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PubMed1990

[Trends in alcohol-related damages in Norway].

Like most other countries Norway has experienced a substantial increase in alcohol consumption since world war II, particularly in the 1960s and 1970s. This development has been accompanied by an increase in the prevalence of heavy drinkers, and an increase in the frequency of drunkenness. The effects on mortality rates have been substantial. It is estimated that alcohol-related mortality from diseases due to long-term abuse have increased fourfold since world war II. Violent deaths due to alcohol intoxication have increased too. Furthermore, the increase in crimes of violence experienced after the mid-1960s is partly due to the increase in alcohol consumption.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Physical illness in severe depressives and psychiatric alcoholics in Gothenburg, Sweden.

The entire middle-aged male urban population of a Swedish city, as defined by a census in November 1969, was assessed for any mental hospital hospitalization during a 3-year period (1978-1980), as well as for any general hospital hospitalization during a 10-year period (1970-1979) within the catchment area. Inpatients of the mental hospital population belonging to the cohort and put in the categories 'Psychiatric alcoholic spectrum' and 'Severe depression' were studied for diagnoses of physical illness during any general hospital hospitalization. The psychiatric alcoholic spectrum was associated positively with infections, injuries, alcohol intoxication, pancreatitis, liver cirrhosis, arthritis/rheumatic diseases and duodenal peptic ulcer; and negatively with malignant neoplasms, myocardial infarction, gallstone disease and urolithiasis. Severe depression was associated positively with infections, myocardial infarction, asthma and alcohol intoxication. A nosologic taxonomy, aimed at explaining the epidemiological associations recorded, is suggested.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Acute ethanol intoxication suppresses lung chemokine production following infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Alcohol intoxication impairs neutrophil function and increases host susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumoniae. In a rat model of pneumonia, the effects of acute intoxication were monitored for lung chemokine responses, neutrophil recruitment, and bactericidal activity. Alcohol delayed lung neutrophil recruitment, increased bacterial burden, and decreased survival. Before neutrophil recruitment, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) were decreased by alcohol. This alcohol-induced effect was reversed at 6 h, when there were large numbers of neutrophils in control BAL fluid, compared with the alcohol-treated group. Cyclophosphamide-induced neutropenia decreased neutrophil recruitment, minimizing the effects of recruited neutrophils on chemokine levels, and extended the alcohol-induced chemokine suppression. MIP-2 and CINC mRNA contents also were suppressed by alcohol 4 and 6 h after infection. Thus, alcohol suppresses lung chemokine activity in response to S. pneumoniae, which is associated with delayed neutrophil delivery, elevated bacterial burden, and increased mortality.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed1981

Low-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol as a probe of gastrointestinal permeability after alcohol ingestion.

Gastrointestinal permeability has been assessed previously by the excretion of PEG-400, which consists of inert molecules that are neither degraded nor metabolized and are excreted intact in the urine. We report here the effects of alcohol on gastrointestinal permeability using PEG-400. Ten grams of PEG-400 dissolved in 60 ml of water were given to 12 intoxicated alcoholics (mean blood alcohol: 2406 mg/liter). The mean urinary excretion of PEG-400 in the following 6 hr was 3.75 +/- 0.3 g SEM. When repeated after sobering up (mean elapsed time: 45 hr), all except one subject showed a decrease in PEG-400 excretion (mean: 2.08 +/- 0.2 g) (P less than 0.001). Similar experiments were conducted in two series with 12 normal controls. (1) In 7 subjects the administration on consecutive days of (a) PEG-400 (10 g) alone, (b) 10.2 g (0.42 mol) of ethanol plus PEG-400 (10 g), (c) PEG-400 (10 g) alone, and (d) PEG-400 (10 g) plus a diuretic (40 mg furosemide) resulted in the following values of PEG-400 excretion in urine: (a) 2.12 +/- 0.3 g; (b) 3.5 +/- 0.3 g, P less than 0.005; (c) 2.02 +/- 0.4, NS; and (d) 2.2 +/- 0.2 g, NS. (2) In the second experiment (5 subjects) the administration on subsequent days of (a) PEG-400 (10 g) + 0.42 mol of urea; (b) PEG-400 (10 g) + 19.2 g ethanol; (c) PEG-400 (10 g) + 0.42 mol of urea resulted also, as in the previous experiment, in increased urinary excretion of PEG-400 after the solution (b) containing ethanol (P less than 0.001). Peak serum levels of PEG-400 were (a) 0.094 +/- 0.01 g/liter; (b) 0.152 +/- 0.02 g/liter (P less than 0.05); and (c) 0.095 +/- 0.01 (P less than 0.05). The ratio of urea--creatinine clearance and urinary volumes were the same in the three periods. Therefore, PEG-400 excretion was not related to changes in urinary clearance or in volume, since the furosemide increased the volume but not PEG-400 excretion. It is concluded that ethanol increases the permeability of the gastrointestinal tract as measured by the PEG-400 test, both in chronic alcoholics during intoxication and in nonalcoholics after a small dose of ethanol. The permeability alteration is transient once ethanol ingestion stops.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Ethyl pyruvate ameliorates acute alcohol-induced liver injury and inflammation in mice.

Ethyl pyruvate dissolved in a calcium-containing balanced salt solution--Ringer's ethyl pyruvate solution (REPS)--ameliorates ileal mucosal hyperpermeability and decreases the expression of several proinflammatory genes when it is used instead of Ringer's lactate solution (RLS) to resuscitate mice from hemorrhagic shock. Herein, we sought to determine whether delayed treatment with REPS would be beneficial in a murine model of acute alcoholic liver injury associated with binge drinking. Mice were gavaged with 3 doses of ethanol (5 g/kg each dose) over a 12-hour period and then randomized to treatment with 3 intraperitoneal doses of REPS or RLS over 12 hours. Compared with sham-treated controls not subjected to alcohol intoxication, RLS-treated mice demonstrated histologic evidence of fatty change and piecemeal necrosis of hepatocytes in the liver, as well as a significant increase in the plasma concentration of alanine aminotransferase. Biochemical changes induced by alcohol administration included increased hepatic lipid peroxidation, nuclear factor-kappaB activation, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha messenger RNA expression. All of these alcohol-induced effects were ameliorated by treatment with REPS instead of RLS. These data support the view that treatment with REPS ameliorates the hepatic inflammatory response and decreases hepatocellular injury in mice subjected to acute alcohol intoxication.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Metadoxine in the treatment of acute and chronic alcoholism: a review.

Alcohol abuse and alcoholism are responsible for a wide variety of medical problems. The pharmaco-therapeutic aspect of alcoholism includes the use of drugs, with different actions and objectives. Among them, metadoxine seems to be of interest. Metadoxine is able to accelerate the elimination of alcohol from the blood and tissues, to help restore the functional structure of the liver and to relieve neuro-psychological disorders associated with alcohol intoxication. Metadoxine also seems to be safe; in more than 15 years of post-marketing surveillance only minor aspecific and reversible events were monitored in patients exposed to the treatment. In this review the preclinical and clinical results obtained using metadoxine in acute and chronic alcohol intoxication are reported.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Changes in adrenergic and cholinergic innervation of the external genitalia in alcohol and drug intoxication].

Eighteen cadavers of persons, who died of acute and chronic alcohol and drug intoxication (ephedron-addiction), were used to study the changes in the spinal nerve plexuses and external genitals. The activity of acetylcholinesterase and of NADPH-diaphorase was determined histochemically; the adrenergic nerve fibers were detected by a glyoxyl-acid technique. Rectified changes in the relative density of adrenal-cholinergic- and nitroxydergic structures and in the activity of mediators in different intoxications were found. The chronic intoxication by alcohol and ephedron was accompanied by a reduced activity of enzymes involved in the metabolism of acetylcholine, nitric oxide and catecholamines. A lower density was observed in the nerve fibers that contained the examined substances. The results can be used as an additional criterion in evaluating the male sexual-function status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Bupropion and alcohol fatal intoxication: case report.

A fatality due to the ingestion of bupropion and ethanol is presented. Bupropion and its metabolites were extracted from several tissues and identified using gas chromatography with nitrogenphosphorus and mass spectrometry detection. The concentrations of bupropion, hydroxybupropion and the erythroamino and threoamino alcohol metabolites in heart blood were 4.2, 5.0, 0.6 and 4.6 mg/l, respectively. The heart blood ethanol concentration was 0.27 g/dl. In addition, bupropion was distributed as follows: subclavian blood, 6.2 mg/l; bile, 1.4 mg/l; kidney, 2.4 mg/l; liver, 1.0 mg/kg; stomach contents, 16 mg and urine, 37 mg/l.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

A review of treatment and rehabilitation legislation regarding alcohol abusers and alcoholics in the United States: 1920-1971.

A review of various legislative and judicial decisions in the area of alcohol abuse and alcoholism is presented. With heightened awareness of alcoholism as our nation's number one drug problem, the federal government has developed a national institute to coordinate multimodal prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation programs. It is noted that several historical cases promoted the courts and investigating committees to recommend to our states that the crime of public drunkenness be removed. The recently developed Uniform Alcoholism Intoxication Treatment Act is discussed along with some of the intervention techniques being employed to deal with drinking drivers.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed2006

Endogenous ethanol fermentation in a child with short bowel syndrome.

UNLABELLED: The term "auto-brewery syndrome" has been frequently used to describe patients who show features of alcohol intoxication because of abnormal yeast proliferation after ingesting carbohydrate-rich meals. We present a case of a 3-y-old girl with short bowel syndrome (SBS) who demonstrated signs of alcohol intoxication on repeated occasions. A blood test indicated an ethanol concentration of 15 mmol/l, and cultures from gastric fluid and faeces showed the presence of Candida kefyr. An association was found between the introduction of a carbohydrate-rich fruit drink and the occurrence of symptoms. CONCLUSION: The possibility of endogenous ethanol fermentation should be considered in patients with SBS and the diagnosis of auto-brewery syndrome added to the differential diagnosis list for D-lactic acidosis. Management includes both antifungal treatment and special diet modification.

Beverages↗
PubMed1983

Ethanol's effect on selective gating of somatic sensory inputs to single cortical neurons.

The effect of alcohol intoxication was tested on sensory responses of single units in the somatosensory (SI) cortex of awake, freely moving rats. We have previously shown that transmission of cutaneous sensory information from the paw to the cortex during movement is subject to a time varying pattern of sensory suppression which selectively "gates in" sensory information to particular categories of cortical neurons during certain phases of the locomotor step cycle. In the period of 5-20 minutes after alcohol administration (when the rats became hyperactive) the afferent inhibition producing this selective gating was reduced or abolished, depending on the ethanol dose (between 0.75 and 1.5 g/kg). This indicates that the selective suppression of "irrelevant" inputs to certain cortical cells, which is normally seen during movement, is absent during alcohol intoxication. This paradigm may provide a model for study of the neurophysiologic mechanism by which alcohol disturbs higher cognitive functions involving cortical management of sensorimotor tasks.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Some biological mechanisms of the inborn predisposition to alcoholism.

The children of alcoholism patients have a high biological risk of this illness, mental and emotional disorders, and behavioral disturbances. The offspring of white mongrel rats with chronic alcohol intoxication were investigated in order to study the neurochemical mechanisms of these phenomena. The content of DA in blood and blood plasma, the characteristics of GABA and the opiate receptors of the brain, the activity of DBH, COMT, MAO, the content of cAMP and cGMP in brain tissue, as well as the expression of the gene c-fos were studied. Changes in the brain content of DA and qualitative and quantitative changes in MAO (an increase and solubilization of MAO A and B activity in the liver) were identified in the offspring of alcoholic rats. A tendency was also observed in the brain toward a decrease in the activity of DBH and COMT and an increase in the activity of cAMP and cGMP. The baseline expression of the gene c-fos in the offspring of male alcoholic rats did not differ from the norm; however, a powerful increase in the expression of the gene c-fos did appear in response to the administration of 2 g/kg of ethanol, in the absence of this effect in the control. A view is presented on the significant role of changes in the functions of the DA system in the genesis of pathology in the offspring of parents with chronic alcohol intoxication, as well as on the possible influence of the prolonged consumption of alcohol on the function of the genome.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1990

Information processing, neuropsychological function, and the inherited predisposition to alcoholism.

Sons of male alcoholics are at particularly heightened risk for the development of alcoholism. This heightened risk frequently appears in association with increased incidence of conduct disorder or hyperactivity, with deficits in abstract thinking and poor school performance, with abnormalities in cued psychophysiological response, and with increased sensitivity to the putatively stress-response-dampening effects of alcohol intoxication. This risk and its associated features are discussed within the context of a neuropsychological theory, predicted on the notions (1) that deficits in cognitive functions theoretically dependent upon the intact functioning of the prefrontal cortex could underlie manifestation of the idiosyncracies commonly attributed to sons of male alcoholics, and (2) that acute alcohol intoxication could relieve the subjective discomfort associated with the consequences of such deficits.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2000

Predictors of adolescent suicide attempts: a nationally representative longitudinal study of Norwegian adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk and protective factors for previous and future suicide attempts among adolescents. METHOD: A representative sample of high school students (N = 9,679) in grades 7 through 12 (aged 12-20 years) were followed from 1992 to 1994. Response rate was 97% at initial testing and 80% at follow-up. Measures of psychiatric symptoms (depressed mood, eating problems, conduct problems), substance use, self-worth, pubertal timing, social network, and social integration were included. RESULTS: A total of 8.2% had ever attempted suicide and 2.7% reported an attempt during the 2-year study period. Logistic regression analysis showed that future attempts were predicted by previous attempt, female gender, young age, perceived early pubertal development (stronger among girls), suicidal ideation, alcohol intoxication, not living with both parents, and poor self-worth. CONCLUSIONS: The importance that the clinician ask about previous suicidal behaviors is underscored. Early pubertal timing (particularly among girls), loss of self-worth, and alcohol intoxication may serve as risk factors for future suicide attempts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Acute effects of alcohol on anterior pituitary secretion of the tropic hormones.

The plasma or serum concentrations of GH, TSH, LH, PRL, testosterone, cortisol, T4, and T3, and the values of the T3 uptake test were monitored in 12 healthy male volunteers for a period of 20 h after administration of one large dose of ethanol (1.5 g/kg BW). The effects of TRH and LRH on the secretion of TSH, PRL, and LH were studied in these subjects once during the period of acute alcohol intoxication (4 h after the start of drinking) and once during the hangover period (14 h after the start of drinking). Each subject served as his own control by drinking water only during another experimental session. Alcohol had no significant effect on basal concentrations of GH, TSH, LH, T4, T3, or testosterone. The concentration of cortisol in plasma was elevated during the whole 20-h period after ingestion of alcohol, as compared with the control values. Alcohol also did not significantly alter the effects of TRH and LRH on plasma TSH and LH levels at 4 and 14 h. During the hangover period, the PRL response to TRH was totally blocked, but during alcohol intoxication, there was a slight increase in the PRL response to TRH. The lack of response of PRL to TRH during the hangover suggests that withdrawal symptoms are associated with increased dopaminergic activity in the hypothalamus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Inherited predisposition to alcoholism: characteristics of sons of male alcoholics.

Sons of male alcoholics (SOMAs) are at markedly heightened genetic risk for the development of alcohol abuse. Study of SOMAs could therefore conceivably increase the efficiency of research aimed at uncovering those heritable factors that predispose to alcoholism. SOMAs manifest observable behavioral, cognitive, and psychophysiological abnormalities while sober and react idiosyncratically to alcohol intoxication. They are most commonly described as conduct disordered and hyperactive, appear heir to a variety of deficits in verbal and abstract cognition, and perform more poorly in the academic environment. SOMAs are characterized by abnormal patterns of cued psychophysiological response, and appear more sensitive to the putatively reinforcing aspects of alcohol intoxication. Various methodological weaknesses permeate the relevant literature. Some straightforward improvements are suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Immunologic disorders in the pathogenesis of acute lung abscesses].

Immune response was investigated in patients with acute pulmonary abscesses (APA) treated according to the discrete-dynamic scheme. The study of pathogenetic significance of immune response and chronic alcohol intoxication in APA demonstrated that failure of antiinfectious resistance of the body is one of the factors responsible for the onset, course and outcome of APA. This failure is characterized by unbalance of immune parameters, strain of immune system which is more pronounced in the presence of chronic alcoholic intoxication. It is evident that suppression of immune system shown in APA patients is an underlying cause of immunity deficiency in them.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1998

[Diagnostic difficulties with skull and brain injury complications in alcoholic patients].

About 20% of patients treated because of craniocerebral injuries are those after an alcohol intake. Great number of these patients slightly bodily injured without any focal cerebral deficit are stopped by police. The effects of injuries masked by the picture of alcohol intoxication are developed during that time. Published data and authors of this paper observations show that atypical clinical picture, lack of typical, specific disturbances of cerebral function make diagnosing of the effect of craniocerebral injuries difficult. To avoid diagnostic errors in inebriate patients with head injuries, the degree of cerebral function disturbances together with life-threatening risk factors should be carefully evaluated. Afterwards the range of diagnostic methods can be established. If the wide range of diagnostics is not necessary, patients should be observed over the period of a few hours. The authors present original 63-points Scale of Brainstem Insufficiency (ITC). This ITC scale assesses: consciousness, the whole body movements, vegetative functions (breath temperature, blood pressure, pulse), pupils and eye movements movements. This scale can be used for evaluation of global cerebral function disturbances observed in not only craniocerebral injuries but in alcohol intoxication as well.

Alcoholism↗