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PubMed1995

Influence of four diets containing approximately 11% protein (dry weight) on uric acid, sodium urate, and ammonium urate urine activity product ratios of healthy beagles.

Urine activity product ratios of uric acid (APRua), sodium urate (APRna), and ammonium urate (APRau), and urinary excretion of 10 metabolites were determined in 24-hour urine samples produced by 6 healthy Beagles during periods of consumption of 4 diets containing approximately 11% protein (dry weight) and various protein sources: a 72% moisture, casein-based diet; a 10% moisture, egg-based diet; a 72% moisture, chicken-based diet; and a 71% moisture, chicken-based, liver-flavored diet. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher APRua, APRna, and APRau were observed when dogs consumed the egg-based diet, compared with the other 3 diets; there were no differences in these ratios among the other 3 diets. Twenty-four-hour urinary excretions of chloride, potassium, phosphorus, and oxalic acid were significantly (P < 0.05) higher when dogs consumed the egg-based diet. Twenty-four-hour urinary excretions of sodium were significantly (P < 0.05) higher when dogs consumed the egg-based diet, compared with the casein-based diet and the chicken-based, liver-flavored diet, but were not significantly different between the egg-based diet and chicken-based diet. Twenty-four-hour urine volume was similar when dogs consumed the 4 diets. Twenty-four-hour endogenous creatinine clearance was significantly (P < 0.05) lower when dogs consumed the casein-based diet; there were no differences among the other 3 diets. Although consumption of all diets was associated with production of alkaline urine, the 24-hour urine pH was significantly (P < 0.05) higher when dogs consumed the egg-based diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Serum uric acid and risk of coronary heart disease.

Many large epidemiological studies confirmed a positive association between raised serum uric acid (SUA) levels and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) or cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the general population, among hypertensive patients and those with established CHD, stroke, diabetes and heart failure. There is much controversy concerning the role of SUA as an independent risk factor for CHD as SUA is related to many of the established risk factors for cardiovascular disease including hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity and pre-existing disease. The epidemiological evidence suggests that SUA is an independent predictor of CVD in subjects with hypertension and established vascular disease but not in healthy subjects. This evidence suggests that the influence of SUA on CHD is explained by the secondary association of SUA with other established etiological risk factors (hypertension, dyslipidaemia, hyperinsulinaemia, obesity and pre-existing disease). There is no evidence so far to indicate that lowering SUA levels with drug treatment has a beneficial effect on CVD outcome. In summary, there is little support for an independent causal role for SUA in the development of CHD. However, SUA may provide useful prognostic information in subjects with hypertension and vascular disease.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed1983

Plasma renin activity, blood uric acid and plasma volume in pregnancy-induced hypertension.

UNLABELLED: Plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone (PA), blood uric acid (BUA), plasma concentrations of catecholamines (Pcat) and plasma volume (PV) were measured simultaneously in 24 patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). This hypertensive group was divided into labile (LH) and persistent hypertension (PH) groups according to the response of their blood pressure to home bed rest. Compared to normal theoretical values, PV was decreased in both hypertensive groups (LH = -7%; PH = -14%). Compared to a control group (C) of 16 normotensive pregnant women, PRA was higher in LH and lower in PH whereas PA was lower in both hypertensive groups. BUA was higher than in C in both hypertensive groups. No difference in PCat was found between the three groups. In the PH group negative correlations were found between BUA and PRA, as well as between BUA and PV but no correlation between PRA and PV nor between Pcat and BUA were found. IN CONCLUSION: LH and PH are two pathophysiologically different entities in PIH. In PH renin secretion is not appropriate to hypovolaemia and therefore not primarily involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Hypovolaemia may play a role in the increase of BUA in PIH.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Plasma renin activity, blood uric acid and plasma volume in pregnancy-induced hypertension.

UNLABELLED: Plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone (PA), blood uric acid (BUA), plasma concentrations of catecholamines (Pcat) and plasma volume (PV) were measured simultaneously in 24 patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension. This hypertensive group was divided into labile (LH) and permanent hypertension (PH) groups according to the response of their blood pressure to home bed rest. As compared to normal theoretical values, PV was decreased in both hypertensive groups (LH = -70%; PH = -14%). As compared to a control group of 16 normotensive pregnant women, PRA was higher in LH and lower in PH whereas PA was lower in both hypertensive groups. In both hypertensive groups, BUA was higher than in the control group. No difference in Pcat was found between the three groups. In the PH group negative correlations were found between BUA and PRA, as well as between BUA and PV, but no correlation between PRA and PV nor between Pcat and BUA were found. CONCLUSIONS: LH and PH are two pathophysiologically different entities in pregnancy-induced hypertension. In PH, renin secretion is not appropriate to hypovolemia and therefore not primarily involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The role of hypovolemia in the increase of BUA may be discussed.

Female↗
PubMed1995

The relationships among serum uric acid, plasma insulin, and serum lipoprotein levels in subjects with spinal cord injury.

Relationships were investigated among serum uric acid (UA), the insulin response to a standard oral glucose load (75 g), and serum lipoprotein levels in 197 individuals with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). All subjects had normal liver and renal function. None had a prior history of diabetes mellitus or gout. The mean age of subjects was 50 +/- 1 years, duration of injury (DOI), 18 +/- 1 years, and body mass index (BMI), 25 +/- 0.4 kg/m2. No significant differences were found between those with paraplegia or quadriplegia for any of the parameters measured. The mean serum UA values were not significantly different among the subgroups of subjects with normal glucose tolerance, impaired glucose tolerance, or diabetes mellitus (5.6 +/- 0.2 mg/dl, 5.6 +/- 0.2 and 5.7 +/- 0.3, respectively). Approximately one-half of the subjects had an abnormality in oral glucose tolerance. The levels of serum UA (p < 0.001) and serum triglycerides (TG) (p < 0.01) in the subgroup with hyperinsulinemia were significantly higher than in the subgroup with normal insulin levels. By linear regression analyses, the serum UA concentration was positively correlated with peak plasma insulin level (r = 0.31, p < 0.001), and BMI (r = 0.20, p < 0.01), but not with age, DOI, or peak glucose. The data suggest that in subjects with chronic SCI, as in the healthy able-bodied population, hyperuricemia is associated with hyperinsulinemia, obesity and abnormal lipoprotein metabolism.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Uric acid excretion increases during propofol anesthesia.

We compared the effect of propofol with that of sevoflurane anesthesia on uric acid (UA) excretion in ASA physical status I and II patients with normal renal function. A propofol group (n = 11) received propofol-nitrous oxide-fentanyl after induction of anesthesia by propofol, while a sevoflurane group (n = 12) received sevoflurane-nitrous oxide-fentanyl after induction of anesthesia by thiamylal. UA, creatinine (Cr), and urea nitrogen concentrations in serum and urine were measured before induction of anesthesia, 1, 2, and 3 h after induction, and on Postoperative Day 1. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, beta2-microglobulin concentrations, and pH in urine were also examined. Plasma clearance of UA (CUA) and Cr (CCr) were calculated. The hourly concentration and excretion of urine UA were significantly higher than those of the sevoflurane group (P < 0.01). Significant correlations were noted between the hourly urine volume and UA concentration (r = 0.58, P < 0.01 for the propofol group; r = 0.51, P < 0.01 for the sevoflurane group). The CUA of the propofol group was significantly higher than that of the sevoflurane group (22.9 +/- 10.6 vs 5.9 +/- 3.4 mL/min, mean +/- SD, P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in other renal variables between the two groups. The present study demonstrated that the UA excretion increased during propofol anesthesia, while it remained stable during sevoflurane anesthesia.

Anesthetics, Combined↗
PubMed1999

Serum uric acid and cardiovascular events in successfully treated hypertensive patients.

To determine whether pretreatment and/or in-treatment serum uric acid (SUA) is independently and specifically associated with cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients, we examined the 20-year experience of 7978 mild-to-moderate hypertensive participants in a systematic worksite treatment program. Clinical evaluation and treatment were protocol-directed. SUA was measured at entry and annually thereafter. Subjects were stratified according to gender-specific quartile of baseline SUA. Blood pressures at entry and in-treatment were, respectively, 152.5/95.6 and 138.9/85.4 mm Hg. SUA was normally distributed with a mean of 0.399+/-0.0893 and 0. 321+/-0.0833 mmol/L for men and women, respectively. Subjects with highest SUA were heavier, had greater evidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), higher systolic blood pressure, higher creatinine, more frequent diuretic use, and lower prevalence of diabetes. During an average follow-up of 6.6 years (52 751 patient-years), 548 CVD events (183 mortal) and 116 non-CVD events occurred. In bivariate analysis, the association of SUA to CVD was more robust in nonwhites than whites and in patients at low versus high CVD risk. In multivariate analysis, CVD incidence was significantly associated with SUA with a hazard ratio of 1.22 (95% confidence interval 1.11 to 1.35), controlling for other known cardiovascular risk factors, including serum creatinine, body mass index, and diuretic use. Despite blood pressure control, SUA levels increased during treatment and were significantly and directly associated with CVD events, independently of diuretic use and other cardiovascular risk factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Associations of serum uric acid with markers of inflammation, metabolic syndrome, and subclinical coronary atherosclerosis.

BACKGROUND: We examined the associations of serum uric acid (UA) with indices of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, including the 10-year probability of CHD (10y-CHDr), metabolic syndrome (MS), inflammation (C-reactive protein [CRP] and fibrinogen), and the presence and quantity of coronary artery calcium (CAC). METHODS: Subjects (n = 1107, mean age 58 years, 59% women) belonged to sibships with > or =2 individuals with hypertension diagnosed before age 60 years. UA was measured by a colorimetric method, CAC by electron beam computed tomography, and CAC score calculated using the method of Agatston. The correlation of UA with 10y-CHDr, MS components, log CRP, and fibrinogen was assessed after adjustment for age and gender. Multivariable regression was used to assess whether UA was associated with CAC presence and quantity after (1) adjustment for age and gender, and (2) additional adjustment for CHD risk factors. RESULTS: Most subjects (71%) had hypertension and 14% had diabetes. Mean (+/- SD) UA level was 5.97 +/- 1.6 mg/dL, and CAC was detectable in 63% of patients. After adjustment for age and gender, UA was significantly correlated with 10y-CHDr, number of MS components, log CRP, and fibrinogen. UA was associated with CAC presence and quantity after adjustment for age and gender but not after further adjustment for systolic blood pressure (BP), diabetes, total and HDL-cholesterol, smoking, and body mass index (BMI). CONCLUSIONS: Serum UA was significantly correlated with several indices of CHD risk. UA was associated with presence and quantity of CAC, but not independently of conventional risk factors.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Uric acid and survival in chronic heart failure: validation and application in metabolic, functional, and hemodynamic staging.

BACKGROUND: Serum uric acid (UA) could be a valid prognostic marker and useful for metabolic, hemodynamic, and functional (MFH) staging in chronic heart failure (CHF). METHODS AND RESULTS: For the derivation study, 112 patients with CHF (age 59+/-12 years, peak oxygen consumption [Vo2] 17+/-7 mL/kg per minute) were recruited. In separate studies, we validated the prognostic value of UA (n=182) and investigated the relationship between MFH score and the decision to list patients for heart transplantation (n=120). In the derivation study, the best mortality predicting UA cutoff (at 12 months) was 565 micromol/L (9.50 mg/dL) (independently of age, peak Vo2, left ventricular ejection fraction, diuretic dose, sodium, creatinine, and urea; P<0.0001). In the validation study, UA >or=565 micromol/L predicted mortality (hazard ratio, 7.14; P<0.0001). In 16 patients (from both studies) with UA >or=565 micromol/L, left ventricular ejection fraction <or=25% and peak Vo2 <or=14 mL/kg per min (MFH score 3), 12-month survival was lowest (31%) compared with patients with 2 (64%), 1 (77%), or no (98%, P<0.0001) risk factor. In an independent study, 51% of patients with MFH score 2 and 81% of patients with MFH score 3 were listed for transplantation. The positive predictive value of not being listed for heart transplantation with an MFH score of 0 or 1 was 100%. CONCLUSIONS: High serum UA levels are a strong, independent marker of impaired prognosis in patients with moderate to severe CHF. The relationship between serum UA and survival in CHF is graded. MFH staging of patients with CHF is feasible.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed1981

The relationship of serum uric acid to subclinical blood lead.

Subclinical blood lead (less than 2.90 micro mol/l, i.e. 60 micro g/dl) and serum uric acid (SUA) levels were monitored in 318 Black males (aged 20 to 60 years). No statistically significant relationship between the two biological parameters was observed but SUA and age were correlated (r = 0.145). On subdividing the total study population into hostel and township groups, the latter demonstrated a significantly higher (P less than 0.01) mean SUA level. This could be explained by the increased sophistication, relative to the hostel group, of the latter's lifestyle.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Enzyme-coupled measurement of uric acid in serum with a centrifugal analyzer.

An early-reading blank-corrected end-point determination of uric acid in serum has been developed for use with a centrifugal analyzer. The method is based on a modification of the uricase (urate:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.7.3.3)/catalase (hydrogen peroxide:hydrogen peroxide oxidoreductase EC 1.11.1.6)/aldehyde dehydrogenase (aldehyde:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.1.5)-coupled analytical scheme reported by Haeckel [Z. Klin. Chem. Klin. Biochem. 14, 101 (1976)]. Sensitivity and precision of the method are excellent, and results compare well with those obtained by the Kageyama procedure [Clin. Chim. Acta 31, 421 (1971)].

Aldehyde Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed2005

Uric acid is as important as proteinuria in identifying fetal risk in women with gestational hypertension.

Gestational hypertension is differentiated into higher and lower risk by the presence or absence of proteinuria. We asked if hyperuricemia, a common finding in pregnancy hypertension, might also be an indicator of increased risk. We examined fetal outcome data from 972 pregnancies collected from 1997 to 2002 in a nested case-control study. Participants were nulliparous with no known medical complications. The frequency of preterm birth, the duration of pregnancy, frequency of small-for-gestational-age infants, and birth weight centile were determined for pregnancies assigned to 8 categories by the presence or absence of combinations of hypertension, hyperuricemia, and proteinuria. In women with gestational hypertension, hyperuricemia was associated with shorter gestations and smaller birth weight centiles and increased risk of preterm birth and small-for-gestational-age infants. Hyperuricemia increased the risk of these outcomes in the presence or absence of proteinuria. Risk was also increased in a small group of women with hyperuricemia and proteinuria without hypertension. Women with only hypertension and hyperuricemia have similar or greater risk as women with only hypertension and proteinuria. Those with hypertension, proteinuria, and hyperuricemia have greater risk than those with hypertension and proteinuria alone. The risk of these outcomes increased with increasing uric acid. Hyperuricemia is at least as effective as proteinuria at identifying gestational hypertensive pregnancies at increased risk. Uric acid should be reexamined for clinical and research utility.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

The use of immobilized enzyme reactors in continuous-flow analyzers for the determination of glucose, urea, and uric acid.

We describe the use of immobilized enzymes in assay methods for the determination of glucose with glucose oxidase, uric acid with uricase, and urea with urease in serum samples. The enzyme reactor tubes were adapted to continuous-flow analyzers (Technicon AA II, SMA 12/60, and SMAC) used in routine laboratory determinations, and results with their use were compared to those from assays involving soluble enzymes. We substituted the reactors for the free enzyme reagents in the respective channels of the SMA 12/60 and SMAC, without modifying the parameters of the remaining channels. We compared assay sensitivity, precision, and carryover for immobilized and conventional liquid enzymes. Immobilized enzyme reactors provide accurate, reliable, convenient, and economical alternatives to the use of free enzyme reagents in these systems.

Autoanalysis↗
PubMed2007

Serum uric acid and cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults.

Among possible markers of age-related cognitive decline, uric acid (UA) is controversial because it has antioxidant properties but is increased in diseases that often lead to cognitive impairment. In this study of 96 elderly adults, participants with mildly elevated (but normal) serum UA were 2.7 to 5.9 times more likely to score in the lowest quartile of the sample on measures of processing speed, verbal memory, and working memory. Even after controlling for age, sex, race, education, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and alcohol abuse, the multivariate-adjusted odds of poor verbal memory and working memory remained significant (ps < .05). Despite its antioxidant properties, these findings suggest that even mild elevations of UA might increase the risk of cognitive decline among older adults.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Plasma xanthine oxidase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and uric acid levels in severe and mild pre-eclampsia.

The aim of the present study was to measure plasma uric acid (UA) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and xanthine oxidase (XO) activities and to evaluate the relationship between these parameters and the severity of pre-eclampsia. Twenty-five pre-eclamptic, 15 healthy pregnant and 15 non-pregnant women were enrolled in this study. Increased mean plasma XO activity was found to be higher in both pre-eclampsia groups than in the healthy pregnant group. Plasma UA levels were the highest in the severe pre-eclampsia group among the study groups. SOD and GSH-Px activities were significantly lower in both pre-eclampsia groups than in the healthy pregnant group (p < 0.005 and p < 0.001, respectively). Increased XO and decreased SOD and GSH-Px activities may contribute to the pathophysiological mechanisms of pre-eclampsia and increased UA may serve a protective role responding to superoxide radicals arising from increased XO activity or other sources in pre-eclampsia.

Adult↗