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PubMed2006

Linking dynamical perceptual decisions at different levels of description in motion pattern formation: psychophysics.

The relationship between local-level motion detection and higher level pattern-forming mechanisms was investigated with the motion quartet, a bistable stimulus for which either horizontal or vertical motion patterns are perceived. Local-level perturbations in luminance contrast affected the stability of the perceived patterns and, thereby, the size of the pattern-level hysteresis obtained by gradually changing the motion quartet's aspect ratio. Briefly eliminating luminance contrast (so nonmotion was perceived during the perturbation) eliminated pattern-level hysteresis, and briefly increasing luminance contrast (so motion was perceived during the perturbation) increased pattern-level hysteresis. Partially reducing luminance contrast resulted in bistability during the perturbation; pattern-level hysteresis was maintained when motion was perceived, and eliminated when nonmotion was perceived. The results were attributed to local motion/nonmotion perceptual decisions in area V1 affecting the magnitude of the activation feeding forward to motion detectors in area MT, where the stability of pattern-level perceptual decisions is determined by activation-dependent, future-shaping interactions that inhibit soon-to-be-stimulated detectors responsive to competing motion directions.

Decision Making↗
PubMed2002

Detection of metric structure in auditory figural patterns.

This series of experiments dealt with discrimination between two temporal patterns differing only by the insertion of an additional silent gap. In Experiment 1, patterns varied in metric and figural structure. Metric structure is described as the sense of temporal regularity that may occur between subjectively accented tones. Figural structure is described as the grouping of temporally adjacent tones separated by silences. Standard patterns were either strongly or weakly metric; comparison patterns differed from the standards by the insertion of a silence that disrupted either the metric structure alone or both the metric and the figural structures. Experiment 1 provided support for the roles of both metric and figural structures and provided support for the clock-induction model of Povel and Essens (1985) as an account of metric processing. In Experiments 2-4, discrimination of patterns with differing metric structures but identical figural structures was examined more closely. Rate of presentation of the patterns was varied. Multiple regression indicated that, independent of rate variations, discrimination improved as the absolute (not relative) duration of the silent gap increased. We argue that an additional timing mechanism, independent of pattern structure, is operative in temporal pattern discrimination. All the results were replicated across levels of music training of the listeners.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Association of anger expression patterns and health status in health care workers].

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine anger-expression patterns and their association with state and trait anger and physical and psychological health status in health care workers. METHOD: Four hundred and forty eight nurses, physicians and technicians from a large medical center completed standardized questionnaires of anger, anger-expression patterns and mood. They also had blood pressure, cholesterol, blood glucose and body mass index measured during their annual physical examinations. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, chi-square and ANOVA. RESULTS: Subjects showed two major clusters of anger-expression patterns: anger-control and anger-in/out. Subjects with the anger-in/out pattern reported higher state and trait anger and more anxiety, depression and fatigue than subjects with the anger-control pattern. Physical health indicators, however, were not significantly different between the two clusters of anger-expression patterns. CONCLUSION: Anger-expression patterns are associated with psychological health status but not with physical health status. Anger-expression patterns, however, need to be examined over time to assess their long-term effects on the physical and psychological health status in future studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Adolescent interpersonal communication patterns.

Adolescents are admitted to psychiatric wards presenting with psychiatric problems which are essentially secondary to problematic interpersonal relationships. Successful interpersonal relationships however depend on effective interpersonal communication. Therefore the aim of research on adolescent interpersonal communication was to explore and describe the interpersonal communication patterns of adolescents and to develop an interpersonal communication skills approach to facilitate adolescent interpersonal communication skills within a training programme for adolescents. In this article however attention will be given to the description of the interpersonal communication patterns of adolescents. The target population of the research was 17 year old adolescents. The research consisted of a pre-phase where two contextual scenarios were formulated within group discussions with adolescents. During phase one of the research these scenarios were used to obtain video taped role plays from pairs of adolescents of the target population which were transcribed for data gathering purposes. Written dialogues were also obtained from each pair of adolescents on the same scenarios used for triangulation purposes. During phase two of the research the data was analysed according to Tesch's method and a literature control was done to verify the results. Guba's model for the trustworthiness of qualitative research was used. Four recurrent interpersonal communication patterns were identified, namely: Recurrent patterns of defocusing and externalizing the topic under discussion; Recurrent patterns of struggling for power; Recurrent patterns of not listening; and Recurrent patterns of focusing only on cognitive contents of messages and not on feelings. The research showed that adolescents have ineffective interpersonal communication patterns. Recommendations were made to facilitate adolescent interpersonal communication within an interpersonal communication skills approach.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Patterns of static prehension in normal hands.

For the purpose of classifying the patterns of static prehension in normal hands, the finger positions were photographed from 5 directions, while each of 7 normal adults held each of the 98 objects. The contact areas were also photographed from three to four directions. All sets of photographs were compared. Any two were considered identical in pattern when both the finger positions and the contact areas were alike. Fourteen identical patterns were identified: five patterns of power grip, four of intermediate grip, four of precision grip, and one other. Eighty-six percent of the grips shown by the subjects could be fitted into one of these prehension patterns, and the remaining 14 percent into intermediate or combined patterns. For all 7 subjects, 31 of 98 objects were grasped in an identical pattern and the rest of the objects, 67, in 2 or more patterns.

Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A theory of shoe wear pattern influence incorporating a new paradigm for the podiatric medical profession.

Qualitative analysis of shoe wear patterns collected from a questionnaire evaluating podiatric physicians' experiences in this area suggests that wear patterns could indicate causative function within a known pathologic context. Several different functions are suggested by patterns associated with each of the pathologic entities involved, and analysis of the relationship between patterns and reasons given by respondents for pattern-form variations show the strongest associations to be with functionally termed conditions. A basic model is proposed to present factors important in wear pattern production, suggesting that a new concept of primary walking intention is more influential than foot pathologies in wear pattern formation and that external factors are also influential, with the combined factors being described as the "holistic foot function." This model may provide a variety of benefits to podiatric medicine; as shoe wear patterns are records of the usual long-term activity of the functioning foot, this paradigm could form a basis for podiatric medical practice.

Foot↗
PubMed1999

[Disjunction patterns: the morphological and ultrastructural bases of bladder instability in the male].

OBJECTIVE: To apply the new protocols and recent contributions on detrusor ultrastructural morphology in order to standardize criteria and evaluate our findings relative to the ultrastructural morphology, the presence of a dysfunction pattern, changes in nerve supply and formation of a chained cellular syncytium in hyperactive detrusor bladder instability in the male. METHODS: We studied 480 ultrastructural preparations of detrusor muscle from 32 male patients with bladder outlet obstruction with and without urodynamically demonstrated bladder hyperactivity. Bladder biopsies were obtained from the anterior aspect of the bladder and prepared according to the standard procedures for ultrastructural study. Semiquantitative nerve supply ultrastructural patterns, syncytial composition, and complete and incomplete disjunction were analyzed. RESULTS: Lower urinary tract obstruction was demonstrated in all patients; 6 of these patients had involuntary phasic detrusor contractions during filling. No significant decrease in nerve supply was found in isolated obstruction or in bladder hyperactivity. No axonal degeneration was observed in any of the patients and the myelin sheath structure was normal. Nerve effector endings were also normal. Four patients with hyperactive detrusor showed complete and two incomplete disjunction pattern. Incomplete disjunction pattern was also demonstrated in two patients with isolated obstruction. CONCLUSIONS: The change in the properties of the detrusor muscle in the unstable bladder is due to a complete reduction in excitatory nerve relation to smooth muscle. Having established the concept of common final myogenic pathway that explains involuntary detrusor contraction, complete dysfunction ultrastructural patterns have been defined with univocal relation to hyperactive detrusor. These patterns indicate the existence of a syncytium of chained muscle cells with changes in the excitation threshold that are absent in the normal stable detrusor. Two ultrastructural components sustain this hypothesis: 1) the major loss observed in intermediate cellular unions that are thought to mediate in the mechanical coupling of cellular contraction and 2) the presence in all the microscopic fields of abutments in the narrow cellular unions like gap-junctions, which mediate the electrical coupling. In the present study we have found this pattern in 4 out of 6 patients with hyperactive detrusor, and congruent with other studies, the incomplete disjunction pattern could be the prelude of bladder hyperactivity.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

The pattern of avian intramuscular nerve branching is determined by the innervating motoneuron and its level of polysialic acid.

Most skeletal muscles are composed of a heterogeneous population of fast and slow muscle fibers that are selectively innervated during development by fast and slow motoneurons, respectively. It is well recognized that, in both birds and mammals, fast and slow motoneurons have substantially different intramuscular branching patterns, a difference critical for proper motor function. However, the cellular mechanisms regulating these differences in motoneuron branching are unknown. In a previous study, we showed that the fast and slow pattern of intramuscular branching, in a chick muscle containing distinct fast and slow muscle regions, was remarkably similar to normal when formed by foreign motoneurons. Whether this was attributable to some property of the innervating "fast" or "slow" motoneurons or to some property of the developing fast-slow muscle fibers was not determined. To distinguish between these two possibilities, we performed chick-quail hindlimb chimeras to force slow chick plantaris motoneurons to innervate a fast quail plantaris muscle. The pattern of intramuscular nerve branching in the fast plantaris of these chimeras closely resembled the slow branching pattern normally observed in chick slow plantaris muscles. Enzymatic removal of polysialic acid (PSA) from nerve and muscle during normal quail plantaris development dramatically changed the normal fast pattern to more closely resemble a slow pattern. In contrast, removal of PSA from chick plantaris motoneurons and muscle fibers had little effect on the pattern of nerve branching. Together, these results indicate that the pattern of intramuscular nerve branching is determined by the level of PSA on the innervating motoneurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Preliminary studies on outer membrane protein (OMP) patterns of Escherichia coli O1, O2 and O78 isolates of chicken origin].

Omp patterns of twenty-five isolates of Escherichia coli serotype O1, O2 and O78 of chicken origin from Jiangsu area were determined. The outer membrane proteins of these isolates were isolated with the improved N-lauroylsarcosine method and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Major outer membrane proteins bands contributed for OMP patterns were visualized with Coomassie brilliant blue staining. Two OMP patterns were divided in eight of O1 isolates and nine O2 isolates respectively. Among these OMP patterns, 1 OMP pattern was shared by these 2 different O serotypes isolates, and eight of O78 isolates also shared this OMP pattern. These results indicated that the OMP patterns of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli isolates of O1, O2 and O78 from this area were heterogeneous, and the same OMP patterns was presented in these 3 serotypes.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Lactate dehydrogenase (LD) pattern in serum of calves with a total artificial heart (TAH).

Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LD) patterns of 16 calves with total artificial heart (TAH) were studied to identify a mean LD pattern in their serum (survival 51-293 days). Evaluations were made by the sum of vectors method (SV). The mean LD pattern was determined from serum LD patterns, interval days of 33 - 49 with TAH. Serum LD patterns of control and mean LD pattern differed significantly (n = 12, P < 0.05) in single isoenzymes and resultant vectors as the representatives of LD patterns. The different tissues with an increased risk of being affected were identified by evaluation of LD patterns in the serum of calves within term without perceptible acute damage and in the terminal stage of experiments. Such identified organs suggest that the organism under study is out of balance and specific treatment is needed.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Comparison analysis between potential and actual pattern of artificial oases in arid region].

Based on theoretical analysis and demonstration research, the conception of potential pattern in the agriculture landscape of artificial oases in Xinjiang arid region and its analysis unit were discussed. The potential landscape pattern was defined as the one composed by spatial units with basic characteristics and properties which had no change or less change with the time. In agriculture landscape, soil was found to be a relatively stable element, and hence, different soil classification unit could be used to analyze the potential landscape pattern. A case study was carried out to analyze the potential and actual pattern of the artificial cases in Shihezi reclamation area by using the indexes of diversity, evenness, aggregation, mean patch elongation, patch shape fragmentation and mean patch fractal dimension. The result showed that the landscape pattern changed orderly from the potential to actual pattern, and the potential pattern could be used as the absolute criterion for researches on pattern changes in agriculture landscape.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

The assessment of bleeding patterns in postmenopausal women during continuous combined hormone replacement therapy: a review of methodology and recommendations for reporting of the data.

OBJECTIVES: To systematically review methods used to report data on bleeding patterns among postmenopausal women enrolled in clinical trials of continuous combined hormone replacement therapy (HRT); and to propose the use of standardized terms, definitions, and methods for collecting and reporting bleeding data in such trials. METHODS: A MEDLINE search identified 18 published reports of bleeding patterns among postmenopausal women enrolled in prospective clinical trials that included a continuous combined HRT treatment arm. Only two of these trials were not randomized. Methods for collecting and analyzing bleeding pattern data were collated from these published reports and examined for consistency. RESULTS: Comparisons across studies revealed little consistency in definitions and indices utilized to report bleeding patterns among postmenopausal women administered continuous combined HRT regimens in clinical trials. While a majority of the trials incorporated definitions established by the World Health Organization for the evaluation of bleeding with hormonal contraception, a number of the studies expanded on these definitions to reflect additional dimensions of bleeding such as volume. Indices calculated from daily bleeding data to describe bleeding patterns in treatment groups were highly variable among studies. CONCLUSION: Inconsistencies among clinical trials in bleeding pattern definitions and indices limit understanding and comparison of typical bleeding patterns with continuous combined HRT regimens. Standardized definitions, data collection procedures, and indices are proposed to enhance understanding of bleeding patterns with hormone therapy and enrich the quality of patient counselling on HRT.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1992

Regional variations in age pattern of mortality in India.

"Using the cluster analysis technique and Heligman-Pollard mortality model, the present paper analyses the regional variations in age pattern of mortality in India around 1986-88. The paper identifies three broad patterns of age-specific mortality rates in the country--the Central-India Pattern; the South-India Pattern; and the North-West India Pattern. In addition, Kerala has its own typical pattern of age-specific mortality. Similarly, Assam (Males) and Jammu and Kashmir (Males) have their own typical pattern of age-specific mortality rates while the same is also true for Rajasthan (Females). The implications of age patterns of mortality identified in this analysis have also been discussed."

Asia↗
PubMed1999

[The outer membrane protein (OMP) patterns of Escherichia coli isolates of predominant O serogroups originated from chichens in different regions in China].

The purpose of this study is to determine the outer membrane protein (OMP) patterns of avian Escherichia coli isolates with predominant serogroups originated from 18 provinces, autonomous regions and municipal cities in China. Total of 204 isolates belonging to O18, O78, O2, O88, O11 and O26 serogroups respectively, were tested. The outer membrane proteins of these isolates were isolated with the improved N-lauroylsarcosine method and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. 4 different OMP patterns were identified with these isolates of predominant serogroups. 3 different OMP patterns with 56 isolates of O18, 4 with 54 isolates of O78, 2 with 28 isolates O2, 1 with 26 isolates of O88, 3 with 22 isolates of O11 and 1 with 18 isolates of O26 respectively, were found. Isolates with OMP pattern 1 were discovered in 6 different serogroups, and OMP-3 pattern was also shared by O18, O78 and O11 serogroups isolates. These results indicated that the OMP patterns of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli isolates of O18, O78, O2, O11 serogroups which were isolated from different regions in China were heterogeneous, and all of O88 and O26 serogroups isolates just belonged to OMP pattern 1. Moreover, the OMP pattern 1 was presented in isolates of six different predominant O serogroups.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dietary patterns and stomach cancer among middle-aged male workers in Tokyo.

Many epidemiological studies have examined the associations of nutrients and foods with risk of stomach cancer. Few studies have addressed the dietary patterns that reflect various components of food consumption and their interactions. We identified major four dietary patterns; "vegetable and fruit", "Western breakfast", "meat", and "rice/snack" with principal component analysis using food consumption questionnaire in a prospective study of 5,765 middle-aged male workers in Tokyo. After 10 years of follow-up between September 1988 and August 1998, 84 incident cases of stomach cancer were documented. Using proportional hazards regression to estimate risk ratios, we found no clear association between each of dietary pattern and stomach cancer risk. After adjustment for age and other potential confounding factors and after exclusion of the cases diagnosed in first follow-up year, the risk ratio (RR) associated with high tertile compared to low tertile was 0.78(95%CI 0.42-1.44) for "vegetable and fruit" pattern and 0.71(95%CI 0.40-1.24) for "Western breakfast" pattern. The V-shaped associations between dietary patterns and stomach cancer risk were appeared in the "meat" (RR=1.00, 0.55, and 1.10) and the "rice/snack" (RR=1.00, 0.52, and 1.19) patterns, while the linear trend of these associations was statistically on borderline. The roll of overall dietary patterns in predicting stomach cancer risk requires further investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Pit pattern and endoscopic mucosal resection in diagnosis and treatment of colorectal tumors].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effective methods to diagnose and treat colorectal cancer in its early stage. METHODS: 1 205 patients were examined by colonoscopy and mucosa staining with indigocarmine. The pit patterns were observed with magnifying endoscope and stereomicroscope according to the Kudo classification. The pathological diagnoses of the lesions were compared with their pit patterns. Electrocoagulation resection was performed on the prominent lesions and endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) or endoscopic partial mucosal resection (EPMR) was performed on the flat lesions. RESULTS: In the 282 patients 478 prominent and flat lesions were found. There were 16 cases of laterally spreading tumor (LST), including I case of pit pattern II, 6 of pit pattern IIIL, 8 of pit pattern IV, and 1 of pit pattern Va, with 2 cases of intramembrane cancer and 1 case of IIa + IIc lesions invading the superficial myometrium among them. EMR and EPMR were performed on 14 LST lesions, 22 IIa lesions, and 14 IIb lesions. CONCLUSION: The examination of pit pattern is very important in early diagnosis of colorectal cancer and differentiation tumorous from non-tumorous lesions. V type pit pattern is an indicator of colorectal cancer. EMR and EPMR are safe and effective for flat lesions.

Colonoscopy↗
PubMed2003

Wolfe's parenchymal pattern and percentage of the breast with mammographic densities: redundant or complementary classifications?

Mammographic breast densities are one of the strongest breast cancer risk factors. The two most frequently used classifications of breast densities are Wolfe's parenchymal pattern and the percentage of the breast with densities. In this analysis, associations of these two classifications with breast cancer risk were compared, and the dose response curve of risk with densities was examined. Three case-control studies were combined totaling 1060 cases with newly diagnosed breast cancer and 2352 controls. A single observer had assessed parenchymal pattern and percent density without any information on subjects. Relative risks (RRs) were estimated with logistic regression and spline functions adjusting for age and body weight. The two classifications were strongly correlated (r = 0.81, P = 0.0001). Breast cancer risk increased progressively with percent density reaching a 5-6-fold increase for women with 85% or more of the breast with densities compared with women with no density. In contrast, women with P2 or DY patterns had only a 2-3-fold increase in risk compared with women with N1 pattern. More importantly, among women with P2 or DY, RR varied substantially with percent density, whereas, among women with a given percent density, RR varied little with parenchymal pattern. Comparisons of multivariate models reveal that in the presence of parenchymal pattern, inclusion of percent density in the model improved the prediction of breast cancer risk (chi(2) = 35.5, P = 0.0082) but not the opposite (chi(2) = 1.1, P = 0.7662). These findings show that the percentage of the breast with densities provide more information on breast cancer risk than Wolfe's parenchymal patterns and that, once percent breast density is taken into account, no more information on breast cancer risk is given by assessing parenchymal pattern.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Quantification comparison of spatial pattern of soil seed bank of Fraxinus mandshurica in two stands].

The spatial pattern of soil seed bank of Fraxinus mandshurica were examined by geostatistics in two stands with different densities, tree species composition and ground plants, in the Northeast of China. A sampling grid of 559 points, at each point a sample was located, was established according to regular grid design at three spatial scales (cell size were 0.5 m x 0.5 m, 1 m x 1 m, and 2 m x 2 m) in each plot. Spatial pattern were quantified by using semivariance analysis, fractal dimension and Kriging maps. The object of this paper is to quantify the spatial pattern of seed bank, to compare its variations between two stands, and to explore what sort of mechanism would control its variations. The results indicated seed distribution showed appreciable heterogeneity within stand and clearly difference between the two stands. In plot 1 (mixed stand), seed bank, with a mean of 158.1 +/- 96.7 seeds.m-2, higher sill (C0 + C = 0.549) and 4.25 m scales, has a stronger spatial pattern. There were a high autocorrelated variation (89.4%) and lowly random variation (10.6%) at this scale. However, at scale from 5 m to 31.3 m, its autocorrelated variation ranged 51.4%-69.8% and random variation ranged 30.2%-47.6%, also has distinctly mosaic patterns. Fractal dimension (D) analysis showed that the D values was relatively lower(1.728-1.865), their coefficient of variation only about 26.7%-68.35%, indicated that there was a high self-similarity of patch shapes of seed bank. In plot 2 (pure stand), with a mean of 57.4 +/- 44.7 seed.m-2, and lower sill (C0 + C = 0.125), spatial patterns were not so strong as plot 1, which has a smaller scale (2.59 m). Its spatially autocorrelated variation was 56.8% and randomly variation was 43.2%. Over the scale there were no clearly autocorrelated spatial patterns. Fractal dimension analysis showed higher D value (1.906-1.960), and their coefficient of variation varying wildly (69.51%-134.14%), implying highly random variation and more complex patch shapes. The differences of spatial pattern of seed bank between the two stands were likely to be due to spatial heterogeneity at the level of stands.

Seeds↗