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PubMed1994

The assessment of exposure in terms of fibres.

The membrane filter (MF) method for evaluating asbestos fibre concentrations was introduced in the 1960s. Before that time the midget impinger (MI) was used in North America, while the long running (LRTP) and regular thermal precipitator (TP) were used in the U.K. All studies from which estimates of long-term health risks can be derived (i.e. those with individual cumulative lifetime exposure estimates) were based on the now obsolete methods. The reliability of converting these indices of exposure to MF equivalent concentrations was reviewed. It was concluded that no overall single factor could be derived for the Quebec mining and milling industry. However, it has been possible to derive conversion factors at the individual mill and work area level. Applying these in one Quebec mortality study analysis based on all jobs held by persons in the cohort gave an overall MF/MI ratio of 3.6. An examination of the confidence intervals surrounding the Quebec data, ratios derived for other chrysotile mines by other investigators, and measurements of fibre concentrations in the 1970s suggest that this was probably not unreasonable. Side-by-side and other measurements were used to convert MI concentrations in the U.S. textile industry to MF fibre concentrations. While conversions involve considerable uncertainty, independent measurements of fibres in the lung tissues of workers from the U.S. textile plant and Quebec mills show that in lungs the ratios of the concentrations of chrysotile to those of tremolite are quite consistent with the ratio of assessed exposures to these fibres in the two industries. There is an apparently higher risk of mesothelioma in one Quebec mining area (Thetford Mines) than in another (Asbestos). A high concentration of fibrous tremolite has been found in the lungs of workers in Thetford. A method of evaluating the extent to which mesothelioma risk in the chrysotile mining industry might be explained by tremolite exposures was proposed. The slope of the lung cancer dose-response relationship for the textile industry is approximately 50 times that for the mining and milling industry. Available data on the length distributions of fibres from Quebec mines and mills (up to 5% > 5 microns) and the Charleston textile plant (up to 21% > 5 microns) and some marginal indication of longer fibres in tissues from Charleston workers suggest that further work specifically addressing differences in the size distributions of long fibres in these industries is needed.

Asbestos, Serpentine↗
PubMed1995

Airborne irritant contact dermatitis from metal dust adhering to semisynthetic working suits.

2 workers at an aircraft factory were employed in a plasma sparying unit. Soon after they were equipped with new semisynthetic working suits, they started to complain of pruritic eruptions after heavy exposure to metal dust. They noted that the dust was not as easily blown off the clothes by pressurized air as previously. Clinical findings consisted of discrete macular and papular lesions, partly follicular, on the ventral and medial thighs. Atopy score, IgE level and a standard series of prick tests ruled out atopic disposition. Patch tests revealed no reactions. A diagnosis of occupational airborne irritant contact dermatitis from metal dust was therefore made. To elucidate the role of the working suit, extensive physical investigations of the physical properties of the textile were performed. Microscopic pictures at low magnification showed more dust particles on the semisynthetic working suit, compared to the former pure cotton suit. This impression could not be confirmed by particle count because of too uneven particle distribution at higher magnification. Hairiness of the 2 textiles was low and ruled out irritation by the semisynthetic textile itself. No difference in electrostatic properties between the 2 working suits could be established either. Both textiles showed high static electrical propensity. When use of the semisynthetic overall was discontinued, the patients reported no recurrence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1984

Dust exposure and mortality in an American chrysotile asbestos friction products plant.

Cohort studies in three American asbestos factories were undertaken to investigate the effect of fibre type and manufacturing process on lung cancer, mesothelioma, and asbestosis. Reports have been published on a chrysotile textile plant in South Carolina and a mainly textile plant in Pennsylvania, which also used amphiboles. In the third plant in Connecticut friction products and packings were made from chrysotile only. In a cohort of 3641 men employed for one month or more, 1938-58, 3513 (96.5%) were traced, 1267 (36%) had died, and death certificates were obtained for 1228 (96.9%). Individual exposures were estimated (in mcpf . years) from impinger measurements. Life table analyses using Connecticut mortality rates gave an SMR for all causes of 108.5 (USA 107.9). The SMR (all causes) for men who had worked for less than a year was 129.9 and for those who had worked for a year or more, 101.2. The equivalent SMRs for respiratory cancer were 167.4 and 136.7 respectively. Excluding men who had worked for less than a year, there was possible evidence of some increase in risk of lung cancer with increasing exposure, supported also by a "log-rank" (case-control) analysis, of the same order as that observed in chrysotile mining and milling. These findings may be compared with chrysotile textile manufacture where the risk of lung cancer was some 50-fold greater. It is suggested that the differences in risk are perhaps related to the higher proportion of submicroscopic fibres in textile manufacture that may result from the traumatic carding , spinning, and weaving processes. No case of mesothelioma was found, consistent with a much lower risk of this tumour with chrysotile than with amphiboles. Twelve deaths (nine in men with very short and low asbestos exposure) were given ICD code 523 (pneumoconiosis); all but two were ascribed to anthracosilicosis or silicosis and none to asbestosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

A company's commitment to waste reduction, recycling, and reuse.

Charles Heiman would be proud to see his vision being carried on and that Standard Textile is not only doing well, but also doing good. As an industry leader, Standard Textile has incorporated the entire cradle-to-grave concept in product creation. As a result, Standard Textile can compete in tomorrow's markets because the end user will mandate an environmentally sound product or process when alternatives are available. As a society, we are faced with some tough decisions about our environment and the world we live in. A very positive step all health care facilities can take for our future and our children's future is to employ a reusable and recyclable system. Switching from disposable to reusable textiles dramatically reduces the amount of solid waste but does so without using excessive water because of state-of-the-art recycling facilities now available. It also can offer the user better performance of the products they need to use. The answer is simple enough--investment in reusable and recyclable systems is in everybody's interest.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed2004

I-wear for health care and wellness--state of the art and future possibilities.

The background of the development of i-wear for health care and wellness are two actual trends: The wellness trend with its expectation to stay fit and healthy and the increasing life expectancy of the Europeans and the challenges, which are resulting thereof for the medicine and the technology that goes with it. Already in 2040 the amount of people over 60 years in Europe will amount to 40% of the entire population [1,2]. In recent years the co-operation of physicians, biologists, physiologists, engineers for electronics and information technologies and textile scientists has produced a multitude of innovative applications for textiles, especially in the medical and wellness field. This presentation will cover the state of the art and some future aspects of textile-integrated solutions for health and wellness services, with intelligent application forms or integrated electronics (i-wear), which are an increasing market for textiles.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Chronic generalized eczema caused by multiple dye sensitization.

Textile dye sensitization is rare; its low incidence (1.4% to 5.8%) is most likely because dye contact allergy is not suspected and therefore not tested. The greatest number of positive test results are obtained for disperse dyes. We report an uncommon observation of severe and chronic textile dye dermatitis with positive patch test results to Disperse Blue 106, Disperse Blue 124, Disperse Brown 1, Disperse Yellow 3, and p-aminophenol.p-aminophenol, Disperse Blue 124, and Disperse Blue 106 are derived from p-phenylenediamine, but this allergen seems to be unreliable as a detector of textile dye allergy. The admittedly allergic capacity of disperse dyes and the increasing fabrication of synthetic fibers (acrylics and polyesters) usually colored with this group of dyes could induce more frequent textile sensitization.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Tactile dominance in speeded discrimination of textures.

When assessing the roughness of textures, no single sensory modality universally dominates perception. Instead, the task and stimuli critically determine to what extent a given sense is favoured. We report a visuotactile texture assessment experiment, consisting of the speeded discrimination of roughened textile samples, in the presence of a congruent or an incongruent textile distractor. When discriminating between samples, visual assessment of textile roughness was modulated by incongruous tactile distractors, but not vice versa, even when visual distractors were more discriminable than tactile targets. This asymmetry in interference suggests that 'modality appropriateness' is not purely a function of the discriminative ability of a sensory modality, but that ecological validity may play a role in determining the more 'appropriate' sense for a given task. Results are discussed in relation to the claim that the assessment of textiles is more ecologically suited to touch than to vision.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Structural and biosynthetic properties of peptides in cone snail venoms.

Venoms of the predatory cone snails Conus textile, Conus striatus, and Conus magus were subjected to comprehensive analysis of peptide content. With the fish-eating cone snails C. magus and C. striatus, the most abundant venom peptides were of > 30-50 residues, whereas the predominant peptides in the venom of the mollusc-eating snail, C. textile, were of 20-35 residues. Amino acid sequencing revealed an identical but unusual amino acid in a conserved position in four novel omega-type peptides from the C. textile venom. Two conserved amino acid sequences were obtained from the venoms of both C. magus and C. striatus. The amino acid compositions of the isolated C. textile peptides and the expected processing products of the propeptides (42) were compared. Despite the recovery in abundance of the carboxyl-terminal omega-type peptides, none of the isolated peptides had compositions expected from the propeptide amino-terminal fragments. We conclude that there are likely mechanisms for excluding the amino-terminal propeptide fragments from this venom, resulting in a venom with greater potency. Amounts of the different omega-type peptides in the venom vary widely, suggesting a distinct mechanism that results in the selective synthesis of different bioactive carboxyl-terminal propeptide fragments at elevated levels.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

High frequency of simultaneous sensitivity to Disperse Orange 3 in patients with positive patch tests to para-phenylenediamine.

Cross-sensitization between para-phenylenediamine (PPD) and Disperse Orange 3 (DO3), among other textile dyes, has frequently been reported. We evaluated the frequency of simultaneous patch test reactions to PPD and a range of textile dyes. Retrospectively, we studied 128 patients who were patch test positive to PPD and who had also been tested to textile dyes. The dyes that most commonly also reacted were DO3 (46.1%) followed by Disperse Yellow 3 (21.9%). 80% of 55 patients who had a + + or stronger reaction to PPD also reacted to DO3. Dyes that were least likely also to react were Bismarck Brown (0%), Naphthol AS (1.06%), Disperse Yellow 9 (1.06%), Disperse Blue 3 (1.56%) and Disperse Red 11 (2.13%). We interpreted the simultaneous patch test reactions to PPD and DO3 as due either to cross-sensitivity proper, or to metabolic conversion of textile dyes in the skin to PPD.

Allergens↗
PubMed2003

Mineral accumulation, growth, and physiological functions in Dalbergia sissoo seedlings irrigated with different effluents.

Present study aimed to observe the mineral accumulation added through effluent application and their influence on physiological functions and growth of Dalbergia sissoo and ultimately to find out suitable combination of industrial and municipal effluent for their utilization in raising tree plantation. Dalbergia sissoo seedlings were irrigated with: canal water (T1); municipal effluent (T2); textile effluent (T3); steel effluent (T4); textile + municipal effluent in 1:1 ratio (T5); steel + municipal effluent in 1:2 ratio (T6); steel + municipal + textile in 1:2:2 ratio (T7); and steel + textile in 1:2 ratio (T8). Mineral accumulation, water relations and gas exchange, growth and biomass production were the recorded observations. Mortality occurred within a day for the seedlings in T4, 45 days in T6, and 60 days in T7 and T8 treatments. This was probably the result of high (P<0.01) Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn and low N, P, K, Ca, and Mg concentration in different parts of the seedlings in these treatments affecting physiology and growth. Reduction in rate of photosynthesis (Pn) and transpiration (T) to the level of 90%, leaf water potential (LWP) and increased stomatal resistance (R) at two months of age is the indicator of metal toxicity in these treatments. Pn and T were 20 and 17% high in T2 treatment, respectively. However, the reduction was only 21 and 10% in Pn and 18 and 26%, respectively in the seedlings of T3 and T5 than that in T1 treatment. During nine months of observation, the seedlings of T2 and T5 maintained high LWP and same rate of Pn and T but they reduced significantly (P<0.01) in the seedlings of T3 treatment affecting biomass production. This was believed to be due to increase in Na concentration leading to decrease in Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn concentration and ratio of Mg/Na and Mg/K and increased ratio of N/Mg and K/Ca + Mg. The enhanced physiological functions in T5 treatment were probably the result of ameliorative effect of municipal effluent through increased mineral status producing biomass equivalent to that in T1 treatment at 10 months of age. The seedlings of T2 attained greater (P<0.01) height and collar diameter and produced 120g seedling(-1) of dry biomass. The study suggests that addition of excess mineral elements leads to metal toxicity that adversely affects physiology and ultimately growth and productivity of tree seedlings. Mixing of effluents to ameliorate the toxic effects could be the better management practices for their use in tree irrigation.

Dalbergia↗
PubMed2002

Mutagenicity of two 2-phenylbenzotriazole derivatives, 2-[2-(acetylamino)-4-(diethylamino)-5-methoxyphenyl]-5-amino- 7-bromo-4-chloro-2H-benzotriazole and 2-[2-(acetylamino)-4-(diallylamino)-5-methoxyphenyl]-5-amino-7-bromo-4-chloro-2H-benzotriazole and their detection in river water in Japan.

We recently detected five 2-phenylbenzotriazole (PBTA)-type mutagens (PBTA-1, PBTA-2, PBTA-3, PBTA-4 and PBTA-6) in concentrates from several rivers that flow in geographically different areas in Japan containing textile-related industries. On the basis of synthesis studies, these five PBTA derivatives were deduced to have originated from the corresponding dinitrophenylazo dyes, which are industrial chemicals used in textile dyeing, via reduction and chlorination. 2-[(2-Bromo-4,6-dinitrophenyl)azo]-5-(diethylamino)-4-methoxyacetanilide (Color Index name Disperse Blue 291, CAS registry no. 56548-64-2) and 2-[(2-bromo-4,6-dinitrophenyl)azo]-5-(diallylamino)-4-methoxyacetanilide (Color Index name Disperse Blue 373, CAS registry no. 51868-46-3) are used in textile dyeing and have 2-[(2-bromo-4,6-dinitrophenyl)azo]-4-methoxyacetanilide moieties in their structures, which are thought to be essential for their conversion to mutagenic PBTA derivatives. In the present study we have synthesized 2-[2-(acetyl-amino)-4-(diethylamino)-5-methoxyphenyl]-5-amino-7-bromo-4-chloro-2H-benzotriazole (PBTA-7) and 2-[2-(acetylamino)-4-(diallylamino)-5-methoxyphenyl]-5-amino-7-bromo-4-chloro-2H-benzotriazole (PBTA-8) from Disperse Blue 291 and Disperse Blue 373, respectively, by reduction with iron powder and subsequent chlorination with sodium hypochlorite. Both PBTA-7 and PBTA-8 exerted strong mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and YG1024 in the presence of S9 mix (43 000 and 1 430 000 revertants/nmol for PBTA-7 and 40 700 and 2 213 000 revertants/nmol for PBTA-8 in TA98 and YG1024). To clarify whether PBTA-7 and PBTA-8 exist in the environment, water samples were collected at seven sites in six rivers flowing through two different regions where textile dyeing industries are located. All water samples were mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium YG1024 with S9 mix and their potencies ranged from 108 000 to 1 990 000 revertants/g blue rayon. PBTA-7 and PBTA-8 were detected in water samples from both regions at levels of <0.1-101.4 ng/g blue rayon and <0.1-48.9 ng/g blue rayon, respectively. In some samples PBTA-7 and PBTA-8 could contribute up to 15% of the water mutagenicity.

Aniline Compounds↗
PubMed1989

Effect of parents' occupational exposures on risk of stillbirth, preterm delivery, and small-for-gestational-age infants.

Epidemiologic research on the effects of parental occupational exposures on fetal development has been limited. The National Natality and Fetal Mortality surveys obtained applicable data on probability samples of live births and fetal deaths which occurred in the US in 1980 among married women. Analyses were conducted for case groups of stillbirths (2,096 mothers, 3,170 fathers), preterm deliveries (less than 37 weeks completed gestation) (363 mothers, 552 fathers), and small-for-gestational-age infants (218 mothers, 371 fathers) compared with controls. Occupational exposures were defined by industry of employment and by imputed exposures based on a job-exposure linkage system. For stillbirth, maternal work in the rubber, plastics, and synthetics industry (odds ratio (OR) = 1.8, 95% confidence interval (Cl) 0.8-4.0) and lead exposure (OR = 1.6, 95% Cl 0.8-3.1), and paternal employment in the textile industry (OR = 1.9, 95% Cl 1.2-2.9), had the largest odds ratios. Preterm birth was most strongly associated with maternal lead exposure (OR = 2.3, 95% Cl 0.7-7.0), corroborating previous findings. Twofold increased risk of preterm delivery was found with paternal employment in the glass, clay, and stone; textile; and mining industries. Paternal exposures to x-rays and polyvinyl alcohol were associated with 1.5-fold increase in risk. The occupation of the mother was not associated with delivery of a small-for-gestational-age infant, in contrast to paternal employment in the art (OR = 2.6, 95% Cl 1.2-5.6) and textile industries (OR = 2.5, 95% Cl 1.3-4.7). Several toxic agents were associated with risk elevation of 1.3 or greater for fathers, most notably benzene (OR = 1.5, 95% Cl 1.1-2.3). In spite of limitations in the exposure data, the size of the exposed populations, and possible confounding, the results in this study encourage further evaluation of the effects of maternal exposure to lead and possibly solvents, as well as paternal exposure in the textile industry and to x-rays and benzene.

Female↗
PubMed1998

The surgical gowns and drapes of tomorrow. Specifying material performance and test methods.

A mandatory European standard is being developed to establish basic requirements and test methods for disposable and reusable materials used for surgical gowns and drapes. Once this standard has been adopted, the continued use of cotton textiles and conventional cotton-polyester-mixed textiles will become questionable. This article outlines the proposed requirements and looks at alternative methods that use liquid-repellent micro-filament textiles or liquid-proof textile laminates.

Equipment Reuse↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The epidemiology of multiples sclerosis in Alcoi. Analytical data].

INTRODUCTION: The epidemiology of multiple sclerosis (ME) in the Alcoi area has been studied by our groups for many years. When studying the factors linked to ME in this area initially we observed that migration, contact with dogs and the textile industry were associated with the disorder. A later study, in which the migration factor was controlled, still showed a significant association with contact with dogs and the textile industry. OBJECTIVE: To make an analytical study avoiding the possible confusing effect of contact with the textile industry, since this may be associated with other factors. We also compared the results of previous studies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We made a case control study in which each case was paired with four controls for age, sex and having worked or not worked in the textile industry. The cases fulfilled the criteria for diagnosis of ME. The control patients came from the Emergency and Trauma Departments of Alcoi hospital. RESULTS. We analyzed 37 patients and 148 controls. Significant values were obtained for smoking, low social class, chickenpox and measles infections when aged under 15 years, pneumonia when aged over 15 years and contact with dogs, sheep and dissolvents. CONCLUSIONS: Contact with dogs was associated with multiple sclerosis in all the studies carried out in the Alcoi area to date. This is therefore a risk factor for the disorder in the Alcoi population.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Occupation and the risk of lung cancer by histologic types and morphologic distribution: a case control study in Turkey.

BACKGROUND: The lung cancer incidence rate in Turkey has been increasing since the early 1980's. Etiology of lung cancer could be affected by differences in lifestyle, working conditions, and occupational exposures. OBJECTIVES: A hospital based case-control study was conducted in Turkey to provide information on the role that occupation plays in lung cancer etiology and the relationship between occupations and histologic types and the morphologic distribution of lung cancer. METHODS: A total of 1,354 male cases and 1,519 controls were analysed. Basic information was obtained from patients from a standardised questionnaire. Occupational titles of the subjects were classified by standard occupational and industrial codes. Age- and smoking-adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. RESULTS: Excess lung cancer occurred among fire-fighters (OR: 6.8, CI: 1.3-37.4), drivers (OR: 1.4, CI: 1.1-2.0), textile workers (OR: 1.7, CI: 1.1-2.7), water treatment plant workers (OR: 2.2, CI: 1.1-4.3) and highway construction workers (OR: 1.5, CI: 1.0-2.5). Workers in the textile and grain milling industries were shown to have a significant excess risk of squamous cell carcinoma. Textile workers, and those working at water treatment plants had excess risk of small cell carcinoma. Construction workers had excess risk of adenocarcinoma. Fire-fighters and workers at textile plants, grain mills, water treatment plants, and in steel production were exposed to a high risk of peripheral tumors while the risk of central tumors was excessive among drivers and highway construction workers. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of lung cancer was associated with several occupations and peripheral located tumors and squamous lung cancer was the most common type.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2004

Diagnosis and treatment of dermatitis due to formaldehyde resins in clothing.

An increasing number of cases of allergic contact dermatitis secondary to formaldehyde resins used for textile finishes have been seen in our office over the last several years. Although previously reported to be more common in women, we have seen almost as many men as we have seen women with this condition, possibly because men are more likely to be occupationally sensitized to formaldehyde. We have found that patch-test reactions of only questionable strength may be clinically relevant. It has been our experience that many of these cases are of long duration before referral for patch testing. A low index of suspicion leads to a delayed diagnosis, and avoidance after diagnosis is difficult owing to the lack of labeling requirements for textile finishes. Patch testing with the textile resins Fixapret AC and Fixapret CPN most often identified patients with textile allergies. We have prepared a handout to give patients more definitive recommendations.

Allergens↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pleural mesothelioma in cotton spinning workers].

BACKGROUND: Cases of malignant mesothelioma (MM) in the non-asbestos textile industry have recently been described, but asbestos exposure in spinning and looming has seldom been reported. Nevertheless, on a national level the Italian Mesothelioma Registry (Re.Na.M) contains numerous cases of MM with past non-asbestos textile work but classified as "unknown" exposure due to poor information. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this research was to investigate possible past occupational exposure to asbestos in this specific industrial sector. METHODS: The MM cases were collected from the Mesothelioma Registry of Brescia. Work histories were obtained via a standardized questionnaire. Investigations were conducted in textile machinery manufacturing plants in order to collect information regarding the possible use of asbestos parts; at the same time, the use of asbestos friction materials and the use of sprayed asbestos for noise abatement purposes or thermal insulation was checked in the cotton industry by interviewing the management of two companies where a cluster of MM was observed. RESULTS: The Mesothelioma Registry of Brescia retrieved and collected 15 MM cases with past work in the cotton spinning industry, 4 of them employed in the same company. Further search of asbestos use gave positive results as the use of friction materials has been widespread since the fifties, while sprayed asbestos was not found anywhere in the cotton industry. On the other hand, half of the cases were employed during the thirties and forties, when friction materials appear to have been asbestos-free. Therefore the other hypothesis of exposure could be direct manufacture of asbestos yarn. CONCLUSION: The results of this investigation indicate the attribution, at least, of possible asbestos exposure"for those cases employed in textile industries since the fifties, according to the Re.Na.M guidelines; for those cases employed before that period the same classification can be attributed on an epidemiological basis. Previous work periods need further investigation in order to demonstrate the circumstances of the occupational asbestos exposure, given the heterogeneity of work processes and machinery characteristic of this industrial sector.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Exposures and mortality among chrysotile asbestos workers. Part II: mortality.

A retrospective cohort mortality study was conducted among a cohort of 1,261 white males employed one or more months in chrysotile asbestos textile operations and followed between 1940 and 1975. Statistically significant excess mortality was observed for all causes combined (standardized mortality ratio [SMR] = 150), lung cancer (SMR = 135), diseases of the circulatory system (SMR = 125), nonmalignant respiratory diseases (SMR = 294), and accidents (SMR = 134). Using estimated fiber exposure levels in conjunction with detailed worker job histories, exposure-response relationships were investigated. Strong exposure-response relationships for lung cancer and asbestos related non-malignant respiratory diseases were observed. Compared with data for chrysotile miners and millers, chrysotile textile workers were found to experience significantly greater lung cancer mortality at lower lifetime cumulative exposure levels. Factors such as differences in airborne fiber characteristics may partially account for the large differences in exposure response between textile workers and miners and millers.

Asbestos↗