Effect of petroleum aromatic hydrocarbons on monogeneids parasitizing Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L.
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Animals↗
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Results for “TREMATODE INFECTIONS”
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The chemotherapeutic activity of selected fasciolicides against immature Fasciola hepatica in mice.
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Acetamides↗
Calicophoron calicophorum (Trematoda: Paramphistomatidae) and paramphistomiasis in domestic cattle in the East Kimberley District of Western Australia.
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Abomasum↗
Enteric paramphistomiasis in Yankasa sheep.
An outbreak of acute enteric paramphistomiasis was observed among Yankasa (indigenous) sheep that were herded with cattle on the University farm at Samaru in February 1973. Mortality was approximately thirty to forty per cent. The most important clinical signs were anorexia, unthriftiness and profuse foetid diarrhoea soiling the perianal region and hind legs. Diagnosis was based on the post-mortem findings, clinical signs and presence of conical flukes identified as Paramphistomum microbothrium.
Animals↗
Ultrastructure of metacercarial cysts of six heterophyid trematodes from fish.
The ultrastructure of metacercarial cysts of Ascocotyle sexidigita. A. (Phagicola) diminuta, and Pygidiopsoides spindalis (herein described for the first time) collected from natural hosts in California was compared with that of cysts from A. tenuicollis (also described for the first time), A. pachycystis, and A. leighi collected from natural fish hosts in Mississippi. The results show that none of the cysts studied approximated the thick cyst produced by A. pachycystis, but all cysts comprised several layers of putative glycoprotein except for A. (P.) diminuta, which was associated with a single layer of spongy cyst wall.
Animals↗
[Cercaria dermatitis (swimmer's itch). Case report of cercaria dermatitis caused by Trichobilharzia (Digena, Schistosomatidae)].
A 63-year-old woman developed a pruritic exanthema on the extremities after one hour of work in her garden pond in Planegg, Southern Bavaria. As the appropriate vectors (ducks and snails) were present, we made the tentative diagnosis of cercarial dermatitis (swimmer's itch). By different serological methods (cercarial fluorescent antibody test, cercarial Hüllen reaction, circumoval precipitin test) antibodies against cercariae could be demonstrated in the serum of the patient 14 days later. Cercarial dermatitis appears worldwide, but in Central Europe the disease is often not recognized.
Animals↗
Assessment of stress-related bioindicators in winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) exposed to discharges from a pulp and paper mill in Newfoundland: a 5-year field study.
This study assessed the effects of discharges from a sulphite-bleaching paper mill on winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) sampled each spring over a 5-year period in St. George's Bay, Newfoundland, prior to foraging activity. The fish were captured by SCUBA divers near the mill and at a reference site 10 km up current. Several bioindicators were used to assess fish health. Larger and older flounder exhibiting gross and microscopic tissue lesions, lower condition factor, and elevated hepatosomatic index but lower gonadosomatic index that was associated with delayed development, were observed in samples caught near the mill compared to those at the reference site. Additionally, fish examined near the mill were infested with an ectoparasite, Cryptocotyle lingua, that causes black spot disease but harbored fewer numbers of a digene, Steringophorus furciger, in the digestive tract than samples taken at the reference site. These results suggest that abnormal size distribution, interruption of growth, high prevalence of lesions, lower condition factor, enlarged liver, delayed gonadal development, and differences in parasitic levels were indicative of stress in winter flounder caused by discharges from the mill compared to samples from a reference site. There was no evidence of a population decline in the inlet because of annual recruitment possibly from St. George's Bay into which it opens.
Animals↗
Octomacrum europaeum (Monogenea: Octomacridae) in Europe: historical and recent perspectives.
Several specimens of Octomacrum europaeum (Octomacridae: Monogenea) were found on the gills of Alburnoides bipunctatus in the Czech Republic. The morphometry of the specimens measured in the present study was in agreement with that of the original description.
Animals↗
Abundance-prevalence relationship of gill congeneric ectoparasites: testing the core satellite hypothesis and ecological specialisation.
We investigated the abundance-prevalence relationships in monogeneans belonging to the genus Dactylogyrus. A total of 182 dactylogyrid populations representing nine species were collected from the gills of roach ( Rutilus rutilus). Local abundance was found to be strongly positively correlated with prevalence. Two hypotheses were tested to explain this relationship: (1) the core-satellite hypothesis, and (2) the ecological specialisation hypothesis. Abundance was log-normally distributed, and the relationship between mean abundance and variance of abundance followed Taylor's power law prediction. Prevalence showed a negative binomial distribution, which does not confirm the core-satellite hypothesis. The positive relationship between abundance and prevalence was found for both specialists and generalists. However, generalists were found to be more widely distributed among hosts and had higher abundances than specialists, which supports the ecological specialisation hypothesis.
Animals↗
Is there a potential danger of "swimmer's itch in Poland?
Tests with cercariae of Trichobilharzia szidati (Neuhaus, 1952) and Bilharziella polonica (Kowalewski, 1895) from naturally parasitised host snails from lake Jeziorak in north Poland were carried out on human volunteers under laboratory conditions. Only T. szidati was capable of causing the symptoms of "swimmer's itch". In the experiment with B. polonica no symptoms of dermatitis were observed either after the first or second exposure.
Animals↗
Molecular characterization and differentiation of opisthorchiid trematodes of the species Opisthorchis felineus (Rivolta, 1884) and Metorchis bilis (Braun, 1790) using polymerase chain reaction.
Adult specimens of the opisthorchiid liver fluke species Opisthorchis felineus and Metorchis bilis could be identified for the first time by molecular biological methods using species specific primers (OF and MB primers) in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The OF or MB primers were based on a part of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene. A specific product of approximately 200 bp could be amplified for O. felineus by means of the specific O. felineus primers. By contrast, the amplification of M. bilis DNA with MB primers produced a fragment of approximately 110 bp. A specificity of 100% could be demonstrated for both primer pairs. The sensitivities of the PCRs were 10 pg for the O. felineus DNA and 100 fg for the M. bilis DNA.
Animals↗
A sero-epidemiological survey on the occurrence of opisthorchiid liver flukes in red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes) in Berlin, Germany.
Serum samples collected from red foxes in the city of Berlin between 1996 and 1999 were analysed for the presence of antibodies against Opisthorchis felineus and Metorchis bilis using an indirect ELISA. Out of 1,000 specimens, 30.6% and 46.5% reacted positively with specific O. felineus and M. bilis antigens, respectively. Seroprevalence in adult foxes was always higher than in juveniles. While no significant differences were observed in adult foxes throughout the period, in juvenile specimens seroprevalence declined from 1996 to 1997, then stayed at a comparable level in 1998 and increased in 1999. A varying availability of fresh cyprinid fish in different years seems to be the reason for changes in seroprevalence. By grouping the samples from juvenile foxes by season, antibodies against both Metorchis and Opisthorchis antigens started to appear between April and June, increased between July and September()and reached a level comparable to adult foxes in the October to December quarter. The lowest seroprevalence was found in Pankow, which is the district with the lowest share of the surface water.
Animals↗
Reproductive barriers between congeneric monogenean parasites (Dactylogyrus: Monogenea): attachment apparatus morphology or copulatory organ incompatibility?
Morphometrical parameters of the attachment apparatus and copulatory organs of 52 Dactylogyrus species parasitizing 17 species of cyprinid fishes were analysed to test for the existence of reproductive barriers among congeneric species. The minimal spanning tree (MST) method was applied in the analyses. The position of "real" parasite communities, based on (1) observed infracommunities, (2) a checklist of parasites for a given host in the morphological space, was compared to the position of randomly generated communities using all Dactylogyrus species. The distribution of species similarity within infracommunities (using both attachment and copulatory measurements) was not significantly different from that obtained by simulation, and this trend was similar for both the checklist and observed infracommunities. When real infracommunities were separated according to host specificity (specialists versus generalists), we found differences reflecting similarities in the shapes of attachment and copulatory organs. Within specialists, more similarities in the shape of the attachment apparatus can be found than within generalists, whereas the similarity in copulatory organ shape seems to be random. When generalists are considered, parasite infracommunities with the greater differences in attachment apparatus are also more different in terms of the shape of their copulatory apparatus. We conclude that specialist parasites possess more similarity in attachment apparatus due to specialisation to their host, whereas the species similarity in copulatory organs within infracommunities exhibits a random pattern, but with the copulatory organs being more variable than the attachment apparatus (which may be due to reproductive isolation). The morphology of the copulatory apparatus seems not to be the single factor explaining reproductive isolation among species.
Animals↗
Scanning electron microscopy of Aspidogaster ijimai Kawamura, 1913 and A. conchicola Baer, 1827 (Aspidogastrea, Aspidogastridae) with reference to their fish definitive-host specificity.
Two species of aspidogastreans, namely Aspidogaster ijimai and A. conchicola, were studied by scanning electron microscopy. In nine lakes and an old river course, the Tian'ezhou oxbow, investigated in the flood plain of the Yangtze River, A. ijimai was obtained from the common carp ( Cyprinus carpio) in three lakes, and A. conchicola from the black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus in three lakes and the oxbow. In none of the localities, however, were the two species found together. It is suggested that A. ijimai may be considered as a specialist parasite for the common carp, at least in the flood-plain lakes of the Yangtze River. The two parasites were similar in many aspects of their morphology. Their bodies can both be separated into a dorsal part and a ventral disc, with the body surface of the dorsal part elevated by transverse folds, and the disc subdivided into alveoli by transverse and longitudinal septa, although the number of alveoli was different in the two species. The depression on the ventral surface of the neck region was prominent for both species, and their ventral disc was covered densely with non-ciliated bulbous papillae. The position of mouth, osmo-regulatory pore and marginal organ was also similar for A. ijimai and A. conchicola. However, microridges in the trough of the folds in the neck region and numerous small pits on the upper part of the septa were found exclusively in A. ijimai, but uniciliated sensory papillae in A. conchicola.
Animals↗
Navigation within host tissues: cercariae orientate towards dark after penetration.
The survival of skin penetrating cercariae depends on information on the direction to move toward deeper layers in the epidermis (the direction of further migration) and toward the surface (direction which must be avoided when migrating). We tested the hypothesis that parasites can use their photo-sensitivity for orientation away from the light-exposed skin surface towards darker locations. Cercariae of species invading humans ( Schistosoma mansoni), birds ( Trichobilharzia ocellata) and fish ( Diplostomum spathaceum) oriented towards light sources when free swimming in cuvettes. However, they shifted to a negative photo-orientation when migrating in agar substrates after penetration and transformation to schistosomula. This is a first hint that parasites may use photo-orientation when they navigate in host tissues.
Agar↗
Dinurus ivanosi sp. nov. (Digenea: Hemiuridae) from the stomach of dolphin fish, Coryphaena hippurus, caught off the Kerala Coast, India.
A new species of stomach fluke, Dinurus ivanosi (sp. nov.), was recovered from the dolphin fish, Coryphaena hippurus, off the Kerala Coast, India. It is similar to other Dinurus species in the plicated prosoma, trilobed seminal vesicle and seven vitellaria, but differs from them in the length of the pharynx, unequal lobes of the seminal vesicle and unequal size of the testes. The most important diagnostic features of the new species are the general shape and proportions of the body, the position of the oral sucker, elongated pharynx, small distal lobe of the seminal vesicle, and larger anterior testis, smaller egg size, short and slender vitellaria and the limited extent of the vitelline field.
Animals↗
A comparison of the anterior adhesive system in the oncomiracidium and adult of the monogenean parasite Menizocotyle icopae (Monocotylidae).
The anterior adhesive system of the oncomiracidium and adult of Merizocotyle icopae (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) were compared. The oncomiracidium has one ventrally placed aperture on either side of the head near the anterior extremity. In the adult, there are three ventrally placed apertures on either side of the head region. Both systems have three types of electron-dense secretory bodies opening into each aperture. A rod-shaped secretion (S1) and a small electron dense ovoid secretion (S2) are common to larvae and adults. The third secretion type differs: in adults, it is a large, spherical (S3) type but in larvae, it is an ovoid (S4) body. S4 bodies do occur in adults, but appear to be secreted as a general body secretion. An additional anteromedian secretion (S5) is also present in the oncomiracidium, but is not secreted into the anterior apertures. Homology and function of secretions are discussed.
Adhesiveness↗
Description and redescription of Haliotrema species (Monogenoidea: Poloyonchoinea: Dactylogyridae) parasitizing butterfly fishes (Teleostei: Chaetodontidae) in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean.
Haliotrema species are described and/or reported from the gills of butterfly fishes (Chaetodontidae) from coral reefs of the Indo-West Pacific islands: Moorea (French Polynesia), Palau (Micronesia), Wallis (Wallis and Futuna), New Caledonia, Lizard Island and Heron Island (Great Barrier Reef, Australia). Haliotrema angelopterum sp. nov., a new species of Monogenoidea parasite from seven species of Chaetodon Linnaeus, 1758 (Chaetodontidae), is described. A new redescription and statute are given for Haliotrema aurigae (Yamaguti, 1968) comb. nov., a parasite from ten species of Chaetodon and one species of Heniochus Cuvier, 1816 (Chaetodontidae). New records of Haliotrema scyphovagina Yamaguti, 1968 are reported from two localities and from several host species belonging to the genera Chaetodon and Forcipiger Jordan and McGregor, 1898 (Chaetodontidae).
Animals↗