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At least 1,585 records · Page 88Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Real-time PCR assay for rapid and accurate detection of point mutations conferring resistance to clarithromycin in Helicobacter pylori.

The main cause of failure of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy is resistance to clarithromycin. The resistance is due to three point mutations in two positions on the 23S rRNA (A2142C, A2142G, and A2143G). Our aim was to develop a rapid and accurate method to detect these mutations directly on biopsy specimens. We developed a real-time PCR that included a simultaneous detection of the amplicons by hybridization of two probes labeled with LC-Red and fluorescein by using the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technology and melting curve analysis with the LightCycler thermocycler. The assay was first applied successfully on reference strains, reference plasmids, and H. pylori-negative biopsies. Biopsies from 200 patients having failed a first eradication attempt and for whom the H. pylori strain was available were then tested with the new assay. A result was obtained in 199 cases; a single genotype was detected in 157 cases, two genotypes were detected in 41 cases, and three genotypes were detected in one case. There were, in total, seven discrepancies between the real-time PCR and the phenotypic method of determination of clarithromycin susceptibility, and in an additional four cases the two phenotypic methods were in disagreement. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism was applied to a sampling of biopsies, including all of the cases with multiple genotypes and all the cases with discrepant results. Finally, in four cases with discrepant results, the real-time PCR detected the resistant population at a concentration so low that it could not be detected by the phenotypic method, while in three cases other mutations could be involved. This assay had an accuracy at least as satisfactory as that of the phenotypic tests and could be performed within 2 h, allowing it to be used before the administration of therapy in the case of a first H. pylori eradication.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical care and the factory floor.

The purpose of this article is to provide the author's perspective on whether it is likely or feasible that those working in the health care domain will adapt and use lessons learned by those in the industrial domain. This article provides some historical perspective on the changes brought about in the industrial domain through the introduction of new technologies, including information technologies. The author discusses how industrialization catalyzed changes in health care delivery that paralleled but lagged behind those of the broader U.S. economy. The article concludes that there is ample reason for those interested in improving the quality and effectiveness of health informatics to systematically evaluate information technology strategies used in the industrial domain. Finally, it outlines some challenges for health informaticians and a number of factors that should be considered in adapting lessons from industry to the health care domain.

Computers↗
PubMed1991

When all is said and done....

Dr. Benacerraf describes his experience in training immunologists for a period of over 30 years. He then analyzes the circumstances in which selected discoveries were made in his laboratory and the events and reasoning that led to these findings. The following topics are discussed: The phagocytic activity of the reticulo-endothelial system. The pathogenesis of immune complex diseases. The impact of activated macrophages on tumor rejection. The evidence that T-cell immunity is specific for internal protein determinants generated by antigen processing. The maturation of the antibody response in terms of antibody affinity. The discovery of Ir gene control of specific immune responses and the role of MHC molecules as presenters of peptide antigens to T cells. The generation of alloreactivity. Lastly, he addresses the administration of science and, particularly, the problems related to the transfer of technology to industrial partners.

Allergy and Immunology↗
PubMed1995

Development and application of herpes simplex virus vectors for human gene therapy.

Advances in understanding the molecular basis of human disease and the development of recombinant DNA methods is rapidly creating new means of disease diagnosis and treatment. Among the most revolutionary developments are technologies for transfer of therapeutic genes to the human body to treat both inherited and acquired disease. Gene therapy offers considerable promise for ameliorating otherwise intractable diseases such as immunopathological conditions, cancer, heart disease, and various metabolic and neurodegenerative syndromes. To fulfill this promise, more efficient and effective methods of gene delivery and appropriate gene expression must be developed. The lack of such techniques is currently the most significant impediment to the use of genetic therapy. Both viral and nonviral delivery systems are under development for specific gene-therapy applications. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) represents a novel vector system for gene delivery to the nervous system and other tissues. HSV is able to establish latency in nondividing neuronal cells in which genomes persist long-term but do not integrate or alter host-cell metabolism and that carry a promoter system uniquely capable of escaping repression that shuts off the expression of HSV-lytic genes during latency. This review examines efforts to create defective HSV vectors that are safe, noncytotoxic, and applicable to the treatment of cancer and diseases affecting peripheral nerves. Perhaps the most important use of HSV vectors will be for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases of the brain, but additional studies are required to improve the design of promoters to ensure regulatable or effective levels of therapeutic gene expression.

Brain Diseases↗
PubMed2005

Commercialization and implementation of biocontrol.

Although the number of biocontrol products is increasing, these products still represent only about 1% of agricultural chemical sales. Yet these are important contributions because biocontrol agents offer disease management alternatives with different mechanisms of action than chemical pesticides. Trends in research include the increased use of biorational screening processes to identify microorganisms with potential for biocontrol, increased testing under semicommercial and commercial production conditions, increased emphasis on combining biocontrol strains with each other and with other control methods, integrating biocontrol into an overall system.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

Translating research into clinical practice: deliberations from the American Association for Cancer Research.

Translational research is difficult to define but recognizable to all who engage in it. Academic medical centers struggle to participate effectively, in contrast to the biotechnology or pharmaceutical industry, which are designed for nothing else. The process of translational research can be viewed as a cycle with defined phases and identifiable checkpoints. From the original hypothesis, through early scientific testing, investigators with different skill sets are required to move a fundamental observation through preclinical tests of clinical relevance then ultimately into the clinic. The various investigators must be able to organize effective research teams, whose compositions will differ as one moves closer to treating patients. Each phase, from discovery through application, has a set of barriers that can be summarized as culture, human resources/education, infrastructure, and regulatory. At a retreat of the Clinical Translational Research Committee of the American Association for Cancer Research, many of the issues facing academic centers were discussed and several recommendations are summarized here.

Biomedical Research↗