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PubMed1978

[Immunofluorescence with the PI-3 virus--study of various working conditions for the detection of viral infection using immunofluorescence on various types of cell cultures].

We used the fluorescence method for the investigation of the sensitivity of several kinds of cell cultures to the infection with the parainfluenza virus 3 (PI-3). Cultures from calf kidneys were the most sensitive while we did not determine any differences between primary cultures and cultures of the first and second subpassages and/or freshly cultivated or incubated cultures over seven days at a temperature of 37 degrees C. Equal values of infection titres like on the cultures of calf kidneys were determined by immunofluorescence also on the kidney cells of lambs though the presence of the infection was not accompanied by cytopathic changes. Infection of pig kidney cells appeared only after the inoculation of 10(3) TKID50 and higher doses of the virus, the infection having a very slow course of development without detectable cytopathic changes. Fluorescent findings were identical in different tissues. Antibodies present in the culture medium stopped the spreading of the infection by neutralizing the virus released from the cells, however, not the primary infection. The increase in the content of antibodies in the medium led - by inhibiting the intercellular virus - to the slowing down of the growth of primary fluorescent lesions.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Serological diagnosis of mumps and parainfluenza type-1 virus infections by enzyme immunoassay, with a comparison of two different approaches for detection of mumps IgG antibodies.

Two solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for detection of mumps IgG antibodies, viz., indirect ELISA and catching-antibodies (C.A.)-ELISA, are described and the results obtained with both assays are compared with each other and with the conventional complement-fixation (CF) test. In the indirect method, mumps antigens are used for coating the wells of the microtest plates, whereas in the C.A.-ELISA method mumps antigens are selectively bound to rabbit anti-mumps antibodies coated surfaces. A positive correlation was found between the optical density (O.D.) values given by both ELISA assays and CF-antibody titers. The ELISA assays showed improved sensitivity compared to the CF test, since 54% (C.A.-ELISA) and 33% (Indirect-ELISA) of additional positive reactions were detected by these assays. In terms of specificity, however, only the C.A.-ELISA was superior to CF, since significant rises of IgG-antibodies were detected only in paired sera of mumps patients. Conversely, when the indirect method was used significant IgG antibody rises were demonstrated in paired sera from mumps patients and in serum pairs of six patients with parainfluenza type-1 virus infection. With the CF test, heterologous antibodies responses were demonstrated in 2 of these patients. Absorption experiments of mumps sera with mumps and parainfluenza virus strains demonstrated that the IgG antibodies detected by the C.A.-ELISA are specific for mumps virus and therefore interference due to heterologous antibody responses were not observed. Results with purified mumps virus proteins demonstrated that the antigen-antibody reactions that partake in the C.A.-ELISA are mainly associated with the nucleoprotein antigen. Detection of IgG-antibodies to parainfluenza virus type-1 was assessed by ELISA (paraflu-T1-ELISA) using only the indirect approach. The results obtained with this assay showed improved sensitivity compared to a paraflu T1-CF test, since 47% of additional positive reactions were demonstrated by ELISA. In terms of specificity, however, heterologous antibody responses were detected by both the ELISA and the CF test in 4 out of 20 patients with mumps infections.

Antibodies, Viral↗

PubMed1977

In vitro stimulation of bovine circulating lymphocytes by parainfluenza type 3 virus.

Bovine circulating lymphocytes from animals sero-positive to parainfluenza-3 virus (PIV-3) could be stimulated by PIV-3 antigen in a microculture system. A semiautomatic multiple sample harvester was used to collect the lymphocytes from the microplates. Ultraviolet-killed PIV-3 induced better stimulation values than formalin or heat-treated virus. The highest stimulation values were obtained after a stimulation time of three to five days.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Infection and disease induced in chimpanzees with 6/94, a parainfluenza type 1 virus isolated from human multiple sclerosis brain.

A parainfluenza type 1 virus (6/94) recovered from brain cell cultures of two patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) was inoculated into newborn chimpanzees by the intranasal (IN) or intracerebral (IC) routes. Four of the five animals receiving the virus IN developed clinical signs ranging from mild fever, with or without rhinorrhea, to severe respiratory disease. Two of the chimpanzees died as a result of pneumonia. Virus could be recovered from respiratory tracts for as long as 9 days after exposure and was followed by development of specific neutralizing antibody to the 6/94 virus but not to the HA2 strain of parainfluenza type 1. Brain examination showed astrocytosis, especially of posterior fossa structures, activation of microgliacytes and, in one animal, round cell infiltration of leptomeninges. Of thse three animals receiving virus IC, two developed recurrent seizures beginning 14 months after inoculation. One of these was sacrificed at 23 months of age after progressive neurologic disease, with electroencephalographic abnormalities, developed. The third animal died at 3 months of age of intercurrent pneumonia. No virus was recovered from these animals, although all showed antibody conversion to 6/94 but not HA2 virus. A variety of pathologic lesions were seen in the brains of both animals coming to necropsy particularly in the sacrificed chimpanzee. These included subacute encephalitis, extensive cortical and subcortical degeneration, vascular sclerosis, white matter gliosis and axonal dystrophy.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Selective interference with P protein binding to paramyxovirus nucleocapsids.

We previously observed that some anti-nucleoprotein monoclonal antibodies were able to displace P protein from Sendai virus (SV) nucleocapsid cores. The current work extends that observation by showing that such antibody-mediated P displacement is not unique to Sendai virus nucleocapsids, but can also occur with nucleocapsids of a related human respiratory pathogen. Anti-NP antibody prevents binding of SV P protein to nucleocapsids from human parainfluenza virus type 1 (PIV1) or from SV. Antibody also prevents binding of PIV1 P protein to PIV1 nucleocapsids, but not to SV nucleocapsids. We have also examined the stoichiometry of antibody interference with P binding, to determine how large a nucleocapsid region can be protected from P binding by a single antibody molecule. We found that approximately 40 antibody molecules per nucleocapsid complex can block attachment of most P protein. This indicates that a single antibody molecule can prevent P binding to a region representing about 65 nucleoprotein monomers on the nucleocapsid core.

Antibodies, Viral↗

PubMed1991

Characterizations of the human parainfluenza type 2 virus gene encoding the L protein and the intergenic sequences.

We cloned and determined the nucleotide sequences of cDNAs against genomic RNA encoding the L protein of human parainfluenza type 2 virus (PIV-2). The L gene is 6904 nucleotides long including the intergenic region at the HN-L junction and putative negative strand leader RNA, almost all of which is complementary to the positive strand leader RNA of PIV-2. The deduced L protein contains 2262 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 256,366. The L protein of PIV-2 shows 39.9, 28.9, 27.8 and 28.3% homologies with Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Sendai virus (SV), parainfluenza type 3 virus (PIV-3) and measles virus (MV), respectively. Although sequence data on other components of transcriptive complex, NP and P, suggested a closer relationship between PIV-2 and MV, as concerns the L protein, MV is closely related to another group as SV and PIV-3. From analysis of the alignment of the five l proteins, six blocks composed of conserved amino acids were found in the L proteins. The L protein of PIV-2 was detected in purified virions and virus-infected cells using antiserum directed against an oligopeptide corresponding to the amino terminal region. Primer extension analyses showed that the intergenic regions at the NP-P, P-M, M-F, F-HN and HN-L junctions are 4, 45, 28, 8 and 42 nucleotides long, respectively, indicating that the intergenic regions exhibit no conservation of length and sequence. Furthermore, the starting and ending sequences of paramyxoviruses were summarized.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2002

Viral infections and bovine mastitis: a review.

This review deals with the role of viruses in the aetiology of bovine mastitis. Bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine herpesvirus 4, foot-and-mouth disease virus, and parainfluenza 3 virus have been isolated from milk from cows with clinical mastitis. Intramammary inoculations of bovine herpesvirus 1 or parainfluenza 3 virus-induced clinical mastitis, while an intramammary inoculation of foot-and-mouth disease virus resulted in necrosis of the mammary gland. Subclinical mastitis has been induced after a simultaneous intramammary and intranasal inoculation of lactating cows with bovine herpesvirus 4. Bovine leukaemia virus has been detected in mammary tissue of cows with subclinical mastitis, but whether this virus was able to induce bovine mastitis has not been reported. Bovine herpesvirus 2, vaccinia, cowpox, pseudocowpox, vesicular stomatitis, foot-and-mouth disease viruses, and bovine papillomaviruses can play an indirect role in the aetiology of bovine mastitis. These viruses can induce teat lesions, for instance in the ductus papillaris, which result in a reduction of the natural defence mechanisms of the udder and indirectly in bovine mastitis due to bacterial pathogens. Bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine viral diarrhoea virus, bovine immunodeficiency virus, and bovine leukaemia virus infections may play an indirect role in bovine mastitis, due to their immunosuppressive properties. But, more research is warranted to underline their indirect role in bovine mastitis. We conclude that viral infections can play a direct or indirect role in the aetiology of bovine mastitis; therefore, their importance in the aetiology of bovine mastitis and their economical impact needs further attention.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Study of the multiplication in cell cultures of two strains of para-influenza virus type 3. III. Multiplication in BHK 21 cells].

Study was conducted on the multiplication of two strains (C243 and D) of parainfluenza virus type 3 in BHK 21 cells. Multiplication curve of the virus was established and immunohistochemical aspects of the process were investigated. Chronological study of successive steps of the formation and development of viral components allowed to see that the virus multiplication rate is low in this cell system. The parainfluenza antigen became detectable by immunofluorescence in the infected cell perinuclear region after a relatively long eclipse period (18 h) and synthetized virus has few RNA and induced no inclusion information in the cytoplasm or the nucleus. However, an important nuclear participation was noted: 72 h after inoculation, nuclear fluorescence was observed, as well as a nuclear DNA rising and frequent aberrant mitoses. Comparison between the two investigated strains led to the observation that the autochthonous D strain induced more frequent aberrant mitoses and more important cell destruction than the C243 one. Differences were also noted as regards the infecting and hemagglutinating titers.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

MHC class II gene expression is not induced in HPIV3-infected respiratory epithelial cells.

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II transactivator (CIITA) typically is required for both constitutive and inducible expression of MHC class II genes. However, transcription of class II MHC genes has been observed in specific cell types (e.g., thymic epithelial cells) in CIITA-deficient mice as well as in specific situations (e.g., following viral infections or in natural killer [NK]/target cell interaction). These observations have been interpreted by some to indicate that a CIITA-independent pathway of class II gene expression might be germane to processes such as the acquisition of tolerance during thymic selection or in the evasion of immune surveillance by a subset of viruses. One of the most striking examples of CIITA-independent, inducible class II gene expression has involved the de novo expression of class II MHC molecules on respiratory epithelial cells following infection by human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3). We report here that despite careful analysis using multiple techniques, we have been unable to detect HPIV3-dependent, CIITA-independent (or CIITA-dependent) induction of class II MHC genes. Thus, whereas there may still be an intriguing role for CIITA-independent gene expression in facets of the immune response, this is unlikely to manifest in the analysis of HPIV3 infection of respiratory epithelial cells.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Microwave sterilization of nitrous oxide nasal hoods contaminated with virus.

Although there exists a desire to eliminate the possibility of cross-infection from microbial contaminated nitrous oxide nasal hoods, effective and practical methods of sterilization in a dental office are unsatisfactory. Microwaves have been used to sterilize certain contaminated dental instruments without damage. In this study nasal hoods contaminated with rhinovirus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, and herpes simplex virus were sterilized in a modified microwave oven. Ninety-five percent of the virus activity was destroyed after 1 minute of exposure of the contaminated nasal hoods to microwaves. By the end of 4 minutes, complete inactivation of all four viruses was found. Repeated exposure of the nasal hoods to microwaves resulted in no damage to their texture and flexibility. Microwave sterilization may potentially provide a simple and practical method of sterilizing nitrous oxide anesthesia equipment in a dental or medical practice.

Adenoviruses, Human↗

PubMed1999

Non-influenza respiratory viruses may overlap and obscure influenza activity.

OBJECTIVE: To report the number and timing of influenza A isolates, as well as overlapping respiratory viruses. Co-circulating respiratory viruses may obscure the determination of influenza activity. DESIGN: Prospective clinical surveillance for the new onset of respiratory illness followed by viral cultures during seven separate influenza seasons. SETTING: The Wisconsin Veterans Home, a skilled nursing facility for veterans and their spouses. RESULTS: Influenza A isolates were encountered in greater numbers than non-influenza A isolates during three seasons. Seasonal variability is striking. In December 1992, we identified a large outbreak of respiratory illness. Influenza type B was cultured from 102 residents. In December 1995, influenza A was cultured from 285 people in Wisconsin. At that time, we identified outbreaks of respiratory illness in two of our four buildings. Based on statewide data, we suspected an influenza outbreak; however, 26 isolates of parainfluenza virus type 1 were cultured with no influenza. The potential importance of culturing at the end of the season was demonstrated in 1991-1992 when an outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) overlapped and extended beyond influenza A activity. CONCLUSIONS: When interpreting new clinical respiratory illnesses as a basis for declaring an outbreak of influenza A, clinicians should realize that co-circulating respiratory viruses can account for clinical illnesses. Clinicians might utilize healthcare dollars efficiently by performing cultures to focus the timing of influenza A chemoprophylaxis. Cultures could be performed when clinical outbreak criteria are approached to confirm an outbreak. Culturing of new respiratory illness could begin again before the anticipated discontinuation of prophylaxis (approximately 2 weeks).

Aged↗

PubMed1981

Plaque formation by human-origin parainfluenza type 2 virus in established cell lines.

Two strains of parainfluenza type 2 virus formed well-defined plaques in cultures of Vero cells, an established line of African green monkey kidney cells. In the absence of trypsin, satisfactory plaques were formed by the Toshiba strain of virus. When trypsin was added in the overlay medium of Vero cell monolayers, another strain (62-M786) of virus produced plaques. The Toshiba strain was also able to make plaques in HeLa, BHK, and LLC-MK2 (an established line of monkey kidney) cells without trypsin, but not in mouse L cells. The sensitivity of plaque assay was about equal to that of the hemadsorption method.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Associations between viral infection and respiratory disease in young beef bulls.

Blood samples were taken from bull calves at two Meat and Livestock Commission performance testing centres, just after weaning at six months of age and at six weekly intervals until the end of the performance test seven months later. Sera were assayed by specific ELISAS for antibodies to bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV1), respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza 3 (Pi3) and adenoviruses A and B. Seroconversions between each sampling were related to the occurrence of clinical respiratory disease using chi-squared (chi 2) and relative risk (RR) analyses. In 294 bulls there were 123 cases of respiratory disease. Seroconversion to bovine respiratory syncytial virus (RR = 4.7, chi 2 = 96.3, P less than 0.001) and adenovirus A (RR = 1.8, chi 2 = 8.9, P less than 0.001) and adenovirus B (RR = 1.9, chi 2 = 5.6, P less than 0.05) were significantly associated with clinical respiratory disease. There was evidence that prior exposure to respiratory syncytial virus (RR = 0.4, chi 2 = 9.8, P less than 0.01) Pi3 (RR = 0.4, chi 2 = 12.8, P less than 0.01) and adenovirus A (RR = 0.7, chi 2 = 7.5, P less than 0.01) conferred some protection against respiratory disease after arrival at the centre. It is concluded that vaccination before weaning, at least against bovine respiratory syncytial virus, would be beneficial.

Adenoviridae↗

PubMed1988

Current approaches to the development of vaccines effective against parainfluenza and respiratory syncytial viruses.

Vaccines against parainfluenza (PIV) and respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV) that are currently being developed include both live and subunit vaccines. Candidate live PIV vaccines that have been found to be attenuated and efficacious in rodents or primate models are (1) cold-adapted, temperature-sensitive mutants of PIV-type 3 that have been serially passaged at low temperature (20 degrees C) in simian kidney tissue culture; (2) protease-activation mutants (PIV-1-Sendai), which have mutations that decrease the cleavability of their F glycoprotein by host cell protease; (3) an animal virus, bovine PIV-3 virus, which is antigenically related to the human PIV-3 virus, and (4) vaccinia recombinant viruses bearing RSV or PIV-3 glycoproteins. Subunit RSV and PIV-3 viruses are being produced and evaluated as immunogens. A major concern with these vaccines is the possibility of disease potentiation following virus infection as occurred previously with formalin-inactivated measles and RSV vaccines. Studies indicate that PIV-3 and RSV glycoprotein vaccines are immunogenic and efficacious in animals but insufficient data exist to estimate their capacity to potentiate disease. However, since a cotton rat model is available to detect potentiated disease resulting from infection of cotton rats previously immunized with formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine, it is now possible to systematically evaluate new vaccines in experimental animals for disease potentiation before studies are initiated in humans. It is likely within the next several years that one or more of these PIV or RSV vaccines will be tested in humans for safety and immunogenicity.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Virus- and interferon-induced loss of inhibitory M2 muscarinic receptor function and gene expression in cultured airway parasympathetic neurons.

Viral infections increase vagally mediated reflex bronchoconstriction. Decreased function of inhibitory M2 muscarinic receptors on the parasympathetic nerve endings is likely to contribute to increased acetylcholine release. In this study, we used cultured airway parasympathetic neurons to determine the effects of parainfluenza virus and of interferon (IFN)-gamma on acetylcholine release, inhibitory M2 receptor function, and M2 receptor gene expression. In control cultures, electrically stimulated acetylcholine release increased when the inhibitory M2 receptors were blocked using atropine (10(-)5 M) and decreased when these receptors were stimulated using methacholine (10(-)5 M). Acetylcholine release was increased by viral infection and by treatment with IFN-gamma (300 U/ml). In these cells, atropine did not further potentiate, nor did methacholine inhibit, acetylcholine release, suggesting decreased inhibitory M2 receptor function and/or expression. Using a competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method, we demonstrated that M2 receptor gene expression was decreased by more that an order of magnitude both by virus infection and by treatment with IFN. Thus, viral infections may increase vagally mediated bronchoconstriction both by directly inhibiting M2 receptor gene expression and by causing release of IFN-gamma which inhibits M2 receptor gene expression.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed2001

Recognition of haemagglutinins on virus-infected cells by NKp46 activates lysis by human NK cells.

Natural killer (NK) cells destroy virus-infected and tumour cells, apparently without the need for previous antigen stimulation. In part, target cells are recognized by their diminished expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, which normally interact with inhibitory receptors on the NK cell surface. NK cells also express triggering receptors that are specific for non-MHC ligands; but the nature of the ligands recognized on target cells is undefined. NKp46 is thought to be the main activating receptor for human NK cells. Here we show that a soluble NKp46-immunoglobulin fusion protein binds to both the haemagglutinin of influenza virus and the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase of parainfluenza virus. In a substantial subset of NK cells, recognition by NKp46 is required to lyse cells expressing the corresponding viral glycoproteins. The binding requires the sialylation of NKp46 oligosaccharides, which is consistent with the known sialic binding capacity of the viral glycoproteins. These findings indicate how NKp46-expressing NK cells may recognize target cells infected by influenza or parainfluenza without the decreased expression of target-cell MHC class I protein.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

[A comparison of the NCI-H292 line with other continuous lines for the multiplication of respiratory viruses].

The NCI-H292 continual line of mucoepidermoid cells of the human lungs has been reported to be useful for the propagation of many viruses, mainly Adenovirus and Paramyxovirus. It is stated the possible substitution of primary cultures of monkey kidney for NCI-H292 in order to isolate such agents. In the present paper it is evaluated the utility of this line for multiplying the respiratory syncytial viruses Adenovirus 3 and 7, and the parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, and 3, in comparison with the continual cellular lines traditionally used for the propagation of these viruses, whose strains were inoculated this time in the Vero, HEp-2, and HeLa lines, according to their know sensitivities as well as in NCI-H292 simultaneously. The viral multiplication was detected by the appearance of the cytopathic effect or by hemadsorption. As a result, it was demonstrated the multiplication capacity of the NCI-H292 line for Adenoviruses 3 and 7 and parainfluenza 3, being more useful for their multiplication than the traditionally used lines.

Adenoviruses, Human↗

PubMed1989

Expression of the fusion glycoprotein of human parainfluenza type 3 virus in insect cells by a recombinant baculovirus and analysis of its immunogenic property.

The fusion (F) glycoprotein of human parainfluenza type 3 (PI3) virus was produced in insect cells using a baculovirus expression vector (pAcYM1). The recombinant glycoprotein was identified by its reactivity with specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies and showed an apparent molecular mass of 70 kDa. Although the fusion protein was found on the infected cell surface, it did not appear to be proteolytically cleaved to F1 and F2 subunits. Immunization of hamsters with the recombinant protein elicited antibody which neutralized infectivity and blocked fusion of virus-infected cells. The protective response to challenge infection of immunized hamsters was similar to that observed with affinity purified F from PI3 virus (Ray et al., J. Virol. 62, 783-787, 1988).

Animals↗