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PubMed1990

The effect of hyperthermia on the mouse testis.

The response of different stages of spermatogenesis to heat have been assessed by scoring the cell types in testis tubules at 14, 28 and 35 days after treatment. Deficiencies in spermatids at these times can be related back to the stage that the precursor would have been in 14 and 28 days earlier. On the 35th day the number of repopulated tubules was counted. The testes of CBA mice were heated using a radiofrequency equipment and controlled by a thermocouple in the other testis. Great difficulty was experienced in achieving a uniform temperature of 43 degrees C for a period of 30 minutes. The testes can be grouped into 2 categories: those with an appropriate heat profile and those which were overheated. The data showed that the weight of the testis at 14 days was only 65% of control and had slightly increased by 28 days to 88%. The number of sperm heads and late spermatids decreased to 33% at 14 days, but had increased to 88% by day 28. On the 35th day after heating to 43 degrees C cell depletion and shrinking of the tubules occurred. Sixty-four percent of examined tubules only had normal appearance and were repopulated. This shows that the temperature of 43 degrees C impairs the stem cells and it can be a warning to clinicians who think of applying hyperthermia for treatment of human tumors located in the testis area.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Traumatic dislocation of the testis: a case report.

We report a case of a traumatic dislocation of the testis in a 17-year-old male. He noticed lack of right scrotal contents three months after a motorcycle accident. The right testis, located at the inguinal subcutaneous region, was surgically replaced into the scrotum. The biopsy specimen of the dislocated testis showed partial atrophy of the seminiferous tubules that resulted in impaired spermatogenesis. Our case represents the 57th case of traumatic dislocation of the testis reported in Japan.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed1989

Testosterone response in arginine vasopressin desensitized immature rat testis.

Direct injection of arginine vasopressin into immature rat testis inhibited basal testosterone synthesis. Simultaneous injection of arginine vasopressin with luteinizing hormone, norepinephrine or cholera toxin inhibited these agonists - induced testosterone response. In arginine vasopressin - desensitized testis, cAMP response to luteinizing hormone, norepinephrine and cholera toxin was not disturbed. However, testosterone response to luteinizing hormone, norepinephrine or cholera toxin was drastically reduced in arginine vasopressin-desensitized testis. This shows that the increased cAMP generated by luteinizing hormone, norepinephrine or cholera toxin in arginine vasopressin desensitized testis did not cause increase in steroidogenesis. This could be due to a lesion in steroidogenic pathway beyond cAMP generation caused by arginine vasopressin.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of non-union of testis and epididymis and of cryptorchidism on the development of epididymis and ductus deferens in the rat.

16-days old rats were operated with either uni- or bilateral ligation of ductuli efferents and separation of testis and epididymis to the level of the inferior epididymal artery (non-union operation), induction of cryptorchidism or bilateral sham operation. The epididymides were weighed and the epididymides and deferent ducts were examined with light- and electron-microscopy at days 30, 37, 44 and 58. Bilateral non-union operated epididymides and cryptepididymides had a significantly lower weight increase than controls, but the histology and diameter of epididymal tubules were unchanged. This indicates a true growth retardation and reduced length of epididymal tubules of non-union operated and cryptepididymides. For bilateral operations a positive correlation was found between the weight of epididymis and plasma levels of total testosterone as reported earlier. Unilaterally operated epididymides had a weight development significantly below contralateral controls, despite normal plasma levels of testosterone. It is concluded that the reduced-weight of unilaterally operated epididymides is the result of diminished local androgen stimulation from the ipsilateral testis. Non-union of testis and epididymis may have pathogenetic significance in maldescent of testis by a retarded growth of the ductal system.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Testis-specific calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase. A distinct high affinity cAMP isoenzyme immunologically related to brain calmodulin-dependent cGMP phosphodiesterase.

A cell-specific isozyme of calmodulin (CaM)-dependent phosphodiesterase that exhibits micromolar affinity for cAMP has been purified 900-fold from mouse testis by DEAE chromatography, gel filtration, affinity chromatography with CaM-Sepharose 4B, and isoelectric focusing. The highly purified enzyme is stimulated 5-6-fold by CaM in the presence of Ca2+ and hydrolyzes both cAMP and cGMP with anomalous substrate dependence, i.e. high and low affinity components (Km 2 and 20 microM) are observed either in the presence or absence of CaM. Each of the substrates acts as a noncompetitive inhibitor of the other, suggesting the presence of two distinct catalytic sites on the enzyme. Hydrodynamic studies suggest that the testis phosphodiesterase is an asymmetric monomer of 68-70 kDa that forms a dimer after interaction with Ca2+ and CaM; the tetrameric complex exhibits an apparent molecular size of 180 kDa. These enzymatic and biophysical properties differ in many respects from those of the brain isozyme, suggesting that they are different proteins. Nevertheless, common epitopes do exist, since the testis enzyme interacted with rabbit antibodies raised against bovine brain CaM-dependent phosphodiesterase. The major peptide of 68 kDa was strongly reactive on immunoblots, and was distinguished unambiguously from the 60-kDa species from mouse brain. A comparison of the immunoreactive fragments produced by limited proteolysis with staphylococcal V-8 protease indicated several similarities in the domains of these polypeptides. Thus, although differing in several important physical and biochemical parameters, the testis enzyme appears immunologically related to CaM-dependent phosphodiesterase from brain. On the basis of these data, we conclude that common elements of the structural genes for these isozymes have been conserved, whereas certain biological properties, including substrate specificity, have diverged substantially.

3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases↗

PubMed1987

Ca2+-binding parvalbumin in rat testis. Characterization, localization, and expression during development.

Parvalbumin, a Ca2+-binding protein, was isolated from rat testis. This is the first demonstration of the protein in endocrine glands. By using a rat parvalbumin cDNA probe, parvalbumin mRNA was demonstrated in the testis, indicating that the protein is synthesized in this tissue and that testis parvalbumin is a product of the same gene as the one encoding for muscle parvalbumin. Parvalbumin was localized by immunohistochemical methods in the Leydig cells and in the acrosome region of maturing spermatids (stages 1-15). The expression of parvalbumin during testis development was followed. High parvalbumin protein and mRNA levels were found at stages of highest Leydig cell activity, i.e. at late fetal stages until birth and again around postnatal day 50. This suggests that parvalbumin may be involved in the production of testosterone in Leydig cells, a process which is highly dependent on calcium.

Acrosome↗

PubMed1987

Mapping of testis-determining locus on Yp by the molecular genetic analysis of XX males and XY females.

Sex reversal in males with female karyotypes is likely to be caused by the presence of cytogenetically undetectable Y-chromosomal DNA sequences that include the testis-determining gene(s). Studying a total of sixteen 46,XX males and one 47,XXX male, we detected Y-chromosomal DNA in 13 of the XX males (i.e. 80%) and in the 47,XXX male. The amount of Y-chromosomal DNA present in the patients varied between individuals. This allowed the construction of a molecular map of the Y-chromosome short arm. The putative testis-determining locus was assigned to the more distal portion of Yp, yet proximal to the pseudoautosomal region. Mapping of the testis-determining locus was complemented by molecular findings in 46,XY females. These individuals may carry microdeletions of the portion of Yp that appears to be required for normal male gonadogenesis. The deletions detected in 46,XY females always included those Y-chromosomal DNA sequences that were found in most 46,XX males. Furthermore, the same DNA sequences were missing in a female with a 46,X,dic(Y) karyotype. The observations suggest that some of our DNA probes hybridize with Y-chromosomal DNA sequences within a few million base pairs of the testis locus. Chromosome walking and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis investigations have been initiated in order to isolate those Y-chromosomal DNA sequences that are required for normal testicular development.

Chromosome Mapping↗

PubMed1979

Agenesis or atrophy of the testis and vas deferens.

In this study the author examines the relationship between agenesis or atrophy of the testis and of the vas deferens. From a prospective study of 237 cases of unilateral and bilateral undescended testis, 12 cases of agenesis of a testis were seen; 9 of the 12 cases were associated with agenesis of the vas deferens and in 3 of these unilateral renal agenesis was also present, not necessarily ipsilaterally. Three other cases of testicular agenesis and four cases of extreme testicular atrophy were seen. In all seven, the vas deferens was present in part or in its entirety and roentgenography disclosed a normal upper urinary tract. Agenesis of the vas deferens was seen only in patients with monorchism. No patient was anorchid. It is concluded that an important link exists between agenesis of the vas deferens and agenesis of the testis.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗

PubMed1985

Investigation of gonadotropin-thyrotropin overlapping and hormonal imprinting in the rat testis.

In the neonatal period both gonadotropin and thyrotropin increase the weight of the testis, influence considerably the diameter of the contorted tubules increase the occurrence of Sertoli cells and decrease the number of spermatogonia. These phenomena can still be observed at the age of seven days but they disappear by the age of six weeks; at that time the hormones decrease the weight of the testis. One single TSH treatment administered in the neonatal period considerably increased the weight of the testis and the diameter of the channels when investigated at the age of six weeks. Gonadotropin had none of these effects. The phenomenon of imprinting could be proved as in the animals pretreated with TSH, gonadotropin given at the age of six weeks decreased the weight of the testis and both hormones decreased the diameter of the seminiferous cords.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Identification and characterization of arginine vasopressin-like substances in the rat testis.

We have previously demonstrated the suppression of Leydig cell steroidogenesis by arginine vasopressin (AVP) in vitro. Since the circulating level of AVP is too low to mediate a testicular action of this peptide, we have conducted studies to identify testicular AVP-like substances. The supernatant of homogenized, acid-extracted rat testes was found to contain AVP immunoreactivity which showed parallelism with synthetic AVP in a specific radioimmunoassay for AVP. Chromatography of this extract on a Sephadex G-25 column produced three peaks of AVP immunoreactivity. The largest peak eluted close to the column void volume, a second smaller peak eluted at the total column volume, while a third peak co-eluted with synthetic AVP. Following acetone precipitation, ether extraction, and octadecylsilica (C18) adsorption chromatography of the acid extract, the third peak of AVP immunoreactivity (about 600 pg/testis) was fully retained by C18 chromatography and showed parallelism with synthetic AVP in both radioimmuno- and radioreceptor assays. This substance also co-migrated with synthetic AVP on both Sephadex G-25 and reverse-phase thin layer chromatography (RPTLC). The second peak was only partially retained by C18 adsorption chromatography, dilution curves were not parallel with synthetic AVP in radioimmuno- or radioreceptor assay, and this material failed to co-migrate with synthetic AVP on Sephadex G-25 and RPTLC. The first peak of apparent AVP immunoreactivity was associated with an enzyme(s) that degraded labeled AVP. This enzymatic activity, as well as the immunoreactivity, could be eliminated by heating the extract to 90 degrees C. These results demonstrate, by a number of independent criteria, that rat testes contain a substance which behaves like authentic AVP. Due to its high concentration, the AVP-like peptide may be synthesized or concentrated by testis cells. In addition, testis tissue contains enzymatic activity which degrades AVP and could represent a site of regulation of AVP action. Coupled with the previously demonstrated testis action of AVP, these results suggest a paracrine or autocrine role of the neurohypophysial hormone at the testis level.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Differences in inhibition by various steroids of rat testis and Pseudomonas testosteroni delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.

The influence of various estrogens, progestogens and of cyanoketone (2 alpha-cyano-4,4,17 alpha-trimethylandrost-5-en-17 beta-ol-3-one) on the enzyme activity of delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) (EC 1.1.1.145) was studied. Extracts of Pseudomonas testosteroni, rat testis total homogenate and a microsomal preparation were used as enzyme sources. Spectrophotometric determinations and the conversion of 3H-labelled dehydroepiandrosterone to androstenedione were used to assay for enzyme activities. Michaelis constants for dehydroepiandrosterone as substrate were 1.0 X 10(-5) mol, 1.5 X 10(-5) mol and 5 X 10(-6) mol for the bacterial enzyme, total homogenate and microsomal rat testis preparation, respectively. Dixon plot analysis was used to calculate apparent inhibition constants. Differences in the inhibition by steroids of the bacterial and testicular enzyme preparation were noted. The bacterial enzyme was inhibited by norethisterone (Ki = = 13.7 X 10(-6) mol) and by norethisterone acetate (Ki = 12.1 X 10(-6) mol), whereas no inhibition by norethisterone was noted in the rat testis enzyme assay systems. Norethisterone acetate was found to compete very weakly (Ki = 150 X 10(-6) mol) for binding to the active site of the rat testis microsomal enzyme. In addition, ethinylestradiol had an apparent inhibition constant of one tenth of the Michaelis constant in all enzyme preparations. The present data combine to suggest differences in the binding affinities of the catalytic sites between bacterial and testicular HSD systems. In addition, results of this investigation suggest that neither norethisterone nor a combination of norethisterone and ethinylestradiol cause hypospadias by inhibition of HSD activity in fetuses, whose mothers were treated with these steroids.

3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗

PubMed1978

Cross-referencing testis-specific nuclear proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.

Discontinuous sodium sodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis combined with acid-urea gel electrophoresis reveals that both testis histone H1 classes TH1-X (Branson, R. E., Grimes, S. R., Jr., Yonuschot, G., and Irvin, J. L (1975) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 168, 403-412) and H1 contain two polypeptides each. Migration properties and relative staining intensities of the four H1 histone proteins in testis support the following conclusions. 1. Two testis-specific forms become the major H1 components at some stage of spermatogenesis. 2. During this stage they assume structural and functional role analogous to those of their two somatic counterparts. We have also detected a new testis-specific protein containing cysteine.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Morphology of free immature germ cells in human testis, epididymis and ejaculate].

The distribution and fine structure of free immature germ cells and their degenerated forms in the human testis, epididymis, and ejaculate were investigated by means of semithin sections under the light microscope and by means of thin sections under the electron microscope. If spermatogenesis is normal, among the free immature germ cells, spermatids and spermatocytes I can be found in the testis. In cases of disorganized or very reduced germinal epithelium, in addition to all the normal cell forms of spermatogenesis, numerous morphologically altered and degenerated free immature germ cells are present. In these cells vacuoles, nuclear tubuli, and a special structure of the endoplasmic reticulum are particularly remarkable. Spermatocytes II and normal and aberrant forms of spermatids are present in the epididymis. Aberrations of the spermatids are especially numerous--for example multinucleated cells, abnormalities of nuclear condensation and acrosome vesicle, abundant cytoplasm in combination with a small nucleus, and a great number of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. In comparison with the testis, the number of cell ghosts and anucleated components of cytoplasm is increased. The variety of cell types is decreased in the ejaculate. Only spermatids are distinctly demonstrable. Primary spermatocytes are characterized by exceptional abundant endoplasmic reticulum. Cells with eccentrically placed dense nuclei are not similar to any of the cell forms in spermatogenesis. The fine structure of many cells appears faded. Often the cells are degenerated or only recognizable as shadow forms. Two forms of anucleated components of the cytoplasm are distinguishable. These are interpreted as epididymal secretory blebs or cell fragments. Spermatophages are described in the rete testis, epididymis and ejaculate.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

[A comparative in vitro culture study of the action of the chick embryo testis and testosterone on different target organs (author's transl)].

This is a survey of previously published data and some new ones. The target organs studied were chick and mouse wolffian ducts and mullerian ducts. The following statements can be made: 1. The anti-mullerian hormone of the chick embryo testis is active on both the avian and mammalian mullerian ducts. Testosterone on the contrary will stimulate them. 2. Testosterone will stimulate both the avian and mammalian wolffian ducts, the chick embryo testis will not. It is concluded that there is no testosterone secretion by the chick embryo testis or in too low a quantity to be effective. Thus, the chick embryo testis and testosterone exert quite different actions on all four target organs studied.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Activity of energy metabolism enzymes and their isoenzymic spectra in normal prostate and testis tissue and in experimental prostatitis].

The paper deals with the effect of bacterial affection of the canine prostate on the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDG), malate dehydrogenase (MDG), isocytrate dehydrogenase (IDG), succinate dehydrogenase (SDG), isoenzymic spectrum of LDG and MDG in the prostate tissue and the activity of LDG and its isoenzymic spectrum in the testis tissue. It is established that two months after the infection the activity of LDG in the prostate tissue increases and that of IDG and SDG lowers. The activity of LDG1 and LDG2 drops and that of LDG3, LDG4, LDG5 rises. In the testis tissue changes in the activity of LDG and its isoenzymic spectrum have the same tendency, however they are pronounced to a much less extent. The activity of LDG kappa lowers essentially. In winter the intensity of oxygen uptake by the normal tissues under study falls, however no changes are observed in the activity of LDG kappa in the testis. An assumption is advanced that the bacterial affection of the prostate may have an inhibitory effect on the generative function of the testis.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Effect of vasectomy on the testis and accessory sex glands of the musk shrew, Suncus murinus L.

The effects of uni- and bilateral vasectomy on the testis and accessory sex glands were studied at intervals up to six months. Vasectomy induced degenerative changes in the seminiferous tubules during the first four months after the operation; thereafter a partial recovery of spermatogenesis was noticed at six months post-vasectomy. Unilateral vasectomy induced degenerative changes only in the ipsilateral testis; the contralateral testis presented normal histology and showed no evidence of compensatory hypertrophy. The Leydig cells, however, remained unaffected in vasectomized shrews. No significant change was found in the concentrations of protein, RNA and DNA in the testis and of fructose in the ampullary gland in uni- and bilaterally vasectomized animals as compared with controls. The absence of any change in the concentration of fructose, weight of the accessory sex glands and histology of the ampullary gland and Leydig cells in vasectomized animals suggests that endocrine functions of the testes are not affected by vasectomy.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

[Incidence of mast cells and ultrastructural properties of the human testis].

Incidence of mast cells in biopsy material from human testis has been studied. Review of the Hungarian and international literature dealing with mast cells is presented. Structure of mast cells of human testis seems to be similar to that of mast cells of other organs. In mast cells of the testis granules of lamellar, granular and mixed structure have been observed, but crystal-like ones has not been found. In the interstitial cells of the testis strikingly large number of Reinke crystals have been detected.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Acute spermatic cord torsion alters the microcirculation of the contralateral testis.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to characterize the hemodynamic changes in the contralateral testis during acute spermatic cord torsion in anesthetized rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used videomicroscopy to examine the microcirculation of the contralateral testis following acute torsion. Specifically, we examined the effect on vasomotion, a rhythmic dilation and constriction of the arterioles that is involved in fluid and nutrient exchange and modulation of local vascular resistance. In a separate set of experiments, blood flow in the contralateral internal spermatic artery was measured with an ultrasonic flow probe during acute torsion. RESULTS: Following 720 degrees torsion, the amplitude of vasomotion in the contralateral testis increased 121% (29.0 +/- 3.9% versus 13.0 +/- 1.7%) compared with controls. Blood flow in the contralateral internal spermatic artery decreased 43% after 2 hours' torsion. CONCLUSIONS: Acute spermatic cord torsion altered the microcirculation by increasing the amplitude of vasomotion and decreased total blood flow to the opposite testis. Because the hydraulic resistance of a blood vessel exhibiting vasomotion is always less than a vessel with the same average but static diameter, the observed microcirculatory changes may be an adaptive response to preserve local flow in the presence of decreased total flow. The long-term consequences of these changes in the microcirculation may affect testicular function and ultimately fertility.

Acute Disease↗