceptibility of Candida species. A total of 50 Candida strains, including 34 Candida albicans and 16 non-albicans were isolated from vaginal swab specimens from women suffering from vaginitis. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of amphotericin B, fluconazole and ketoconazole were detected by using broth macrodilution and the E-test. When the results of the two tests were compared, the MIC values were considered acceptable if the difference between the two assays was no more than two-fold (+/-1dilution). The acceptable rates were: 84% for amphotericin B, 97% for fluconazole and 78% for ketoconazole. Finally, MICs of C. albicans against the tested antifungal agents were generally lower than for non-albicans strains. These results suggest that the E-test can be used for the determination of MIC values for Candida species isolates.

Amphotericin B↗
PubMed2004

Influence of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) on biofilm production by Candida species.

Candida spp. are important causative agents of infections associated with biofilm formation. Management of biofilm-related infections is extremely difficult and therefore new therapeutic solutions are needed. This study for the first time explored the possible effect of aspirin on Candida spp. Biofilm-producing capacity. Two strains of C. guilliermondii, and one strain per species of C. kefyr, C. glabrata, C. albicans, and C. parapsilosis were included in the study. The antifungal property of aspirin was tested by the broth microdilution method, while effect of aspirin on biofilm formation was determined by the microtiter-plate test. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of aspirin obtained ranged from 2.17 to 8.67 mM and minimal fungicidal concentrations were from 4.33 to 8.67 mM. The concentrations of aspirin which induced statistically significant decrease in biofilm formation ranged from 0.43 mM to 1.73 mM of aspirin, depending on the tested yeast strain. Therefore, the significant effects of aspirin on growth and biofilm formation of Candida spp. were achieved only with suprapharmacological concentrations of the drug. The influence of the inoculum size on the effect of aspirin on biofilm formation was determined for C. albicans only and a significant decrease was observed also at suprapharmacological concentrations of aspirin, irrespective of the inoculum size. The results obtained in the present study show aspirin to be a drug with the potential to affect and suppress biofilm formation by Candida spp., and provide support for further investigation.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
PubMed2003

The interaction of human dendritic cells with yeast and germ-tube forms of Candida albicans leads to efficient fungal processing, dendritic cell maturation, and acquisition of a Th1 response-promoting function.

T helper cell type 1 (Th1) cell-mediated immunity plays a critical role in protection against the opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans. Virulence of the fungus is closely associated with its ability to form germ-tubes (GT), the early phase of the dimorphic transition from the commensal yeast (Y) to the more invasive hyphal (H) form. In this study, we examined the functional outcome of the interaction of Y or GT forms with human dendritic cells (DCs), professional antigen-presenting cells, which are pivotal for initiation and modulation of T cell responses. DCs phagocytosed and killed Y and GT cells with a comparable efficiency, becoming able to trigger strong proliferative responses by Candida-specific, autologous T cell clones. Both fungal forms induced DC maturation, as indicated by up-regulation of CD83, CD80, CD86, CD40, and major histocompatibility complex classes I and II surface antigens. Chemokine receptors were also modulated in Candida-DCs, which showed increased CCR7/CXCR4 and decreased CCR5 expression. Y- and GT-activated DCs differed in the pattern of cytokine expression. In particular, GT cells, in common with fully differentiated H cells, induced significantly more elevated levels of interleukin (IL)-10 than Y cells. Nevertheless, Y-, GT-, or H-pulsed DCs secreted comparable amounts of IL-12p70. In addition, irrespective of the fungal form triggering DC activation, Candida-DCs acquired the ability to prime naive T lymphocytes with a defined Th1 phenotype. Overall, our findings highlight the induction of substantially similar functional patterns in human DCs encountering the different forms of growth of C. albicans, both seemingly activating the Th1-type immunity which is characteristic of the healthy human subjects, naturally immunized and protected against the fungus.

Antigen-Presenting Cells↗
PubMed2000

Solubilized cell wall beta-glucan, CSBG, is an epitope of Candida immune mice.

Antibody to beta-glucan is generally difficult to produce in mice. We have recently developed a protocol to obtain a soluble Candida spp. beta-(1-->3)-D-glucan (CSBG) by sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) oxidation and subsequent dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) extraction. CSBG is composed mainly of beta-(1-->3) and beta-(1-->6)-glucosidic linkages with a small amount of branch. In this paper, mice were immunized with Candida albicans and the specificity of the resulting sera to CSBG was examined by ELISA. Using CSBG coated plate, sera of the Candida immune mice showed higher reactivity than non-immune, normal mice and the reactivity was neutralized by adding soluble CSBG as a competitor. However, the reactivity could not be neutralized by a beta-(1-->6) branched beta-(1-->3)-glucan, grifolan. Similar specificity of the sera was obtained by commercially available beta-glucan particle, zymosan or zymocel, immune mice. These facts strongly suggested that CSBG included epitopes of the specific antibody in Candida immune mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Solubilization of limulus test reactive material(s) from Candida cells by murine phagocytes.

Solubilization of limulus test reactive materials from Candida was examined in the presence or absence of phagocytic cells. Solubilized limulus test reactive materials (LTRM) were detected in culture supernatant, and hot water and sodium hydroxide extracts of the acetone dried cells of Candida parapsilosis. Suspensions of Candida cells also reacted with limulus test, and LTRM were released from the acetone dried cells by serum treatment. After treatment of the acetone dried cells with polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) or macrophages (M phi), a significant amount of LTRM was solubilized. Significant amounts of LTRM were also released by PMN during treatment of live and growing C. parapsilosis. The reactivity of LTRM was completely inhibited by the addition of excess amount of purified (1----3)-beta-D-glucan, suggesting LTRM from Candida cells as described above would contain (1----3)-beta-D-glucan. These results suggested that LTRM during fungal infection would come from the extracellular water soluble polysaccharide fraction as well as the insoluble cell wall fraction solubilized by the action of phagocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Immunochemical study on mannan, the antigenic polysaccharide of pathogenic yeasts in man of genus Candida].

This article accounts for the development of immunochemical studies on the antigenic polysaccharide, mannan, a major antigen of pathogenic yeast in man, genus Candida, in order to determine the chemical structures dominating the serological specificities of the parent cells as follows. 1. The serological classification system of 7 medically important Candida species by detecting 10 antigenic factors, 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 13b, and 34 the corresponding antisera, established by Tsuchiya and his coworkers is documented. 2. The structural studies of Candida mannans until early 1980s, which did not include any evidence for the presence of beta-1,2-linked Man unit, the common constituent of antigenic factors, 5, and 6, are also reviewed. 3. The process of structural identification of antigenic factor 5 residing in the mannans of C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. stellatoidea, in the phosphate-bound form of beta-1,2 linked mannooligosaccharides, is summarized. 4. The results of structural identification of antigenic factors 4 and 6 in the mannans of the acid-stable domains of C. albicans are summarized as follows: In order to isolate oligosaccharides containing beta-1,2 and alpha-1,6 linkages, a modified acetolysis method under mild conditions was established. By means of this procedure, oligosaccharides corresponding to antigenic factors 4 and 6 were successfully isolated, and their structures determined, subsequently. 5. Furthermore, effects of the alteration of cultivation conditions, carbon source, pH and temperature, on the chemical structure of mannans, especially of decrease and/or loss of densities of antigenic factors, 4, 5 and 6, are documented, because of the significance of these findings as basic concepts for in situ assay of Candida cells by antibody-staining technique in patients' foci.

Antigens, Fungal↗
PubMed1998

The role of Candida sp isolated from bronchoscopic samples in nonneutropenic patients.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To determine the clinical significance of Candida sp isolated from bronchoscopic samples in patients with suspected pneumonia. DESIGN: A retrospective chart review was performed in all nonneutropenic adult patients with Candida sp isolates from respiratory secretions obtained by bronchoscopy over a 5-year period (1991 to 1995). Potential risk factors, therapeutic decisions, and outcome were recorded. Microbiological findings, chest radiograph reports, and pathologic material were reviewed. Isolates were classified as definite, probable, or indeterminate contamination, or as definite pulmonary candidiasis, on the basis of histologic findings, therapeutic decisions, and outcome. SETTING: A 600-bed teaching hospital with 16 beds in a medical-surgical ICU. PATIENTS: Thirty-seven consecutive patients with positive cultures for Candida sp from respiratory samples obtained by bronchoscopy were evaluated. Thirty-two of these 37 patients (86.5%) received antibiotic therapy prior to sampling, and 23 (62.2%) were intubated. RESULTS: Contamination was classified as definite in 3 patients (8.1%) and probable in 30 others (81.0%). Contamination was indeterminate in two cases (5.4%). Two additional patients (5.4%) received antifungal agents for systemic candidiasis. No cases of pulmonary candidiasis could be demonstrated, although 24 of 28 patients showed protected specimen brush cultures > or = 10(3) cfu/mL. CONCLUSIONS: Nonneutropenic patients with isolation of Candida sp from bronchoscopic samples, even in high concentrations, are unlikely to have invasive candidiasis. Indication for initiation of antifungal therapy should be based on histologic evidence or identification from sterile specimens.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Cerebrospinal fluid in infection of the central nervous system by yeasts of the genus Candida: analysis of 11 cases].

This study is based on the analysis of 44 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 11 patients with central nervous system (CNS) Candida infection. Risk factors for CNS fungal infection were present in all patients. Five had a chronic meningitis syndrome; two had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS); two had cranial trauma followed by chronic meningities; one had intravascular disseminated coagulation syndrome and sepsis; and one had systemic candidiasis after kidney transplant. Etiological diagnosis was made in all by the CSF examination. Nine cases had positive CSF culture for Candida. Two patients presented the yeast in the direct examination, and one of them had reagent complement fixation test for Candida in three successive samples of CSF. Changes found in the CSF composition are discussed in order to evaluate the inflammatory response to CNS infection by Candida.

Adolescent↗