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PubMed2002

Fuzzy detection of EEG alpha without amplitude thresholding.

Intelligent automated systems are needed to assist the tedious visual analysis of polygraphic recordings. Most systems need detection of different electroencephalogram (EEG) waveforms. The problem in automated detection of alpha activity is the large inter-individual variability of its amplitude and duration. In this work, a fuzzy reasoning based method for the detection of alpha activity was designed and tested using a total of 32 recordings from seven different subjects. Intelligence of the method was distributed to features extracted and the way they were combined. The ranges of the fuzzy rules were determined based on feature statistics. The advantage of the detector is that no alpha amplitude threshold needs to be selected. The performance of the alpha detector was assessed with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. When the true positive rate was 94.2%, the false positive rate was 9.2%, which indicates good performance in sleep EEG analysis.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Intelligent training system integrated in an echocardiography simulator.

Computer simulators play an important role in medical education. We have extended our simulator EchoComJ with an intelligent training system (ITS) to support trainees adjusting echocardiographic standard views. EchoComJ is an augmented reality application that combines real three-dimensional ultrasound data with a virtual heart model enabling one to simulate an echocardiographic examination. The ITS analyzes the image planes according to their position, orientation and the visualization of anatomical landmarks using fuzzy rules. An adaptive feedback is provided that colors the specific anatomic landmarks within the contours of the virtual model based on the quality of the image plane.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2006

On-road vehicle detection: a review.

Developing on-board automotive driver assistance systems aiming to alert drivers about driving environments, and possible collision with other vehicles has attracted a lot of attention lately. In these systems, robust and reliable vehicle detection is a critical step. This paper presents a review of recent vision-based on-road vehicle detection systems. Our focus is on systems where the camera is mounted on the vehicle rather than being fixed such as in traffic/driveway monitoring systems. First, we discuss the problem of on-road vehicle detection using optical sensors followed by a brief review of intelligent vehicle research worldwide. Then, we discuss active and passive sensors to set the stage for vision-based vehicle detection. Methods aiming to quickly hypothesize the location of vehicles in an image as well as to verify the hypothesized locations are reviewed next. Integrating detection with tracking is also reviewed to illustrate the benefits of exploiting temporal continuity for vehicle detection. Finally, we present a critical overview of the methods discussed, we assess their potential for future deployment, and we present directions for future research.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The role of Web agents in medical knowledge management.

The intelligent agent approach offers the promise of remaking a traditional enterprise into a learning organization, one that uses progressive information technology and information strategies to study its outcomes prospectively, to avoid repetition of past errors, and to improve its effectiveness continuously. This paper explores whether agent technology can fulfill this promise in health care, both in a general sense and in terms of knowledge management and performance support. A case study is presented to illustrate some lessons learned and the pitfalls that need to be avoided as the development of agents proceeds.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2004

An intelligent service-based network architecture for wearable robots.

We are developing a novel robot concept called the wearable robot. Wearable robots are mobile information devices capable of supporting remote communication and intelligent interaction between networked entities. In this paper, we explore the possible functions of such a robotic network and will present a distributed network architecture based on service components. In order to support the interaction and communication between the components in the wearable robot system, we have developed an intelligent network architecture. This service-based architecture involves three major mechanisms. The first mechanism involves the use of a task coordinator service such that the execution of the services can be managed using a priority queue. The second mechanism enables the system to automatically push the required service proxy to the client intelligently based on certain system-related conditions. In the third mechanism, we allow the system to automatically deliver services based on contextual information. Using a fuzzy-logic-based decision making system, the matching service can determine whether the service should be automatically delivered utilizing the information provided by the service, client, lookup service, and context sensors. An application scenario has been implemented to demonstrate the feasibility of this distributed service-based robot architecture. The architecture is implemented as extensions to the Jini network model.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1996

An intelligent system with EMG-based joint angle estimation for telemanipulation.

Bio-control of telemanipulators is being researched as an alternate control strategy. This study investigates the use of surface EMG from the biceps to predict joint angle during flexion of the arm that can be used to control an anthropomorphic telemanipulator. An intelligent system based on neural networks and fuzzy logic has been developed to use the processed surface EMG signal and predict the joint angle. The system has been tested on various angles of flexion-extension of the arm and at several speeds of flexion-extension. Preliminary results show the RMS error between the predicted angle and the actual angle to be less than 3% during training and less than 15% during testing. The technique of direct bio-control using EMG has the potential as an interface for telemanipulation applications.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2002

[Radiation dose and dose reduction in multidetector row CT (MDCT)].

Since its introduction a few years ago, multidetector row CT (MDCT) has become a widely used diagnostic procedure and has been proven to be a valuable tool for various indications. A major issue using this new modality is the inherent risk of applying increased radiation exposure, when compared to single-slice CT or other imaging modalities.However, MDCT offers some valuable options to save radiation exposure, such as choosing optimized exposure parameters or its superior dose efficiency in comparison to single-slice CT. Multi-phasic examinations should be restricted to indications where definitely necessary. Modern scanners offer intelligent tools for further reduction of radiation dose, such as ECG- or bodyshape-based realtime dose modulation. A new field of applications is the low-dose CT for early detection of diseases. While acquiring thin slices with high spatial resolution, the dose can be reduced to similar values as in conventional radiography, especially when examining under high-contrast conditions. Using all these various options available, radiation exposure can sometimes even be lower than using a conventional single-slice helical CT.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1996

Instantiating and monitoring skeletal treatment plans.

Current emphasis on protocol-based care has stirred interest in planning research as applied to clinical medicine. However, many assumptions made in designing traditional planners and plan-execution algorithms do not hold in medical domains. The problems include the unpredictable nature of the domain, uncertainty and the variability in the utility of available actions, and the need for parallel and continuous execution of treatment plans. In the context of our research on intelligent monitoring and control, we developed an approach for plan instantiation and execution which takes advantage of readily available treatment protocols. The system, named SPIN, instantiates treatment protocols based on current context, executes plans and closed-loop control actions, monitors the execution of plans and actions, and modifies plan execution as necessitated by patient response. The system is incorporated in the Guardian system for intensive-care patient monitoring and control. We address the strengths and limitations of the representation and the execution framework and discuss how the methodology may be improved and used in clinical practice.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A survey of fuzzy logic monitoring and control utilisation in medicine.

Intelligent systems have appeared in many technical areas, such as consumer electronics, robotics and industrial control systems. Many of these intelligent systems are based on fuzzy control strategies which describe complex systems mathematical models in terms of linguistic rules. Since the 1980s new techniques have appeared from which fuzzy logic has been applied extensively in medical systems. The justification for such intelligent systems driven solutions is that biological systems are so complex that the development of computerised systems within such environments is not always a straightforward exercise. In practice, a precise model may not exist for biological systems or it may be too difficult to model. In most cases fuzzy logic is considered to be an ideal tool as human minds work from approximate data, extract meaningful information and produce crisp solutions. This paper surveys the utilisation of fuzzy logic control and monitoring in medical sciences with an analysis of its possible future penetration.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Human vital function monitoring as a system with hybrid intelligence].

Monitoring system is considered in this work as a reanimatologist-monitor-patient-medium system. This work is an upgrade to the previous concept of monitoring systems as systems with hybrid intelligence acting under variable conditions of object and medium. Human cardiorespiratory system was considered within the framework of the P. K. Anokhin theory of functional systems. The problem of resuscitation was formulated for this system and volume of required information was determined. Environment characteristics in resuscitation and surgery departments were considered. The requirements for monitor were formulated on the basis of analysis of these systems. The law of mutual adaptation of reanimatologist and monitor was put forward and safety problems associated with human factor were considered. Implementation of these principles in the MITAR 01-R-D is described.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1999

Knowledge-mediated retrieval of laboratory observations.

Intelligent medical applications including agents, clinical decision support systems, and expert systems can benefit from components that expose the meanings of medical concepts. We have endeavored to create an ontology for laboratory observations and to make the ontology accessible in a distributed environment through a knowledge mediator offering several services. To date we have created two such services, one service to mediate the retrieval of laboratory observations and an auxiliary service to facilitate the mapping of units of measure to LOINC property-types. We report progress and insights on the development of our ontology and related knowledge mediator.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2000

Small robot will give astronauts a big hand.

Now being built at NASA-Ames is a small robot that will work independently alongside astronauts in space. About the size of a softball, the 5-in.-diam. Personal Satellite Assistant (PSA) will serve as an intelligent robot, providing another set of eyes and ears and an extra nose to the crew and ground support personnel. The device will move and operate on its own in the microgravity environment of space-based vehicles. Yuri Gawdiak, principal investigator for the projects, expects astronauts to fly a demonstration model of the device aboard a Space Shuttle in about two years. The first crew to use PSAs will test the examine safety issues. Those tests, if successful, will lead to a demonstration aboard the International Space Station. Gawdiak says the project has an annual budget of about $500,000.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2000

Intelligent database generated occupational questionnaire system.

Obtaining an adequate occupational history requires special expertise to "ask the right questions" that are relevant to a particular patient's specific health conditions and potential exposures. This article describes a way to systematically accomplish this by means of a computer system that can overcome limited availability of necessary clinical occupational health expertise. The Intelligent Questionnaire system is a computer-based system for generating case-specific questionnaires about the influence of work on respiratory disease. Intelligent Questionnaire includes three databases: Questions, Responses, and Calls (clues to identify questions). The Questionnaire also arranges questions in a logical manner and provides a customized data entry screen for each subject. This approach provides primary practitioners with expertise on a case-by-case basis. It also facilitates occupational health surveillance because it allows acquiring detailed case-specific information in a systematic fashion. A computer-based system can facilitate obtaining occupational histories with high specificity and consistency without depending on general availability of a human occupational health clinical expertise.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2005

United snakes.

Since their debut in 1987, snakes (active contour models) have become a standard image analysis technique with several variants now in common use. We present a framework called "United Snakes", which has two key features. First, it unifies the most popular snake variants, including finite difference, B-spline, and Hermite polynomial snakes in a consistent finite element formulation, thus expanding the range of object modeling capabilities within a uniform snake construction process. Second, it embodies the idea that the heretofore presumed competing technique known as "live wire" or "intelligent scissors" is in fact complementary to snakes and that the two techniques can advantageously be combined by introducing an effective hard constraint mechanism. The United Snakes framework amplifies the efficiency and reproducibility of the component techniques, and it offers more flexible interactive control while further minimizing user interactions. We apply United Snakes to several different medical image analysis tasks, including the segmentation of neuronal dendrites in EM images, dynamic chest image analysis, the quantification of growth plates in MR images and the isolation of the breast region in mammograms, demonstrating the generality, accuracy and robustness of the tool.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

Swarm intelligence for mixed-variable design optimization.

Many engineering optimization problems frequently encounter continuous variables and discrete variables which adds considerably to the solution complexity. Very few of the existing methods can yield a globally optimal solution when the objective functions are non-convex and non-differentiable. This paper presents a hybrid swarm intelligence approach (HSIA) for solving these nonlinear optimization problems which contain integer, discrete, zero-one and continuous variables. HSIA provides an improvement in global search reliability in a mixed-variable space and converges steadily to a good solution. An approach to handle various kinds of variables and constraints is discussed. Comparison testing of several examples of mixed-variable optimization problems in the literature showed that the proposed approach is superior to current methods for finding the best solution, in terms of both solution quality and algorithm robustness.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

Adaptive swarm-based routing in communication networks.

Swarm intelligence inspired by the social behavior of ants boasts a number of attractive features, including adaptation, robustness and distributed, decentralized nature, which are well suited for routing in modern communication networks. This paper describes an adaptive swarm-based routing algorithm that increases convergence speed, reduces routing instabilities and oscillations by using a novel variation of reinforcement learning and a technique called momentum. Experiment on the dynamic network showed that adaptive swarm-based routing learns the optimum routing in terms of convergence speed and average packet latency.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2004

The oncological nurse assistant: a web-based intelligent oncological nurse advisor.

As more people get cancer the need for medical guidance increases. In Norway, one of the providers of medical guidelines is the Norwegian Cancer Association where oncological nurses assist people with a cancer diagnosis or their relatives. The nurses search through both national and internal guide-books and web pages. The input to this process is mostly dis-charge letters. The whole process is time consuming. To serve more patients, PaSent, a web-based intelligent oncological nurse advisor, has been developed. Through using discharge letters as input to our neural network based information retrieval system PaSent, we have been able to provide relevant medical information to the patient as well as to the health personnel themselves. The PaSent search method uses predefined knowledge about the context, paired with the vocabulary of the input document, to compute a relevance measure for a potential result document. The system has been validated by oncological nurses and medical doctors. In the reported experiments, the achieved search results from PaSent have been comparable to the results achieved by the health personnel.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1993

An intelligent interactive simulator of clinical reasoning in general surgery.

We introduce an interactive computer environment for teaching in general surgery and for diagnostic assistance. The environment consists of a knowledge-based system coupled with an intelligent interface that allows users to acquire conceptual knowledge and clinical reasoning techniques. Knowledge is represented internally within a probabilistic framework and externally through a interface inspired by Concept Graphics. Given a set of symptoms, the internal knowledge framework computes the most probable set of diseases as well as best alternatives. The interface displays CGs illustrating the results and prompting essential facts of a medical situation or a process. The system is then ready to receive additional information or to suggest further investigation. Based on the new information, the system will narrow the solutions with increased belief coefficients.

Artificial Intelligence↗