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PubMed2005

Do you see what I see? Interpretations of intentional movement in schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: Current literature exploring theory of mind (ToM) abilities in patients with schizophrenia has failed to take into account the dynamic nature of complex social interactions. The aim of this study was to explore symptom specific impairments in theory of mind using a novel, dynamic task. METHODS: Subjects viewed short animations displaying three types of movement; random, goal directed, and socially complex (theory of mind). Verbal descriptions of the animations were obtained from 61 patients with schizophrenia (divided into symptom sub-groups) and 22 healthy comparison subjects and were scored for accuracy, type of response and use of target terms (terms most appropriate to each animation type). RESULTS: Accuracy on all three conditions discriminated behavioural signs (BS), and (to a lesser degree) paranoid subjects, from the other schizophrenia sub-groups (those in remission and those with passivity features) and the controls. Paranoid and BS groups had difficulties with all the animations, yet all symptom sub-groups failed to use the appropriate mentalising language to describe the ToM animations. CONCLUSIONS: In this first exploration of on-line mentalising abilities in schizophrenia, it is suggested that a failure to use appropriate mentalising language may be a trait marker for the disease. The nature of the type of tasks used to assess social cognitive processing in this group needs careful consideration, and tasks tapping into the fluidity of social interactions yield results that differ from previously reported studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Echolalic responses by a child with autism to four experimental conditions of sociolinguistic input.

Studies of the immediate verbal imitations (IVIs) of subjects with echolalia report that features of linguistic or social input alone affect the number of IVIs elicited. This experimental study of a child with echolalia and autism controlled each of these variables while introducing a systematic change in the other. The subject produced more (p less than .05) IVIs in response to unknown lexical words presented with a high degree of directiveness (Condition D) than in response to three other conditions of stimulus presentation (e.g., unknown lexical words, minimally directive style.) Thus, an interaction between the effects of linguistic and social input was demonstrated. IVIs were produced across all conditions, primarily during first presentations of lexical stimuli. Only the IVIs elicited by first presentations of the lexical stimuli during Condition D differed significantly (p less than .05) from the number of IVIs elicited by first presentations of lexical stimuli in other conditions. These findings viewed together suggest that the occurrence of IVIs was related, at least for this child, to an uncertain or informative event and that this response was significantly greater when the lexical stimuli were unknown and presented in a highly directive style.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Verbal interaction of schizophrenic patients and their conversational partners].

Verbal interactive behavior of 10 male patients diagnosed as schizophrenic, but not acutely psychotic, and of their non-schizophrenic ('normal') and non-informed dialogue-partners are studied in dialogical conversations about political problems. A control group of ten dyads of 'normal' dialogue partners is used for comparisons. Quantitative text-properties (number of words, pauses) as well as a reconstructive hermeneutic analysis of the dialogues reveal a lack of dialogical balance, less task-oriented productivity, and markedly more strained conversation in dyads with a schizophrenic conversand as compared to those of the control group. The schizophrenic conversands we have studied manifest various interactive strategies of withdrawing from active participation in the conversational task, delegating it instead to their respective 'normal' partners who in turn attempt to stimulate more active participation of them. Furthermore, occasional strange utterances occur in nearly all dyads with a schizophrenic and lead to disturbances in the flow of the conversation. We interpret these findings as manifestations of object-relations disturbances and of corresponding deviant modes of regulating personal distance in schizophrenics.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Some functions of narrative in the assimilation of problematic experiences.

We present three current, complementary formulations of the assimilation model: (a) the schema formulation, based on cognitive developmental concepts: (b) the voices formulation, in which assimilation is understood as the construction of a meaning bridge between active internal voices; and (c) the cognitive science formulation, which uses cognitive concepts of memory types to understand the failure of memory in cases of warded-off and avoided experiences. These views of assimilation are used to understand the varied functions that narratives (stories about real or imagined events outside of therapy) may play in psychotherapy, including narratives that avoid encounters with threatening material, narratives that approach such material indirectly or symbolically, narratives by which clients reexperience trauma, and narratives that help construct a mature understanding.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy↗
PubMed1999

The narrative processes coding system: research applications and implications for psychotherapy practice.

The Narrative Processes model is focused on the strategies and processes by which a client and therapist transform the events of everyday life into a meaningful story that both organizes and represents the client's sense of self and others in the world. Some investigators have elected to use clients' within session descriptions of relationship events or micronarratives as their unit of narrative analysis. In contrast, we are centrally interested in the development of the macronarrative framework in which the singular events described in a therapy relationship-micronarratives-come to be articulated, experienced, and linked together in such a way that the client's sense of his or her life story-in essence, the sense of self-may be transformed at the conclusion of the therapeutic relationship. The following paper details the Narrative Processes theory of therapy and the coding system that has been developed to identify and evaluate empirically key components of the model. Findings emerging from the analyses of successful psychotherapy dyads are described and the implications for future research and practice are discussed.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy↗
PubMed1975

Consistency and change in styles of mothering.

The idea that the immediate postpartum period is particularly important for the developing relationship between mother and child is being increasingly discussed; however, little is known of the long-term significance of the individual differences in adjustment found in this period. A longitudinal study of 70 mother-baby pairs showed that difficulities during feeds were related to longer labour and to measures of the baby's state at birth. Differences between babies in the latency with which they responded by crying to interruption of sucking (in tests of non-nutritive sucking) were also related to the smoothness of the feed. Measures of affectionate maternal behaviour were associated with differences between babies in sucking rate, and were not influenced by labour and delivery. During later observations (8-30 weeks), strong consistency in individual differences across age was found in the levels of maternal touching, vocalizing, and responsiveness to baby's vocalizing. Maternal affectionate contact during early feeds (babies up to 10 days old) was related to these later maternal measures for breast-fed babies. Other aspects of coordination and warmth in the early feeds did not correlate with later measures, which suggested that predictions based on observations early in the neonatal period should be made with caution. Measures of maternal response to crying showed little consistency across the first seven months and were influenced by how much the baby cried at earlier ages.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

Marihuana effects on TAT form and content.

In a double-blind study, 72 normal male subjects were given either placebo or marihuana containing 20 mg. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Stories written to cards selected from the Thematic Apperception Test did not differ on hostile or sexual content scales between drug and placebo conditions, but 6 out of 10 scales specifically constructed to detect marihuana effects were successful at differentiating the two conditions. Under marihuana the stories had a timeless, non-narrative quality, with greater discontinuity in thought sequence and more frequent inclusion of contradictory ideas. Novelty of content was somewhat increased by marihuana, while relation to the picture, imagery, repetition, and closure were not significantly affected.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Mimicry versus imitative modeling: facilitating sentence production in the speech of the retarded.

Two methods of language instruction administered to mentally retarded subjects at the two-word stage of language development were investigated. Subjects of the mimicry training group imitated Agent-Action-Object (AAO) constructions immediately after presentation, while subjects of the imitative modeling group first heard the AAO presentation and later produced the AAO construction in response to a verb question. Imitative modeling subjects achieved as many correct AAO responses during training and more correct responses on a generalization task and in a free play setting. They also displayed more novel response behavior (selective imitations) and spontaneously corrected productions. The results support the use of modeling procedures for inducing language production in the retarded.

Child↗
PubMed1979

Effects of age on communication skill levels and prevalence of maladaptive behaviors in autistic and mentally retarded children.

This study investigated the effect of age on communication and maladaptive behavior in autistic and mentally retarded children. Forty-seven autistic and 128 mentally retarded children in a special school served as subjects. The cross-sectional method was used to compare junior and senior groups, and ratings on communication skills and maladaptive behaviors were obtained from teachers. We found that the skills of comprehension and conversation in autistic children improved significantly with age, and speech improved somewhat. In spite of this improvement in communication skills, maladaptive behaviors in the autistic children other than hyperactivity did not change significantly with age. Withdrawal improved significantly with age in the mentally retarded children but not in the autistic children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

An advanced test of theory of mind: understanding of story characters' thoughts and feelings by able autistic, mentally handicapped, and normal children and adults.

Research has suggested that the core handicaps of autism result from a specific impairment in theory of mind (ToM). However, this account has been challenged by the finding that a minority of autistic subjects pass 1st- and even 2nd-order ToM tests while remaining socially handicapped. In the present study, able autistic subjects who failed ToM tasks, those who passed 1st-order, and those who passed 2nd-order tasks were tested with a battery of more naturalistic and complex stories. Autistic subjects were impaired at providing context-appropriate mental state explanations for the story characters' nonliteral utterances, compared to normal and mentally handicapped controls. Performance on the stories was closely related to performance on standard ToM tasks, but even those autistic subjects who passed all ToM tests showed impairments on the more naturalistic story materials relative to normal adult controls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Talking about taste: using a discursive psychological approach to examine challenges to food evaluations.

This study is concerned with developing the interdisciplinary nature of food research, and with examining eating practices as they occur in everyday situations. The aim is to demonstrate how discursive approaches may contribute to eating research using a specific analytical example. A discursive psychological approach is used to examine mealtime conversations from 10 families with the analysis focusing on how food evaluations are challenged in interaction-for example, asking someone to justify what they think is 'wrong' with the food. Data are presented with 7 examples of the 30 challenges that were found within the data corpus. The analysis demonstrates how people may be held accountable for their expressed taste preferences when being challenged, and how this contributes to our understanding of eating as primarily an individual and embodied experience. It is argued that a specific and detailed analysis of eating interactions provides an alternative way of conceptualising food evaluations as discursive rather than mentalistic concepts. A discursive approach also opens up practical ways in which the social and familial aspects of eating may be examined as they occur as part of food practices.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Development and preliminary validation of the pain assessment checklist for seniors with limited ability to communicate (PACSLAC).

The purpose of this study, conducted in three phases, was to develop a clinically useful observational tool (i.e., the Pain Assessment Checklist for Seniors With Limited Ability to Communicate [PACSLAC]) to assess pain in seniors with severe dementia. In Phase 1, professional caregivers of seniors with severe dementia were interviewed in order to generate a list of pain-related behaviors that are characteristic of care recipients living in long-term-care facilities. Based on a systematic examination of interview transcripts by experienced researchers and an independent coder, a behavioral checklist (i.e., the initial version of the PACSLAC) was developed. The checklist items were organized into conceptually based subscales (e.g., facial expressions, activity/body movement). Phase 2 focused on an assessment of the internal consistency of the checklist (alpha =.92). Following an item analysis, the subscales of the PACSLAC (Social/Personality/Mood Indicators, Facial Expressions, Activity/Body Movement, and Physiological Indicators/Eating/Sleeping Changes/Vocal Behaviors) were found to be internally consistent. Phase 3 focused on a preliminary validation of the PACSLAC. Analyses suggest that the PACSLAC discriminated among pain events (during which there was a clear and recognizable cause for the patients' pain), events during which patients were experiencing nonpainful distress, and situations during which patients were calm.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Why is conversation so easy?

Traditional accounts of language processing suggest that monologue--presenting and listening to speeches--should be more straightforward than dialogue--holding a conversation. This is clearly not the case. We argue that conversation is easy because of an interactive processing mechanism that leads to the alignment of linguistic representations between partners. Interactive alignment occurs via automatic alignment channels that are functionally similar to the automatic links between perception and behaviour (the so-called perception-behaviour expressway) proposed in recent accounts of social interaction. We conclude that humans are "designed" for dialogue rather than monologue.

Humans↗