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PubMed2000

[Influence of diagnostic tests for estimating prevalence during surveillance programs].

The influence of diagnostic tests on the estimation of the prevalence and the calculation of sample sizes with respect to different sampling schemes are presented in this paper. These sampling schemes are used for the implementation of surveillance programs. Assuming "perfect tests" (i.e. sensitivity = specificity = 100%) the calculated sample sizes, e.g. for an IBR/IPV-surveillance or a paratuberculosis survey, are half of the sample sizes considering sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic tests. However the probability not to identify infected livestocks may be 4 times higher neglecting the test characteristics and assuming perfect tests.

Animal Diseases↗

PubMed2000

[Serum gamma globulin concentration in goat kids after colostrum administration: effect of time of administration, volume and type of colostrum].

In this study, which was performed on a Dutch dairy goat farm, several aspects of the administration of colostrum to new-born goat kids were examined. Time of colostrum administration and amount and type of colostrum administered were compared. Effectiveness was measured as total serum protein content and gamma globulin fraction. No significant differences in serum gamma globulin titre were observed between kids that received colostrum at 30 or 60-90 minutes post partum, respectively. Titres were significantly lower in kids that received 100 ml of colostrum instead of 150-200 ml. The effect of sheep colostrum replacer or cow colostrum was also examined. Gamma globulin titres were significantly high with goat colostrum than with cow colostrum or sheep colostrum replacer, and titres were higher with cow colostrum than with sheep colostrum replacer. Based on the results of this experiment, the following protocol is suggested for colostrum administration to goat kids: single administration of 150-200 ml of goat colostrum within 90 minutes of birth. Use of cow colostrum is not advised because it may lead to transmission of paratuberculosis. Use of sheep colostrum replacer as a source of passive immunity is not recommended.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The 500-base-pair fragment of the putative gene RvD1-Rv2031c is also present in the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND: It has been proposed that differentiation between M. bovis and M. tuberculosis is possible by using a PCR assay for the 500bp fragment present only in the M. bovis genome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty clinical samples and 16 clinical isolates from the Department of Microbiology, as well as 4 clinical isolates obtained from another laboratory, were tested for the purpose of this study. As controls we tested 2 M. bovis (M. bovis BCG Pasteur TMC1011 and M. bovis BCG Copenhagen), 1 H37Rv M. tuberculosis strain, 2 M. avium (ATCC15765 and ATCC1975, respectively) and 1 M. paratuberculosis (ATCC19698) strains. RESULTS: None of the mtp40- negative clinical isolates amplified the 500bp fragment, whereas 4 out of 17 mtp40-positive clinical isolates scored positive for the 500bp fragment. All clinical isolates scored positive for IS6110, mtp40, the pncA and oxyR PCR's. All but one of the clinical isolates amplified the 500bp fragment. Sequence analysis of the pncA and oxyR PCR products revealed the presence of nucleotide C at position 169 and G at position 285 respectively, suggesting M. tuberculosis as the causative agent. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that the 500bp PCR fragment is present not only in M. bovis but also in M. tuberculosis.

Amidohydrolases↗

PubMed2004

Prolonged culture for mycobacteria in mediastinal lymph nodes from patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. A negative study.

BACKGROUND: Histological similarity between sarcoidosis and tuberculosis, with epithelioid cell granulomas as the typical finding, suggests that sarcoidosis could be a specific manifestation of infection with mycobacteria. However, convincing evidence for a causal relationship between mycobacterial infection and sarcoidosis has not been produced. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether mycobacteria could be cultured from mediastinal lymph nodes from patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary sarcoidosis using a prolonged culture technique. METHODS: The series comprised 15 patients (10 men) with a median age of 45 years (range 25-61) and chest X-ray showing mediastinal lymphadenopathy. The diagnosis of sarcoidosis was based on biopsy specimens of lymph nodes obtained by mediastinoscopy. Lymph node tissue was processed in a prolonged (12 month duration) culture for mycobacteria. Bronchial washings were obtained by bronchoscopy and examined for mycobacteria using fluorescence microscopy, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) DNA and standard culture (7-week duration). RESULTS: In all lymph node specimens, prolonged culture for mycobacteria was negative. In all bronchial washings, microscopy for mycobacteria, analysis for M. tuberculosis DNA, and standard culture for mycobacteria was negative. CONCLUSION: Our study with prolonged culture failed to demonstrate the presence of mycobacteria in sarcoid tissue, especially M. tuberculosis and M. paratuberculosis, and does not suggest that mycobacterial infection could play a direct pathogenic role in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Infections due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM).

The membership list of genus mycobacterium is ever expanding and it has grown to 95 in year 2003. While leprosy and tuberculosis are specific diseases caused by mycobacteria, other members are usually saprophytes but can be opportunistic and at times deadly pathogens. These other mycobacteria are referred to as atypical mycobacteria, non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) or mycobacteria other than tubercle bacilli (MOTT). These organisms can produce localized disease in the lungs, lymph glands, skin, wounds or bone. Occasionally they may produce disseminated disease. Of the more than 90 known species of NTM, about one third have been associated with disease in humans. The species causing human disease are : Mycobacterium avium, M. intracellulare, M. kansasii, M. paratuberculosis, M. scrofulaceum, M. simiae, M. habana, M. interjectum, M. xenopi, M. heckeshornense, M. szulgai, M. fortuitum, M. immunogenum, M. chelonae, M. marinum, M. genavense, M. haemophilum, M. celatum, M. conspicuum, M. malmoense, M. ulcerans, M. smegmatis, M. wolinskyi, M. goodii, M. thermoresistible, M. neoaurum, M. vaccae, M.palustre, M. elephantis, M. bohemicam and M. septicum. Isolation of these mycobacteria from representative specimens and their rapid identification is very important as the treatment strategy for tuberculosis and other mycobacterioses is different. Several biochemical, chemical (lipid) and molecular techniques have been developed for rapid identification of these species. Along with suggestive clinical features, poor response to antitubercular treatment and repeated isolation of the organisms from the clinical specimens these techniques can help in establishing correct diagnosis. Further, many drugs like rifampicin, rifabutin, ethambutol, clofazimine, amikacin, new generation quinolones and macrolides effective against mycobacterial infections are available that can be used in appropriate combinations and dosage to treat these infections.

Causality↗

PubMed1992

[Current insights on the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases].

The pathogenesis and etiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is poorly understood. As a matter of fact, it is not even certain whether either one is a single entity with different forms of clinical manifestations, or whether each one represents a single clearly separable entity. Common features of both diseases are chronic persistence, recurrent exacerbation and remission, the production of autoantibodies, as well as the expression of aberrant HLA-class II molecules on the surface of epithelial cells on the site of inflammation gut. It is likely that these events involve a disturbed immunoregulatory function or autoimmune process. Since the beginning of investigation the cause of IBD, infectious agents (bacteria, virus, mycobacterium paratuberculosis and others) or bacterial products (endotoxin, peptidoglycans from the bacterial cell wall) have been considered as primary causes. Epidemiological studies showed a marked increase of the incidence rates of IBD in industrial countries leading to the hypothesis, that environmental factors could play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. So far it is clear that the major identified risk factor for IBD is a genetic susceptibility confirmed by studies showing a positive family history.

Colitis, Ulcerative↗

PubMed2006

GenoMycDB: a database for comparative analysis of mycobacterial genes and genomes.

Several databases and computational tools have been created with the aim of organizing, integrating and analyzing the wealth of information generated by large-scale sequencing projects of mycobacterial genomes and those of other organisms. However, with very few exceptions, these databases and tools do not allow for massive and/or dynamic comparison of these data. GenoMycDB (http://www.dbbm.fiocruz.br/GenoMycDB) is a relational database built for large-scale comparative analyses of completely sequenced mycobacterial genomes, based on their predicted protein content. Its central structure is composed of the results obtained after pair-wise sequence alignments among all the predicted proteins coded by the genomes of six mycobacteria: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strains H37Rv and CDC1551), M. bovis AF2122/97, M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis K10, M. leprae TN, and M. smegmatis MC2 155. The database stores the computed similarity parameters of every aligned pair, providing for each protein sequence the predicted subcellular localization, the assigned cluster of orthologous groups, the features of the corresponding gene, and links to several important databases. Tables containing pairs or groups of potential homologs between selected species/strains can be produced dynamically by user-defined criteria, based on one or multiple sequence similarity parameters. In addition, searches can be restricted according to the predicted subcellular localization of the protein, the DNA strand of the corresponding gene and/or the description of the protein. Massive data search and/or retrieval are available, and different ways of exporting the result are offered. GenoMycDB provides an on-line resource for the functional classification of mycobacterial proteins as well as for the analysis of genome structure, organization, and evolution.

Bacterial Proteins↗

PubMed1991

Mass screening of cattle sera against 14 infectious disease agents, using an ELISA system for monitoring health in livestock.

Mass screening ELISA methods were developed for testing cattle serum for antibodies against 14 common livestock diseases simultaneously. The absorbance values were transformed to a %ELISA (spectrophotometric antibody end point) by a computer interfaced with a microplate reader. A histogram indicating a cutoff point and a report for the veterinarian also was generated. The computer program produced a print-out of the antibody profile for each animal tested, the antibody concentration against each disease, and a histogram (antibody profile) showing the prevalence of each disease in the herd. Serum samples were obtained from 1,953 cattle, including 880 dairy cattle from 10 herds and 1,073 beef cattle from 20 herds. These samples were obtained from June 1988 through June 1989. The highest antibody prevalence was against bluetongue virus. Of the 1,953 cattle tested, 1,223 (63%) were seropositive for bluetongue virus, including 502 (57%) of the dairy cattle and 721 (67%) beef cattle. Other antibody prevalences, in descending order, were: rotavirus (44%), Pasteurella spp (25%), Leptospira spp and Haemophilus spp (22%), Mycoplasma spp (18%), parainfluenza virus (17%), Campylobacter spp (16%), Anaplasma marginale (15%), bovine leukosis virus (13%), Brucella spp (8%), Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (8%), bovine viral diarrhea virus (3%), and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (3%). Major differences in antibody prevalence between dairy and beef cattle were that only 4% of the dairy cattle were seropositive for A marginale, compared with 25% of the beef cattle, and conversely, 29% of the dairy cattle were seropositive for bovine leukosis virus, compared with 1% of the beef cattle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Age Factors↗

PubMed1990

Production and partial characterization of monoclonal antibodies to the neotype strain of Mycobacterium bovis.

Six monoclonal antibodies (MAB) to virulent Mycobacterium bovis ATCC 19210 were produced, using a suspension of heat-inactivated whole cells. Immunoglobulin isotype for MAB VMB6, VMB73, and VMB93 was IgG1, and for VMB31, VMB99, and VMB119, it was IgG2a. Monoclonal antibodies were examined for cross-reactivity to M tuberculosis, M kansasii, M fortuitum, M paratuberculosis, M avium serovars 1, 2, 4, 8, and 10, M chelonei, M phlei, M scrofulaceum, M smegmatis, Nocardia asteroides, and Rhodococcus equi. Monoclonal antibodies could be grouped on the basis of binding activity by ELISA and immunoblot analysis, in which MAB VMB6, VMB31, and VMB119 had binding activity to M bovis; MAB VMB93 and VMB99 detected M bovis and M tuberculosis antigens, and MAB VMB73 reacted with other mycobacterial species, as well as with N asteroides and R equi. Apparent molecular mass of antigens was 30 to 25 kilodaltons (kD) for VMB6, VMB31, and VMB119 and 63 kD for VMB93 and VMB99, and ranged from greater than 200 to 31 kD for VMB73, as estimated by immunoblot analysis. Monoclonal antibody binding activity to 18 field isolates of M bovis was evaluated, using ELISA. Each of 18 field isolates was detected, using MAB VMB6, VMB31, or VMB119; 10 isolates were detected, using MAB VMB93/VMB99, and 14 were detected by use of MAB VMB73. Use of MAB in ELISA failed to detect antigens from M bovis strain AN-5.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Comparative intracellular growth of difficult-to-grow and other mycobacteria in a macrophage cell line.

We have recently developed a murine macrophage cell line (J-774) model which permits the growth of various mycobacteria (8). The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the intracellular growth of various difficult-to-grow mycobacteria (Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, M. ulcerans), and other pathogenic (M. tuberculosis H37Rv, M. kansasii, M. bovis) and nonpathogenic or avirulent (M. tuberculosis H37Ra, M. bovis BCG, M. gastri) mycobacteria. Electron microscopic studies were also performed to elucidate whether the formation of an electron-transparent zone (ETZ) around phagocytized bacilli was linked to their intramacrophagic survival. Furthermore, the comparison of intracellular growth of a pathogenic (M. kansasii) and nonpathogenic (M. gastri) mycobacteria sharing the same phenolic glycolipid antigen at their surface (Mycoside-A, 5), suggested that these antigens did not play a primary role in intracellular survival and multiplication of these bacteria. Also, we were unable to propagate M. ulcerans inside J-774 macrophages, which were massively lyzed after infection (due to a characteristic toxin secreted inside the macrophages?). These results are discussed in terms of the validity of the J-774 model for studying intracellular growth of mycobacteria.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Isoenzymes profiles in slowly-growing and difficult-to-grow mycobacteria.

The cell-free extracts of 13 slowly-growing mycobacteria were run on polyacrilamide gels (Page) and the various protein bands obtained were tested for peroxidase and catalase enzyme activities. The results obtained were compared to those obtained with M. fortuitum and M. chelonae. Based only on a limited numbers of strains employed, it is suggested that these isoenzyme patterns may permit a better separation of "Wood-pigeon" mycobacteria from both M. avium and M. paratuberculosis and also give distinct profiles for other species used. These results further suggest the potential of isoenzymes as taxonomic markers.

Catalase↗

PubMed1989

Studies on heterocyclic compounds: 1,3-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives. III. Biological activity of halogenated 2,3-diaryl-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones.

In previous communications from these laboratories, thiazolidinone derivatives of general formula (A) were synthesized and screened for antimicrobial activity. (formula; see text) where: X = H, CH3 Ar = phenyl Ar' = fluorinated or chlorinated phenyl The present communication is in part concerned with further extension of these studies to variously halogenated thiazolidinones of general formula (B). (formula; see text) where: X = H, CH3 R = H, 2-F, 3-F, 4-F, 3-Cl, 4-Cl R' = H, 4-F, 4-Cl These compounds were prepared by the general synthetic procedure previously reported for the 1,3-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives already prepared and screened in this SARs program. The general synthetic approach involves the cyclocondensation of the appropriate Schiff bases with alpha-mercaptoalkanoic acids such as thioglycolic and thiolactic acid. The prepared compounds were tested for their possible activity by a disk-diffusion assay (Kirby-Bauer modified). The organisms used were: S. aureus, S. beta-haemoliticus, B. subtilis, M. paratuberculosis 607, S. typhi, Kl. pneumoniae, E. coli Bb, Ps. aeruginosa, C. albicans, A. niger, S. cerevisiae. The results of this antimicrobial screening showed that the prepared compounds exhibited varying degrees of activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi. The second half of this report deals with the structure-activity relationships in all the compounds prepared and studied in this research program. For comparison of antimicrobial activity, the growth inhibitory activity of all the halogenated thiazolidinones of type (A) and (B), prepared and screened in this SARs study, were tabulated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bacteria↗

PubMed1989

Studies on heterocyclic compounds: 1,3-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives. IV. Biological activity of variously substituted 2,3-diaryl-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones.

The following 2,3-diaryl-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones of general formula (A) were synthesized and screened for antimicrobial activity. (formula; see text) where: X = H (I, III, V, VII, IX, XI, XIII, XV, XVII, XIX, XXI, XXIII), CH3 (II, IV, VI, VIII, X, XII, XIV, XVI, XVIII, XX, XXII, XXIV); R = H (I, II, V, VI, VII, VIII, XI, XIII), 4-CH3 (XXI, XXII, XXIII, XXIV), 4-Br (III, IV, IX, X), 2-NO2 (XIII, XIV), 3-NO2 (XV, XVI), 4-NO2 (XVII, XVIII), 4-OCH3 (XIX, XX); R' = H (I, II, III, IV, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX, XX, XXI, XXII), 4-CH3 (XXIII, XXIV), 3-Br (V, VI), 4-Br (VII, VIII, IX, X), 4-J (XI, XII). These compounds were prepared by the general synthetic procedure previously reported for the 1,3-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives already prepared and screened in this SARs program. The synthetic approach involves the cyclocondensation of the appropriate Schiff bases with alpha-mercaptoalkanoic acids. The prepared compounds were screened against S. aureus, S. beta-haemolititicus, B. subtilis, M. paratuberculosis 607, S. typhi, Kl. pneumoniae, E. coli Bb, Ps, aeruginosa, C. albicans, A. niger, S. cerevisiae by a disk-diffusion assay (Kirby-Bauer modified). The results obtained in this investigation showed that the prepared compounds exhibited varying degrees of antimicrobial activity. They were especially inhibitory toward Gram-positive bacteria, and fungi. 4-Nitroderivatives (XVII), (XVIII), and 2-nitroderivatives (XIV) and (XIII) possessed marked antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, S. beta-haemoliticus, and B. subtilis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bacteria↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The gray rat (Rattus norvegicus) as a carrier of infectious causative agents in Siberia and the Far East].

Literary data and antiplague institutions' reports demonstrate that Norway rats carry over 24 nosological forms and groups of infectious diseases: plague, tularemia, pseudotuberculosis, intestinal yersiniosis, salmonellosis, erysipeloid, listeriosis, leptospirosis, pasteurellosis, brucellosis, dysentery, paratuberculosis, hemorrhagic nephroso-nephritis, Omsk hemorrhagic fever and Q fever, tick-borne and Japanese encephalitis, lymphocytic choriomeningitis, tick-borne rickettsiosis and rickettsial pox, murine typhus, tsutsugamushi disease and toxoplasmosis.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Structure-activity relationships of hydrazono derivatives of biological interest.

The following hydrazono derivatives (I-XXIII) of type (A), (formula; see text) where: X = NO2 (II, IV, VI, VIII, X, XIV-XXIII), X = H (I, III, V, VII, IX, XI, XII, XIII), and Y = H (I, II); 3-Cl (III, IV); 4-Cl (V, VI); 3,4-Cl2 (VII, VIII); 2,6-Cl2 (IX, X); 2-NO2 (XI); 3-NO2 (XII); 4-NO2 (XIII, XIV); 2-F (XV); 3-F (XVI); 4-F (XVII); 2-OH (XVIII); 4-OH (XIX); 2,4-(OH)2(XX); 2,4,6-(OH)3(XXI); 2,3-(OH,NO2) (XXII); 2,4-(NO2)2 (XXIII), were prepared and tested for antibacterial and antifungal activity. All of these compounds were prepared in satisfactory yield by reaction of aromatic aldehydes with 2-furoyl and 5-nitro-2-furoyl hydrazide. The hydrazono derivatives I-XXIII prepared in this investigation were screened for antimicrobial activity by a disk-diffusion assay (Kirby-Bauer modified). The organisms used were laboratory cultures of S. aureus, S. -haemoliticus, B. subtilis, M. paratuberculosis, E. coli, S. typhi, Ps. aeruginosa, K1. pneumoniae, A. niger, S. cerevisiae, C. albicans. The results of this study showed that a number of the prepared hydrazono derivatives exhibited varying degrees of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Compounds IV and XV possessed broad spectrum "in vitro" against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Compounds XII greater than IV greater than XV showed inhibitory activity especially toward S. aureus. Compounds IV greater than XV greater than XVI were especially active against E. coli. Compounds XV greater than IV were especially inhibitory toward S. typhi and most of the prepared compounds inhibited considerably Ps. aeruginosa and K1. pneumoniae.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1977

Comparison of techniques for measuring the local and systemic responses to tuberculin in cattle.

Thermography of tuberculin skin reactions in cattle sensitized with Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium bovis, or Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was rapid and sensitive, but was not as specifically related to the homologous sensitization as was increased skin thickness at 48 and 72 hours. Systemic temperature responses were more completely monitored by radiotelemetry of intraperitoneally located temperature transmitters than by rectal thermometry, but the temperatures indicated by the 2 methods were nearly identical. The intraperitoneal transmitters showed that the systemic responses consisted of 1, 2, or 3 temperature peaks, and in 1 animal which had previously been exposed to a heterologous tuberculin, a hypothermic response developed. The systemic temperature responses were more specifically related to homologous sensitization than were dermal responses, but were more cumbersome to measure.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Biological activity of 4-hydroxyisophthalic acid derivatives. III. Variously substituted anilides with antimicrobial activity.

A series of 1,3-bis-anilides of 4-hydroxyisophthalic acid was prepared and investigated for antibacterial and antifungal activities. The prepared compounds (I-XIV), of the general formula (A), where Xn = 2-NO2 (I); 2,4-(NO2)2 (II); 2,4-NO2, Cl (III); 2,4-NO2,CF3 (IV); 3,4-NO2,Cl (V); 2,4-Cl,NO2 (VI); 2,5-Cl,NO2 (VII); 2,4,6-Cl,NO2,Cl (VIII); 2,4-Br, NO2 (IX); 2-CF3 (X); 3-CF3 (XI); 2,5-Cl,CF3 (XII); 2,5-CH3,Cl (XIII); 3,4-Cl,CH3 (XIV), were obtained in satisfactory yield by reacting 4-hydroxyisophthalic acid with the appropriate substituted aniline. (Formula: see text). The prepared compounds were tested for antimicrobial activity by a disk-diffusion assay (Kirby-Bauer modified). The organisms used were the following: S. aureus, B. subtilis, B. anthracis, M. paratuberculosis 607, E. coli Bb, S. typhi, S. typhimurium, S. paratyphi B, Pr. vulgaris, K1. pneumoniae, Ps. aeruginosa, C. albicans, and A. niger. The results of the antimicrobial screening showed that a number of substituted anilides exhibited varying degrees of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi, nitro-halogen-derivatives being the most interesting members of the series.

Anilides↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Skin ulcer caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans in Cameroon. II. Bacteriological study].

Nine stains of Mycobacterium ulcerans isolated in Kamerun, in Congo and in France, were compared with six reference strains found in Zaïre, Australia and Mexico and M. intracellulare, M. simiae, M. paratuberculosis. These fiveteen strains constitutets an species whose typical features were: the difficult and slow growth at the optimum temperature of 30 degrees C, the biochemical tests and the sensitivity to rifampin, streptomycin, kanamycin, viomycin, cycloserin and probably capreomycin. In mice inoculated by the intravenous route, M. ulcerans gives ulcerations of external teguments and sometimes, internal lesions.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗