Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Voluntary Programs”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,585 records · Page 88Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Stability of nitroglycerin tablets submitted by U.S. hospitals.

The stability of nitroglycerin tablets that had been stored in hospitals across the United States was studied. Through a voluntary FDA drug stability program, all hospital pharmacies in the United States were asked in October 1981 to complete a response card indicating information about nitroglycerin tablets they had in stock. Based on the responses, FDA selected 167 samples (representing three manufacturers and all available tablet strengths) from pharmacies that represented an adequate cross section of the country. The samples were analyzed for content uniformity, strength, identification, and disintegration; samples that left a residue on the screen of the tablet disintegration basket were tested for dissolution by three methods and compared with samples that did not leave a residue. All samples met USP requirements for content uniformity, strength, and disintegration. Six samples that showed unusual disintegration characteristics dissolved slowly by one or more methods; however, other samples also showed slow dissolution. Nitroglycerin tablets appear to be stable when stored under actual marketplace conditions. The USP disintegration test will not distinguish between rapidly and slowly dissolving tablets.

Drug Stability↗
PubMed1983

Stability of digitoxin tablets submitted by U.S. hospitals.

The stability of digitoxin tablets that had been stored in hospital pharmacies across the United States was studied. Through a voluntary FDA drug stability program, all hospital pharmacies in the United States were asked in October 1981 to complete a response card indicating information about the digitoxin products they had in stock. Based on the responses, FDA selected 25 samples (representing seven manufacturers) from pharmacies that represented an adequate cross section of the country. These samples were analyzed for content uniformity, strength, dissolution, identification, and other digitoxosides. Of the 25 samples, 19 lots were represented, including 11, 6, 1, and 1 lots of 0.1-mg, 0.2-mg, 0.15-mg and 0.05-mg tablets, respectively. Samples from two lots failed to meet USP requirements for strength, content uniformity, and dissolution; samples from four lots failed to meet the requirements for dissolution only. All six defective lots did not show an expiration date, indicating that they were manufactured before 1975. Digitoxin tablet products still within the expiration date showed no evidence of degradation after storage under actual marketplace conditions.

Cardiac Glycosides↗
PubMed1983

Stability of sterile dexamethasone acetate suspensions and dexamethasone sodium phosphate injections submitted by U.S. hospitals.

The stability of sterile dexamethasone acetate suspensions and dexamethasone sodium phosphate injections that had been stored in hospital pharmacies across the United States was studied. Through a voluntary FDA drug stability program, all hospital pharmacies in the United States were asked in October 1981 to complete a response card indicating information about the sterile dexamethasone acetate suspensions and dexamethasone sodium phosphate injections they had in stock. Based on the responses, FDA selected 21 samples of sterile dexamethasone acetate suspensions (representing two manufacturers) and 114 samples of dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection (representing 11 manufacturers). These samples were analyzed for identification, pH, and strength. All samples of sterile dexamethasone acetate suspension met USP requirements. Eleven samples of dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection representing 10 lots from three manufacturers failed USP assay requirements for strength. All samples that failed to meet strength requirements showed evidence of degradation by oxidation. Sterile dexamethasone acetate suspensions appear to be stable when stored under actual marketplace conditions, but there is a problem with the shelf-life stability of dexamethasone sodium phosphate injections made by some manufacturers.

Dexamethasone↗
PubMed1982

Serial personality evaluations of repatriated U.S. Air Force Southeast Asia POWs.

The vulnerability of repatriated POWs to psychiatric difficulty has been a topic of ongoing study in modern times. This paper presents the results of 294 initial and 160 second Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) evaluations obtained during a 5-year voluntary follow-up program for all 332 repatriated U.S. Air Force Southeast Asia Prisoners of War (USAF SEA POWs). Because no USAF Repatriated Prisoner of War (RPW) was shot down from Mar 69 to Jan 71, the RPWs are designated Pre-60 and Post-69. The Pre-69 group had a significantly longer and harsher captivity experience. The RPW groups were compared statistically and psychographically with each other, with the standard Minnesota norms, and with a group of healthy, non-RPW USAF aircrewmen. The group MMPI profiles of Pre-69 and Post-69 RPWs were within normal clinical limits. However, ordering in the data, statistical differences, and serial comparisons indicated: (1) Pre-69ers deviated farther from normal than Post-69ers on first MMPI; (2) Pre-69ers showed increased repression adn denial and greater suspicion and distrust on first MMPI; (3) the Post-69er second MMPI profile moved toward the usual aircrew standard; and (4) the profile of Pre-69ers remained essentially unchanged in serial evaluations. The Pre-69 RPWs may thus be at increased risk for psychological distress.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Disordered higher mental functions in lesions of different parts of the caudate nucleus].

The relation between deterioration in higher mental functions and localization of the brain pathological process was studied in 22 patients with arteriovenous malformation in the head or/and the body of the caudate nucleus using the methods of multivariate statistics and structurally organized neuropsychological information. It was shown that the lesions in the caudate nucleus body resulted in disturbances of the spatial functions. Pathological foci in the head of the caudate nucleus were associated with memory disorders (the right-side foci were accompanied by deterioration in the visual memory and the left-side ones by that in the audio-verbal memory) and modification of programming and control of voluntary activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Correlates of voluntary human immunodeficiency virus antibody testing reported by postpartum women.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors reported by postpartum women in an AIDS epicenter toward voluntary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) counseling and testing. METHODS: From February 1993 to March 1994, a convenience sample of 544 women underwent postpartum interviews at a municipal hospital in the Bronx, New York City. Demographic information and obstetric, sexual, drug use, and HIV testing histories were elicited, and selected variables were abstracted from the medical charts. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: Seventy-nine percent of women were voluntarily tested for HIV. In the multivariate model, the strongest individual correlate of HIV testing was a history of drug use. Other independent correlates were being age 25 or younger, having only one child, knowing someone who died of AIDS, and having stigma-related concerns about testing. In univariate analysis, women with a drug risk were more than nine times as likely as others to have delivered without receiving any prenatal care during this pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Voluntary counseling and testing programs can succeed in testing a majority of hospitalized childbearing women. However, women at risk of drug use, who more often reported testing, were probably tested outside of prenatal care settings. Efforts to reduce vertical transmission of HIV infection must focus on bringing more women, especially women who use drugs, into prenatal care.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A state program for postpartum HIV counseling and testing.

The New York State Department of Health began its Obstetrical HIV Counseling/Testing/Care Initiative in 1989. The objective of the initiative was to expand the availability of and access to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection counseling and voluntary testing in the postpartum setting. Programs have been initiated in 24 hospitals statewide. The initiative emphasizes cooperative arrangements within participating hospitals for referring patients to medical and social services. Participation by hospitals in the initiative is voluntary. Initial grants to hospitals for the initiative ranged from $50,000 to $80,000. The main obstacle in implementing the initiative has been a lack of such resources as administrative or clinical support, phlebotomy services, and office or clinical space. During the period from August 1, 1990, through March 31, 1992, 16,436 women at risk for HIV infection were counseled in the postpartum setting at 24 hospitals participating in the initiative. Of them, 6,754 (41.1 percent) consented to HIV testing. Of the 6,754 tested, 3,000 women (44.5 percent) returned to receive test results and posttest counseling. Counseling and testing activities supported through the initiative identified 196 of 1,227 (16 percent) of the HIV-positive women who gave birth at participating hospitals and 196 of 892 (22 percent) seropositive women not previously identified. Combining testing data from the initiative with other data on seropositivity, the authors estimated that 43.3 percent of HIV-positive women delivering infants at participating hospitals were identified by voluntary testing. Hospital performance in the program varied markedly. Further study is needed to determine how to improve the effectiveness of the effort to identify HIV-positive childbearing women at the less successful hospitals and to enhance the rates of patients returning for posttest counseling and community followup.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Legal and ethical issues in HIV testing, Part 1.

HIV antibody testing presents multiple and complex legal and ethical issues. Nurse executives must be knowledgeable about these issues and their potential impact on administrative practice. In this two-part series, the author presents legal and ethical issues related to testing. Part 1 focuses on the AIDS epidemic, the ELISA test, informed consent, confidentiality, and mandatory vs. voluntary testing.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1991

Community-based plan for treating human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals sponsored by local medical societies and an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome service organization.

Individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus frequently experience difficulty finding medical care from private physicians. Fear of occupational exposure, prejudice, lack of knowledge, and financial loss have all been cited as reasons for the reluctance of primary care physicians to accept patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome into their practices. To meet the medical needs of all patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus, this Virginia community adopted a voluntary rotational referral plan to provide primary care for all such individuals. The program required the cooperation of a voluntary pool of internists and family practitioners and an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome service organization with a volunteer physician advisor to coordinate referrals of unassigned patients. No physician received more than three referrals per year. During the 2 years of operation, 118 referrals were made to 30 physicians. Regular educational seminars were provided with medical updates and consultation support was provided. This locally based program appears to be meeting the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome challenge in this community and may have applicability to other communities as well.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1988

Filling the gap.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Africa↗
PubMed1993

AIDS and the limits of control: public health orders, quarantine, and recalcitrant behavior.

We undertook a survey to document the extent to which public health powers have been used to warn or restrict individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) whose behavior poses a risk of transmission to others. In the period from 1981 through 1990, 24 state health departments either had no mechanism for receiving reports about individuals whose behavior posed a risk of HIV transmission or took no action if they had received such reports. In states that had developed programs for dealing with such individuals, the most common response was the use of cease and desist orders. As of 1992, 10 instances of quarantine had been reported, almost all of which involved relatively brief periods of isolation. Whatever justification exists for using public health authority to confront individuals whose behavior poses a risk of HIV transmission to others, it is clear that the central focus of HIV prevention efforts must remain education, counseling, voluntary testing and partner notification, drug abuse treatment, and needle exchange programs.

Behavior↗
PubMed2005

HIV risk perception and prevalence in a program for prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission: comparison of women who accept voluntary counseling and testing and those tested anonymously.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether data from voluntary counseling and testing (VCT)/prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) programs can be used for HIV surveillance. METHODS: Women attending an antenatal clinic at the district hospital in Entebbe, Uganda, from May 2002 to April 2003 were offered counseling and HIV testing with same-day results (VCT) and nevirapine for PMTCT was provided for HIV-positive women and their babies. Those who declined VCT were tested for HIV anonymously. RESULTS: Overall, 2635 women accepted VCT; 883 were tested anonymously. HIV prevalence was higher in VCT than in anonymously tested women in the first month of the program (20% vs. 11%, P=0.05) and in months with <70% VCT uptake (17% vs. 8%, P<0.001) but was similar in months with high uptake. Uptake of VCT was higher in women who had risk factors for HIV, especially those who believed themselves to have been exposed (84% vs. 73%, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: There was a bias to accepting VCT in women with HIV, or risk factors for HIV infection, the former most apparent when there was low coverage. Data from VCT/PMTCT programs cannot replace anonymous surveillance for monitoring of HIV epidemic trends where coverage is incomplete within clinics or communities.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1993

Evaluations of surgery resident performance correlate with success in board examinations.

BACKGROUND: American Board of Surgery (ABS) In-Training Examination (ABSITE) scores correlate with future examination scores, but faculty evaluations of resident skill have not been shown to predict future performance. METHODS: Objective and subjective evaluations during the past 15 years in our columnar university surgical residency were reviewed to assess their ability to predict success on the qualifying (written) and oral (certifying) examinations offered by the ABS. RESULTS: The ABSITE scores correlated with success on the qualifying examination (multiple R2 = 0.473). Subjective assessments of resident knowledge at any level did not correlate with ABSITE or qualifying scores, but above average scores did predict success on the certifying examination (chi 2, p < 0.005). Chief-year ABSITE total percentile score and score of first qualifying examination also predicted success on the certifying examination. The attrition rate in our nonpyramidal program was 23%, of which more than one half were voluntary. One of 11 residents leaving the program has subsequently attained ABS certification. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that faculty's subjective evaluations predicted resident success on the ABS certifying examination and also endorses the ABS oral examination as an effective measure of the candidate's ability to communicate surgical knowledge.

General Surgery↗