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At least 1,603 records · Page 89Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Disordered eating and its psychosocial correlates among Chinese adolescent females in Hong Kong.

OBJECTIVES: To study the prevalence of disordered eating and its relationship with body dissatisfaction, family dysfunction, and depression among Chinese adolescent females in Hong Kong. METHOD: Two hundred ninety-four schoolgirls completed a demographic and weight history sheet, Eating Attitudes Test-26, Body Dissatisfaction Scale, cohesion and conflict subscales of the Family Environment Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory. RESULTS: 6.5% of subjects were EAT-26 high scores. Disordered eating was positively predicted by body dissatisfaction and, to a lesser extent, family cohesion and conflict. Body dissatisfaction was in turn positively predicted by depression, which was negatively predicted by family cohesion. DISCUSSION: Western patterns of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating attitudes are common among Chinese adolescent females. In the presence of psychosocial vulnerability factors, more weight control behavior and eating disorders may be expected to arise in Hong Kong.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

The relationship between strategies of coping and perception of pain in three chronic pain groups.

Examined the relationship between perception of pain, personality, coping and the reactions of family members in three chronic pain groups (sickle cell anemia, arthritis, and low back pain). Sixty black Ss equally distributed in the three medically diagnosed pain groups completed the McGill Pain Questionnaire, Maudsley Personality Inventory, a self-control measure, and the modified spouse response questionnaire. Nonsignificant association was detected between measures of pain and neuroticism; a significant inverse relationship was found between self-controlling behaviors and the affective dimension of pain; the relationship between perceived solicitous behavior and intensity and quality of pain differentiated the sickle cell and arthritic groups from the low back pain group; for the low back pain group, intensity of pain was related significantly to solicitous behaviors of family members, but the reverse was true for the arthritic and sickle cell groups.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Differences in family functioning among bulimics, repeat dieters, and nondieters.

This article examined bulimics' (n = 31) perceptions of how their families function relative to a group of women at risk for developing bulimia (repeat dieters) (n = 61) and a group not at risk for an eating disorder (nondieters) (n = 59). The results indicated that bulimics perceive their families to be more dysfunctional than do repeat dieters or nondieters. The bulimics reported poorer general family functioning, more affective involvement, less affective responsiveness, poorer family communication, poorer problem-solving skills, and poorer behavior control. The hypothesis that repeat dieters would evidence more family dysfunction relative to the nondieters was not supported. The results are discussed in terms of how family variables may contribute etiologically to bulimia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Body mass index, menarche, and perception of dieting among peripubertal adolescent females.

OBJECTIVE: To examine perceptions of dieting among pre and postmenarchial female school students. METHOD: All 51 female students of mean (SD) age 12.6 (0.6) years from a state school volunteered to complete a questionnaire about general health, eating and weight control behaviors, and menstrual status. Height and weight were measured. Focus groups using structured questions and discussion were used to elicit responses about the meaning of dieting and its association with menarche. RESULTS: Postmenarchial females were significantly more likely than the same age premenarchial students to have increased their body mass index (BMI), to clearly articulate the meaning of dieting, to report trying to lose weight, and to use diet and exercise to lose weight. Premenarchial females did not have a clear perception of dieting. Premenarchial females who reported trying to lose weight equated dieting with healthy eating and did not include losing weight or the behaviors and feeling associated with the concept of dieting unless their BMI had increased and menarche was imminent. DISCUSSION: The concept of dieting that may result in weight loss and the behaviors and feelings associated with dieting did not develop until menarche and is likely to be associated with the rapid increase in height, weight, and body fat that precedes menarche. Educational interventions aimed at preventing eating disorders among premenarchial adolescents may therefore be inappropriate, ineffective, and potentially dangerous.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Hydrolysis of D-galactosides in an open tubular lactase reactor.

Lactase (beta-galactosidase) was attached to the inner surface of nylon tubing. Tubes of various lengths were used to bring about the hydrolysis of o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside and of lactose in skim milk. The results with the former substrate were analyzed in the light of a theoretical treatment of Kobayashi and Laidler (Biotechnol. Bioeng., 16, 99, 1974), with the conclusion that the reaction is intermediate between diffusion-free and completely diffusion-controlled behavior. The results with skim milk show that with a single 46 m tube and continuous circulation, 90% of the lactose is removed within 20 hr. A battery of ten such tubes, with single passage, at a flow rate of 2 cm/sec, would remove more than 99% of the lactose in less than 40 min.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

A model of the eustress system for health/illness.

The stress response system, as vital mediator of the individual's health/illness dynamics at physical, psychological, and social levels, is modeled through a systems approach. This extremely complex self-regulating system involves multiple causal factors, nonlinearities, and time delays. Key basic functions are surveillance, mobilization of resources, feedback, and purpose. The underlying physiological stress response comprises three main mechanisms: autonomic nervous system, hormonal system, and immune response system. Their afferent pathways are presented in a flow diagram, and integrated into the full system which includes the psycho-social dimensions. The main features of this overall system comprise: psycho-social dynamics, feedback and feedforward monitors, self-concept, evaluation and strategy-decision making, generalized coping resources, mobilization of response strategies, and behavioral control. Stressors, as potential producers of stress, are illustrated in the physical, psychological, and social domains. A U-shaped universal dose-response curve is helpful in understanding stressor-destressor actions. Destressors are similarly considered, with special relation to lifestyle. Finally, the concept of eustress is developed as the ideal condition toward which this complex homeostatic system works.

Autonomic Nervous System↗
PubMed2003

Impulsive versus premeditated aggression: implications for mens rea decisions.

Science can provide more information about the nature of aggressive acts, and therefore the mens rea of criminal offenses, than is commonly assumed. For example, progress has been made in classifying aggression as impulsive or premeditated within the context of the role of conscious experience in controlling behavior. This review of the status of the scientific ability to distinguish conscious from unconscious acts and more specifically impulsive from premeditated aggressive acts is organized around four themes: (i) How is aggression defined and measured in general? (ii) How does the distinction between impulsive and premeditated aggression relate to the legal concept of mens rea? (iii) How do various scientific disciplines contribute to the mind/body discourse? (iv) What risk factors are associated with impulsive and premeditated aggression respectively? The authors conclude that the most promising approach to researching the nature of behavioral intention and motivation is to apply a discipline neutral model that integrates the data from multiple disciplines, collectively designated the cognitive neurosciences.

Aggression↗
PubMed2002

Origin of the dopaminergic innervation of the central extended amygdala and accumbens shell: a combined retrograde tracing and immunohistochemical study in the rat.

The origin of the dopaminergic innervation of the central extended amygdala (EAc; i.e., the lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis [BSTl]-central amygdaloid nucleus [Ce] continuum) and accumbens shell (AcSh) was studied in the rat by combining retrograde transport of Fluoro-Gold (FG) with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunofluorescence. Perikaryal profiles (PP) immunoreactive to FG and to both FG and TH were counted in A8-A14 dopaminergic districts. Our results suggest that dopaminergic inputs to the EAc and AcSh arise from the ventral tegmental area-A10, substantia nigra, pars compacta-A9, and retrorubral nucleus-A8 groups as well as from the dorsal raphe nucleus and periaqueductal gray substance, housing the dorsocaudal part of A10 group (A10dc). Quantitative estimates reveal that the A10dc group contains approximately half of the total number of FG/TH double-labeled PP projecting to Ce and BSTl. By using an anti-dopamine serum, DR/PAG projections to Ce were confirmed to be in part dopaminergic. In contrast, modest numbers of FG/TH double-labeled PP were seen in the A10dc group after injections in the sublenticular extended amygdala, interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure or AcSh. Ventral mesencephalic projections to the EAc display a crude mediolateral topographic organization, whereas those to the AcSh are topographically organized along a mediolateral and an inverted dorsoventral dimension. The diencephalic dopaminergic groups do not innervate the EAc or AcSh, except for the periventricular gray-A11 which sends light dopaminergic projections to Ce and BSTl. Overall, the present results provide additional details on the organization of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system that critically controls behavioral responsiveness to salient environmental stimuli.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1981

Cytoarchitecture of primitive brains: Golgi studies in flatworms.

Notoplana acticola, a free-living polyclad flatworm, has a small but well-defined brain that controls behavior of peripherally based motoneurones. This is the most primitive brain currently being studied electrophysiologicaly, but little is known of its cytoarchitecture. Using a modified rapid Golgi method, we have investigated neurone configurations within this brain. Superficially the brain resembles those of other invertebrates, but its cells also possess many vertebrate features. There is a surprising diversity of cell types with complicated branching patterns. Multipolar neurones appear to be the most common type. A few typical invertebrate monopolar cells were also stained. Bipolar cells occur in the rind. Processes resembling dendritic spines were observed. Measurements of these indicate that they fall within the range found in other vertebrates and invertebrates. Small multipolar cells that could either be glial or interneurones were found scattered through the brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Early experience influences adult retention of aversively motivated tasks in normal, but not DSP4-treated rats.

Sprague-Dawley rat pups were injected with DSP4 or water within 48 hr of birth and tested as adults in an inhibitory avoidance task and in a Y-maze discrimination reversal task. Half of the animals were also tested as juveniles during postnatal weeks 4-5, in tasks assessing odor preferences and general investigatory behavior. Controls, but not drug-treated adults, which received the juvenile testing, showed significantly better retention on both tasks than either controls or drug-treated animals not tested as juveniles. Neonatal DSP4 significantly reduced norepinephrine concentrations in the hippocampus and frontal cortex, but not the heart. The results suggest that central norepinephrine may modulate the effects of early experience on adult learning.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Functional interactions between oculomotor regions during prosaccades and antisaccades.

Human behavior reflects a continual negotiation of automatic and directed actions. The oculomotor network is a well-characterized neural system in which to study this balance of behavioral control. For instance, saccades made toward and away from a flashed visual stimulus (prosaccades and antisaccades, respectively) are known to engage different cognitive processes. Brain regions important for such controlled execution include the presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA), frontal eye fields (FEF), and intraparietal sulcus (IPS). Recent work has emphasized various elements of this network but has not explored the functional interactions among regions. We used event-related fMRI to image human brain activity during performance of an interleaved pro/antisaccade task. Since traditional univariate statistics cannot address issues of functional connectivity, a multivariate technique is necessary. Coherence between fMRI time series of the pre-SMA with the FEF and IPS was used to measure functional interactions. The FEF, but not IPS, showed significant differential coherence between pro- and antisaccade trials with pre-SMA. These results suggest that the pre-SMA coordinates with FEF to maintain a controlled, preparatory set for task-appropriate oculomotor execution.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Nurses' intention to report child abuse in Taiwan: a test of the theory of planned behavior.

The purposes of this study were to identify factors associated with nurses' intention to report suspected child abuse in Taiwan, and to determine the empirical adequacy of the extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) to explain nurses' intention to report child abuse. A stratified quota sampling technique was used to select registered nurses in emergency rooms, psychiatric units, and pediatric units in Taiwan. A total of 1,362 questionnaires from 1,617 nurses were used for the analyses. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that nurses' attitudes toward reporting child abuse, perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, and knowledge of the child abuse and reporting law explained 85% to 91% of the variance in nurses' intention to report child abuse for the less severe and severe child abuse cases in vignettes, respectively. The findings support the use of the extended TPB in identifying factors associated with nurses' intention to report child abuse in Taiwan.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Integration of multiple motion vectors over space: an fMRI study of transparent motion perception.

Visual scenes are frequently composed of objects that move in different directions. To segment such scenes into distinct objects or image planes, local motion cues have to be evaluated and integrated according to criteria of global coherence. When several populations of coherently moving random dots penetrate each other, the visual system tends to assign them to different planes-perceived as transparent motion. This process of integration was studied by changing the angle of motion trajectories with which groups of dots penetrate each other or by varying the spatial constellation of dots moving in opponent directions. Psychophysical testing revealed that stimuli providing almost identical local motion cues could be perceived in three very different ways: (1) as a matrix of stationary flickering dots, (2) as a single surface of coherently moving dots, and (3) as two transparent dot matrices moving in different directions. Behaviorally controlled functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to identify brain regions that contribute to the integration of local motion cues into coherently moving surfaces. Activation of the human motion complex (hMT+/V5) and of areas in the fusiform gyrus (FG) as well as in the intraparietal sulcus (IPS-occ) was correlated with the perception of coherent motion and especially hMT+/V5 took a central role in differentiating transparent motion from single-surface coherent motion.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Inactivation of hippocampus or caudate nucleus with lidocaine differentially affects expression of place and response learning.

Involvement of the hippocampus and caudate nucleus in place and response learning was examined by functionally inactivating these brain regions bilaterally with infusions of lidocaine. Rats were trained to approach a consistently baited arm in a cross-maze from the same start box (four trials/day/14 total days). On Days 8 and 16 a single probe trial was given, in which rats were placed in the start box opposite that used in training and allowed to approach a maze arm. Three minutes prior to the probe trial, rats received bilateral injections of either saline or a 2% lidocaine solution (in order to produce neural inactivation) into either the dorsal hippocampus or dorsolateral caudate nucleus. On the probe trials, rats which entered the baited maze arm (i.e., approached the place where food was located during training) were designated place learners, and rats which entered the unbaited maze arm (i.e., made the same turning response as during training) were designated response learners. Saline-treated rats displayed place learning on the Day 8 probe trial and response learning on the Day 16 probe trial, indicating that with extended training there is a shift in learning mechanisms controlling behavior. Rats given lidocaine injections into the hippocampus showed no preference for place or response learning on the Day 8 probe trial, but displayed response learning on the Day 16 probe trial, indicating a blockade of place learning following inactivation of the hippocampus. Rats given lidocaine injections into the caudate nucleus displayed place learning on both the Day 8 and the Day 16 probe trials, indicating a blockade of response learning following inactivation of the caudate nucleus. The findings indicate: (1) the hippocampus and caudate nucleus selectively mediate expression of place and response learning, respectively (2), in a visually cued extramaze environment, hippocampal-dependent place learning is acquired faster than caudate-dependent response learning, and (3) when animals shift to caudate-dependent response learning with extended training, the hippocampal-based place representation remains intact.

Anesthetics↗
PubMed1999

Comparison of risk estimates for selected diseases and causes of death.

BACKGROUND: Lifetime risk estimates of disease are limited by long-term data extrapolations and are less relevant to individuals who have already lived a period of time without the disease, but are approaching the age at which the disease risk becomes common. In contrast, short-term age-conditional risk estimates, such as the risk of developing a disease in the next 10 years among those alive and free of the disease at a given age, are less restricted by long-term extrapolation of current rates and can present patients with risk information tailored to their age. This study focuses on short-term age-conditional risk estimates for a broad set of important chronic diseases and nondisease causes of death among white and black men and women. METHODS: The Feuer et al. (1993, Journal of the National Cancer Institute) [15] method was applied to data from a variety of sources to obtain risk estimates for select cancers, myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's, and death from motor vehicle accidents, homicide or legal intervention, and suicide. RESULTS: Acute deaths from suicide, homicide or legal intervention, and fatal motor vehicle accidents dominate the risk picture for persons in their 20s, with only diabetes mellitus and end-stage renal disease therapy (for blacks only) having similar levels of risk in this age range. Late in life, cancer, acute myocardial infarction, Alzheimer's, and stroke become most common. The chronic diseases affecting the population later in life present the most likely diseases someone will face. Several interesting differences in disease and death risks were derived and reported among age-specific race and gender subgroups of the population. CONCLUSION: Presentation of risk estimates for a broad set of chronic diseases and nondisease causes of death within short-term age ranges among population subgroups provides tailored information that may lead to better educated prevention, screening, and control behaviors and more efficient allocation of health resources.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Temporal parameters of d-amphetamine as a discriminative stimulus in the rat.

Three groups of rats were trained on a two-lever operant discrimination using d-amphetamine (0.8, 1.6 or 2.4 mg/kg) and saline as cues. Reinforcement of responding on one lever was associated with the drug and reinforcement on the other lever was associated with saline. Following acquisition, behavioral control was evaluated during 10-min extinction tests at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 or 240 min after injection of drug or saline. Onset of the stimulus properties of d-amphetamine occurred within 10 min and maximal effects were attained by 15-30 min post-injection. Drug effects were minimal or absent 2-4 h after administration. The time course for all doses of d-amphetamine was identical when each group was tested iwth its respective training dose. When subjects were tested with doses other than their training dose, the time course of the drug effect varied as a function of training dose, test dose and time after injection.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Active and passive avoidance behaviour in rats produced by IV infusions of ethanol.

The ability of ethanol to motivate avoidance responding was used as a measure of the drug's aversive stimulus properties. In Experiment I, four groups of rats were infused with either ethanol (200, 400, 800 mg/kg IV) or saline if they failed to jump a high hurdle. The ethanol groups acquired the jumping response (active avoidance), while the saline group only showed a tendency not to jump. In Experiment II, the hypothesis was tested that the same infusions might be self-administered if the contingency were reversed so that responses produced rather than avoided the drug. Four groups of rats were given the same doses of ethanol or saline if they traversed a runway and entered a goal box. Initially, all animals made the response, however the drug-treated groups eventually showed a dose-dependent tendency to refrain from entering the goal box (passive avoidance). Thus ethanol can maintain behavioral control similar to that produced by commonly used aversive stimuli (e.g. foot shock) and can do so at lower doses than those found to be effective in previous reports of ethanol-mediated aversions. It is suggested that the mechanism by which ethanol comes to be a reinforcing agent must take into account the pervasive negative properties of the drug.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effects of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) and aldosterone on Sar1-angiotensin II binding and angiotensin-converting enzyme binding sites in brain.

1. It is known that regulation of salt appetite is a complex behavior controlled in the brain by interaction of mineralocorticoids (MC) and angiotensin II (ANGII). To investigate the effects of MC on ANGII receptors and ANGII synthesis, we have studied two models of salt appetite control. 2. In the first model, doses of DOCA sufficient to induce salt appetite of intact rats were given. In the second one, we studied the effects of aldosterone (ALDO) in doses sufficient to suppress salt appetite developed by prior adrenalectomy (ADX). 3. Binding to ANGII receptors was determined in brain sections incubated with 3 nM [125I]Sar1 ANGII, exposed to [3H]Hyperfilm with an optical density of autoradiograms measured by computerized densitometry. Sar1-ANGII binding was increased by DOCA treatment in the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) and subfornical organ (SFO) but not in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in comparison to vehicle-treated rats. ALDO treatment was without effect on the MnPO but increased ANGII binding in the SFO and PVN. Neither hormone affected binding in the median eminence or anterior pituitary (AP). 4. In contrast to effects on Sar1-ANGII binding in selected areas, [125I]351A binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) was unchanged by DOCA or ALDO administration in the SFO, caudate putamen, AP, or posterior pituitary. 5. These findings suggest that MC modulation of the renin-angiotensin system is exerted at the central, and not at the pituitary level. ANGII receptors were modulated in a dose- and region-specific manner: while DOCA may promote their actions upon the MnPO and SFO, ALDO actions may occur at the PVN and SFO. This mechanism may not require increased generation of ANGII in the brain or pituitary.

Adrenalectomy↗