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PubMed2001

Clinical relevance of heavy drinking during the college years: cross-sectional and prospective perspectives.

This study investigated the clinical relevance of heavy drinking during the college years and beyond on concurrent and prospective alcohol-related problems in a high-risk sample (N = 377). Measures of heavy drinking and alcohol-related problems were significantly correlated cross-sectionally over the study frame, regardless of how these constructs were operationalized. However, the magnitude of the association between heavy drinking and alcohol-related problems declined substantially over time, with the most pronounced decrease following the college years. Despite this cross-sectional decrease in the association between heavy drinking and alcohol-related problems over time, heavy drinking during the college years significantly and substantially predicted alcohol-use disorders up to 10 years later. Implications for assessment of heavy drinking as well as prevention of problematic alcohol use in college students are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Targeting misperceptions of descriptive drinking norms: efficacy of a computer-delivered personalized normative feedback intervention.

The authors evaluated the efficacy of a computer-delivered personalized normative feedback intervention in reducing alcohol consumption among heavy-drinking college students. Participants included 252 students who were randomly assigned to an intervention or control group following a baseline assessment. Immediately after completing measures of reasons for drinking, perceived norms, and drinking behavior, participants in the intervention condition were provided with computerized information detailing their own drinking behavior, their perceptions of typical student drinking, and actual typical student drinking. Results indicated that normative feedback was effective in changing perceived norms and alcohol consumption at 3- and 6-month follow-up assessments. In addition, the intervention was somewhat more effective at 3-month follow-up among participants who drank more for social reasons.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Husbands' influence on wives' drinking: testing a relationship motivation model in the early years of marriage.

Previous research indicates that husbands' drinking before marriage is predictive of wives' drinking after marriage. A relationship motivation model was tested in which this influence was moderated by wives' dependence, relationship satisfaction, peer group size, and the belief that alcohol positively impacts relationships. Newlyweds were assessed at the time of marriage and were reassessed at their 1st and 2nd anniversaries. Results supported a relationship motivation model. Husband-to-wife drinking influence was moderated by wives' interpersonal dependence, number of peers, and positive relationship alcohol expectancies. The direction of the spousal influence changed in the 2nd year of marriage, with wives' drinking over the 1st year predicting husbands' drinking in the 2nd. Implications with respect to marriage and the drinking partnership are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Individual differences in the "Greek effect" on risky drinking: the role of self-consciousness.

Although the environmental influence of Greek affiliation on drinking has been established, little is known about intrapersonal characteristics that make individuals susceptible to this influence. Self-consciousness (attending to one's self) was hypothesized to represent dispositional vulnerability to environmental influence. The potential moderating effect of self-consciousness on the relation between Greek involvement and drinking was examined longitudinally among college students (N = 319). The effect of Greek status was moderated by private and public self-consciousness and by gender. Specifically, non-Greek members' drinking was not influenced by self-consciousness. However, sorority members increased drinking as private self-consciousness increased, whereas fraternity members increased drinking as private and public self-consciousness decreased. These findings indicate that the "Greek effect" interacts with individual characteristics to affect drinking.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Using behavioral theories of choice to predict drinking outcomes following a brief intervention.

Behavioral theories of choice predict that substance use is partly a function of the relative value of drugs in relation to other available reinforcers. This study evaluated this hypothesis in the context of predicting drinking outcomes following an alcohol abuse intervention. Participants (N = 54, 69% female, 31% male) were college student heavy drinkers who completed a single-session motivational intervention. Students completed a baseline measure of substance-related and substance-free activity participation and enjoyment. Only women showed a significant reduction in drinking at the 6-month follow-up, and the ratio of substance-related to substance-free reinforcement accounted for unique variance in their drinking outcomes. Women who at baseline derived a smaller proportion of their total reinforcement from substance use showed lower levels of follow-up drinking, even after the authors controlled for baseline drinking level. Male and female participants who reduced their drinking showed increased proportional reinforcement from substance-free activities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Perceived vulnerability to alcohol-related harm in young adults: independent effects of risky alcohol use and drinking motives.

Perceived vulnerability to negative outcomes can motivate heavy drinkers to adopt health-protective behavior, but little is known about determinants of perceived vulnerability to alcohol-related harm. University students (N = 286) were assessed to determine epidemiological risk status on a standardized problem drinking measure, typical reasons for drinking and cutting down, and perceived risk of experiencing alcohol-related harm. Results showed a positive relationship between problem drinking status and perceived risk of experiencing harm. However, at-risk drinkers believed that they were less likely to personally experience harm than comparable peers (p < .001), whereas not-at-risk drinkers showed no self-other differences in perceived vulnerability. Drinking motives significantly improved the prediction of perceived vulnerability when epidemiological risk status was controlled. Perceived vulnerability to alcohol-related harm is affected by problem drinking status and (independently) by the psychological functions that drinking serves.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Conditioned drinking as avoidance learning.

Blocking the robust conditioned drinking response following conditioning eliminates the isotonic procaine conditioned response (CR) but not the hypertonic procaine CR. Rats allowed to drink in the box during conditioning form a larger CR than rats merely injected with hypertonic or isotonic procain who are prevented from drinking in the box: response blocking during extinction eliminated if no experience of drinking water in the box occurs either during baseline or during conditioning. Blocking the drinking response, like blocking shock avoidance, markedly reduces its high resistance to extinction. This suggests that rats overdrink to avoid anticipated illness, and fail to extinguish partially because they are never exposed to the fact that no illness will occur even if no drinking occurs.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Drinking in the rhesus monkey: peripheral factors.

Rhesus monkeys prepared with chronic cannulae implanted in the stomach and duodenum were water deprived for 22.5 hr. With both cannulae closed, a mean of 137 ml was drunk within a 60-min period. When ingested water drained freely from an open gastric cannula, continuous drinking far in excess (878 ml mean intake) of normal occurred. Sham drinking also exceeded (634 ml mean intake) normal when ingested water drained through an open duodenal cannula. This pattern of continuous sham drinking indicates that oropharyngeal stimulation is not sufficient alone, or together with the passage of water through the stomach and the initial part of the duodenum, to terminate drinking. Duodenal infusions of water (25-100 ml) slowed or stopped gastric sham drinking in a dose-dependent fashion, but equivalent infusions of isotonic saline were without effect. Thus, pre- or postabsorptive signals at or beyond the level of the intestine distal to the site of the duodenal cannula are probably important for the termination of drinking in the rhesus monkey.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Cerebral prostaglandin biosynthesis and angiotensin-induced drinking in rats.

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) suppressed drinking induced by angiotensin II (A II) when both were injected into the cerebral ventricles of the rat. This antidipsogenic effect of PGE2 was correlated with its known pyrexic actions. Intracerebroventricular injection of arachidonic acid (AA), the precursor of PGE2, also suppressed A II-induced drinking. This antidipsogenic effect of AA was similarly correlated with pyrexia and was dependent upon the conversion of the precursor to a prostaglandin within the brain. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that newly synthesized cerebral PGEs, in response to elevated A II levels, contribute to the cessation of drinking by opposing the dipsogenic action of A II. However, blockade of cerebral prostaglandin biosynthesis by central injection of indomethacin did not enhance drinking elicited by A II even at doses that completely eliminated the antidipsogenic and pyrexic actions of AA. Collectively, the results suggest that exogenous PGEs or AA may inhibit A II-induced drinking by elevating body temperature or some other pharmacological action and that endogenously synthesized PGEs of cerebral origin do not play an important role in the normal termination of drinking induced by centrally administered A II.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed2005

The relation between drinking pattern and body mass index and waist and hip circumference.

OBJECTIVES: To study the association between alcohol drinking pattern and obesity. DESIGN: Cross-sectional population study with assessment of quantity and frequency of alcohol intake, waist and hip circumference, height, weight, and lifestyle factors including diet. SUBJECTS: In all, 25 325 men and 24 552 women aged 50-65 y from the Diet, Cancer and Health Study, Denmark, 1993-1997 participated in the study. MEASUREMENTS: Drinking frequency, total alcohol intake, body mass index (BMI), and waist and hip circumference. RESULTS: Among men, total alcohol intake was positively associated with high BMI (>/=30 kg/m(2)), large waist circumference (>/=102 cm) and inversely associated with small hip circumference (<100 cm). Among women, the total alcohol was associated with high BMI, large waist (>/=88 cm), and small hips only for the highest intake (28+ drinks/week). The most frequent drinkers had the lowest odds ratios (OR) for being obese. Among men, OR for having a high BMI were 1.39 (95% confidence interval: 1.36-1.64), 1.17 (1.02-1.34), 1.00 (reference), 0.87 (0.77-0.98), and 0.73 (0.65-0.82) for drinking 1-3 days/month, 1 day/week, 2-4 days/week, 5-6 days/week, and 7 days/week, respectively. Similar estimates were found for waist circumference. Corresponding results were found for women. CONCLUSION: For a given level of total alcohol intake, obesity was inversely associated with drinking frequency, whereas the amount of alcohol intake was positively associated with obesity. These results indicate that frequent drinking of small amounts of alcohol is the optimal drinking pattern in this relation.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Combining methods to identify new measures of women's drinking problems. Part I: The ethnographic stage.

In recent years, some researchers in the alcohol survey field have raised concerns about the shortcomings in severity/frequency scales for drinking and drinking problems used for both clinical and household survey purposes, especially with regard to women. This article reports on Part I of a two-part study that used ethnographic and survey methods to assess indicators of drinking problems among women across various US subcultures. Methodology for the ethnographic component consisted of three steps: analysis of findings in literature on indicators of women's drinking problems, and analysis of indicators addressed in the most commonly used standard instruments for alcohol assessment; semi-structured interviews with 12 specialists in treatment and/or research who focused on alcohol problems of women; and semi-structured interviews with 65 women from four ethnic populations who were clients in alcohol treatment centers. Analysis of these data from the ethnographic component produced a taxonomy of indicators of women's drinking problems and fourteen novel indicators that are not included or are inadequately examined in the most commonly used alcohol assessment instruments. The novel indicators were then incorporated into a questionnaire used for a county-wide survey of men and women that assessed indicators of drinking problems. Report of findings from the survey are presented in the second paper of this series.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Drink driving and criminal behaviours as risk factors for receipt of disability pension and sick leave: a prospective study of young men.

AIM: To examine the extent to which drink driving and criminal behaviour would predict receipt of disability pension and high sickness absence rates in young and middle-aged men. DESIGN AND SETTING: A total of 8122 mandatory conscripts, born in 1950 or 1951, from the County of Stockholm were followed in a 22-year longitudinal study. Information was collected at the time of conscription for military service in 1969 and 1970. Data were linked to records on driving while intoxicated (DWI) and other criminal offences between 1970 and 1991 and to information from the Social Insurance Board. FINDINGS: A total of 211 (2.6%) conscripts were granted a disability pension during the follow-up period between 1970 and 1991, and another 373 (4.6%) conscripts had high sickness absence (at least 180 sick days between 1989 and 1991). A total of 642 men had one or more DWI offences from the time of conscription until 1992. The median number of sick-days/sick-listed between 1989 and 1991 was 35.0 for men who were problem drinkers at conscription, 60.3 for drink drivers, 31.0 for men with less serious and 53.0 for men with serious crimes, compared to 21.0 days for the group as whole. In bivariate regression analysis, drink driving implied a relative risk (RR) of a disability pension/high sickness absence of 3.4 (95% CI: 2.8-4.1), and criminality a RR of 3.6 (95% CI: 3.1-4.1). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, controlling for psychosocial factors from conscription and for criminality, drink driving remained a strong predictor (RR 2.1, 95% CI: 1.7-2.7). CONCLUSIONS: Problem drinking, drink driving and criminality are important risk factors for receipt of disability pension and high levels of sickness absence in young men. The findings suggest that preventive efforts undertaken at the time of conscription and during later military service may pay dividends in term of preventing problems later in life.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The effects of drinking-driving laws: a test of the differential deterrence hypothesis.

AIMS: Ontario introduced an Administrative Driver's Licence Suspension (ADLS) law in 1996, whereby a person with a blood alcohol level over the legal limit of 80 mg%, or who refused to provide a breath sample, would have his or her driver's licence suspended immediately for a period of 90 days. We test the differential deterrence hypothesis which would predict that social or lighter drinkers would be more affected by the Administrative Driver's License Suspension law than heavier drinkers. DESIGN: Data from the 1996 and 1997 cycles of the Ontario Drug Monitor, a general population survey of Ontario adults (monthly cross-sectional surveys), were employed (response rate 64-67%). Analyses were restricted to drivers who reported at least some drinking during the last year (n = 3827). The total number of drinks consumed during the past 12 months was analysed with analysis of variance. FINDINGS: We found that the mean alcohol consumption of those who reported drinking-driving increased significantly after the ADLS was introduced, whereas the alcohol consumption of those who did not drive after drinking remained the same. CONCLUSIONS: The limits of this study include a lack of comparison data from regions without ADLS, a reliance on self-report measures, possible age restrictions of the findings and the fact that only an inferential test of the differential deterrence hypothesis is permitted by the data. Despite these limitations, these findings are consistent with the prediction that lighter or more moderate drinkers will tend to stop driving after drinking completely, and thus drop out of the drinking-driving population when the ADLS law was introduced, leaving heavier drinkers in this population. It will be important to continue to examine the dynamics of differential deterrence over a longer interval.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The effect of different methods of drinking on the pH of dental plaque in vivo.

The effect on the pH of human dental plaque of rinsing and drinking with or without a straw was investigated in eight volunteers using the plaque sampling method. A fruit-based juice was used as the test drink with 10% sucrose and 10% sorbitol solutions serving as positive and negative controls, respectively. The maximum mean plaque pH drop (+/- SD) when a fruit juice was consumed with a straw (0.82 +/- 0.27) was significantly less (P < 0.05) as compared to when it was consumed straight from a cup without a straw (1.14 +/- 0.25) and when it was used as a rinse (1.25 +/- 0.21). Also, the minimum plaque pH reached after challenge was significantly lower (P < 0.0005) when the subjects rinsed before swallowing (5.22 +/- 0.13) as compared with drinking with a straw (5.92 +/- 0.39) or without (5.64 +/- 0.2). The area under the plaque pH curve was also found to be significantly less when a straw was used (1.81 +/- 0.71) as compared with drinking without (2.72 +/- 0.93). Drinking with a straw therefore resulted in a less pronounced pH drop and hence might reduce the demineralizing effect on the teeth of various potentially cariogenic drinks.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Toward an analogue of alcoholism in mice: criteria for recognition of pharmacologically motivated drinking.

Two criteria of alcoholic drinking behavior--inelasticity of demand and dissociation of intake from normal eating and drinking--are illustrated by study of alcohol-preferring C57BL/6J mice. Although these mice drink enough to become intoxicated for brief periods each night, they do not meet the more rigorous criteria for pharmacologically motivated drinking. Their intake of alcohol was dramatically decreased when they were offered diets augmented with sugar or Crisco, and the temporal pattern of drinking was correlated with the intake of food. Thus, their motivation for drinking alcohol is related to nutrition and is not drug-seeking comparable to that of human alcoholics. Since the tests are simple and decisive, it might be useful to apply them to all putative models of alcoholism.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1999

Gender congruence in confirmatory and compensatory drinking.

The relationship between gender-stereotypical traits and drinking behaviors was examined in 422 university students via both positive and negative measures of masculinity and femininity. Two canonical variates summarized the underlying relationships. The 1st canonical variate indicated that both high negative masculinity and low positive femininity predicted alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems. This behavior was labeled confirmatory drinking because it depicts a style of drinking that reinforces gender-stereotypical images about alcohol use; masculine characteristics are typically associated with high levels of alcohol consumption. The 2nd canonical variate indicated that both low positive masculinity and low positive femininity predicted problem drinking. This behavior was labeled compensatory drinking because drinkers often use alcohol to express their masculinity and femininity. The distinction between confirmatory and compensatory drinking has important implications for the development of more effective education and preventative strategies.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Drinking during pregnancy: practices of Cambodian refugees in France and the United States.

This study is part of a larger exploratory study of 155 women of Cambodian national origin who were interviewed in the United States and France. This study reports on data related to frequency of alcohol usage, prevalence of drinking over the trimesters of pregnancy, beverage of choice, whether they spoke either English or French when leaving Cambodia, years of education, and current income. In this sample, Cambodian women residing in France drank more frequently, and drank different substances than those women residing in the United States. With respect to drinking during pregnancy, 37% of the women in France and 23% of the women residing in the United States drank in the first trimester. During the second and third trimesters, however, only 5% of the women in France, compared with 18% of women in the United States, continued drinking. It is suggested that different cultural practices in France and the United States account for differences in initial drinking practices. Three possible explanations were suggested to account for the fact that more Cambodian women residing in the United States, as compared with France, reported continued drinking over the course of their pregnancies: more limited health care access, differential selection policies for admittance, and lower overall socioeconomic status (SES). All French women, unlike American women, are covered by a comprehensive program of maternal and child health care. In addition, the Cambodian women residing in France were older, had more years of education, higher incomes, and a greater percentage spoke French before they left Cambodia. The results emphasize the relationship of socioeconomic factors to substance use and point toward a need for programs designed to educate Cambodian women with respect to the problems associated with drinking during pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Differences in African American and White college students' drinking behaviors: consequences, harm reduction strategies, and health information sources.

The authors explored the differences between African American and White college students' drinking behaviors and their attitudes toward consequences, harm-reduction strategies, and health information sources. They collected data from a randomly selected sample of 1,110 students in a large public university to examine the effects of a high-risk drinking prevention intervention. In the current analysis, they compared African American and White students on indicators of high-risk drinking, drinking consequences, harm-reduction strategies, the sources that students typically used for health information, and the believability of those sources. The African American students scored lower on drinking measures than the White students did, reported fewer negative consequences, and more regularly employed drinking-reduction strategies, with one exception--choosing a designated driver. Both African and White respondents reported that their parents were their most frequent and usual sources of health-related information and said that parents and health professionals were the most credible sources.

Adolescent↗