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Results for “BODY FLUID BALANCE”

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At least 1,603 records · Page 89Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Hormonal, fluid, and electrolyte responses of sheep during chronic intravenous infusion of epidermal growth factor.

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been shown to increase water intake and urine volume. To further characterize these responses the effects of EGF on fluid balance, electrolyte, and hormone profiles were examined. After an 8-day control period, ewes received intravenous EGF at doses of 0 (n = 6), 2 (low dose, n = 6), 10 (medium dose, n = 6), or 20 micrograms/h (high dose, n = 5) for 4 days. During EGF treatment, water intake and urine volume increased (both P < 0.001) in a dose-related fashion, although fluid balance was unaffected. Feed intake and fecal dry matter output were reduced (both P < 0.001) by the two higher doses of EGF. EGF had no effect on plasma potassium, sodium, or osmolality, but there was a dose-related natriuresis (P < 0.001). Treatment with EGF increased plasma renin activity and aldosterone in the medium and high dose groups (both P < 0.001). Thus chronic intravenous infusion of 10-20 micrograms EGF/h into sheep caused polydipsia, polyuria, and natriuresis with neutral fluid balance. Whether the resultant polydipsia or polyuria was the primary response to EGF remains unclear.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The effects of large volume intravenous fluid infusion on neonatal renal function.

Twenty healthy infants weighing less than 2,000 gm were studied at low (3.6 ml/kg/hr) or high (10.3 ml/kg/hr) rates of intravenous infusion. Inulin clearance determined by the constant infusion method was greater at the high rate of infusion (p = less than 0.05). Inulin clearance in two groups of infants over 2,000 gm studies at the same low or high rates of infusion did not increase at the higher rate of infusion. Since the GFR in infants less than 2,000 gm depends partially on the rate of intravenous infusion, small, healthy preterm infants may benefit from a rate of fluid administration greater than the low rate. When studies at low and high rates of infusion were compared in the 20 infants less than 2,000 gm, the fractional urinary sodium excretion increased with the increased fluid load. Delivery of fluid from the proximal tubule (CH2O =Na per dl GFR) increased (p less than 0.005). Free-water clearance and the absolute volume of urine increased at the high rate of infusion. These data indicate that the healthy preterm infant less than 2,000 gm, like the adult, compensates by increasing free-water clearance and urine volume when challenged with a large fluid load. Although fluid changes of short duration are appropriately handled, the effect of continuous rapid infusion on water and sodium balance in infants of this size remains to be determined.

Body Fluids↗
PubMed1950

The prevention of the fluid-electrolyte "problem" by simple means.

Proper fluid balance may be maintained in patients after operation by the employment of simple, inexpensive procedures which may be carried out even in the smallest hospitals. Daily weighing of patients, measurement of fluid intake and output, and knowledge of the probable electrolyte content of fluid losses are adequate guides for replacement of fluids and electrolytes. An increase in body weight is a warning of overhydration.The content of the solution used for replacement is dictated by the route of fluid output-whether from the gastrointestinal tract, the skin, or the kidneys. Insensible losses (by perspiration and respiration) are fairly static. Except to replace extrarenal losses, parenteral administration of normal saline solution in the immediate postoperative period is contraindicated. Mistakes in replacement methods, especially those causing overhydration, are particularly hazardous for elderly patients.

Acid-Base Imbalance↗
PubMed1976

Metabolic and endocrine studies: the second manned Skylab mission.

This study conducted on the crewmembers of Skylab 3 was designed to evaluate the endocrinological adaption resulting from extend exposure to a space flight environment by identifying changes in hormonal and associated fluid and electrolyte parameters. The three men served as their own controls and were on a constant dietary intake. Complete metabolic collections were performed beginning 21 d before the flight, continuing throughout the flight, for 18 d postflight. Changes in fluid and electrolyte balance have been correlated with weight loss, changes in the excretion of aldosterone, vasopressin, and fluid compartments. Inter-individual variability was demonstrated in most experimental indices measured; however, statistically significant patterns have emerged which include: decreases in body weight and ADH, increases in plasma renin activity, and elevations in urinary catecholamines, aldosterone and cortisol concentrations. Urinary sodium was increased in flight but potassium was only slightly changed. Total body exchangeable K was slightly decreased in all three of the crewmen. Total body water and extracellular fluid were decreased postflight in almost all cases. The measured changes are consistent with the prediction that a relative increase in thoracic blood volume upon transiton to the zero gravity environment is interpretated as a true volume expasion resulting in a net fluid loss. This, in association with other factors, ultimately results in a reduction in intravascular volume leading to an increase in renin and a secondary aldosteronism. Once these compensatory mechanisms are effective in reestablishing positive water balance, the crewemn are considered to be essentially adapted to the space environment. Although the physiological cost of this adaptation must reflect the electrolyte deficit and perhaps other factors, it is assumed that the compensated state is adequate for the demands of the environment; however, this new homeostatic set is not believed to be without physiological cost and could, except with proper precautions, reduce the functional reserve of exposed individuals.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1986

Modern fluid and electrolyte management of the critically ill premature infant.

In this article, the authors introduce the concept of a transitional physiology which governs fluid and electrolyte balance in the immediate postnatal period. The important impact of the extrauterine environment on fluid balance is also discussed. Finally, the pathophysiology of diuresis in RDS, and fluid shifts in the VLBW infant with therapeutic recommendations are presented.

Body Water↗
PubMed1986

Octopamine potentiates intracellular Na+ and Cl- reductions during cell volume regulation in Limulus exposed to hypoosmotic stress.

The biogenic amine octopamine (OCT) appears to be involved in cell volume regulation in the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, during hypoosmotic stress. OCT is present in relatively large amounts (160 nmoles/g dry wt) in the cardiac ganglion. Furthermore, OCT is released from the isolated ganglion during exposure to hypoosmotic media. This release is reflected in the elevation of blood OCT concentrations from basal levels of 4 X 10(-9) M reaching 1.2 X 10(-8) M within 72 h of exposure of animals to hypoosmotic media. The circulating OCT potentiates the hypoosmotically-induced reductions of intracellular Na+ and Cl- by a ouabain-sensitive mechanism which complements the main ion regulating (ouabain-insensitive) mechanisms utilized during cell volume recovery.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Physiology of body fluids in the horse.

This article presents a brief overview of the physiology of homeostasis in the horse and discusses the units of measurement by which dissolved electrolytes are assessed. Differences in electrolyte composition between compartments of the body and the manner in which water is exchanged between them are reviewed. The mechanisms by which alterations in osmolality and effective circulating volume are detected and the physiological responses to those alterations are presented.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Management of the child with fever.

The primary purpose of any intervention is to increase the child's comfort (or decrease their discomfort). The decision to treat fever therefore needs to be: individualised, based on knowledge of effectiveness, balanced against any risk of harm that might result from intervening. Interventions that assist the body's physiological responses to infection (eg encouraging fluids and removing excess clothing or wrappings) are particularly recommended.

Acetaminophen↗