Social strategists for urban development. Some impressions of the 13th International Conference of Social Work.
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Humans↗
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Results for “Social Development”
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[A national survey of fertility. No. 20. Sexual relations and contraception. The development of their social significance].
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Adolescent↗
Using social marketing to develop and test tailored health messages.
OBJECTIVE: To advance and promote procedures to evaluate tailored health messages based on the 4 Ps of social marketing (SM). METHOD: Three studies are presented for heuristic purposes to show the evolution and application of a "research plan" to 3 phases of SM research that address the 4 Ps. RESULTS: Qualitative and quantitative methods provide useful information to develop messages and to evaluate message efficacy for public health campaigns, to recruit participants to interventions, and/or to influence program adherence and participant retention. CONCLUSIONS: Formal, systematic research methods offer a viable means to evaluate the potential of SM constructs.
Feedback↗
Lighting cycle and social isolation affect development of elevated blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Around-the-clock blood pressure measurements repeated from the 2nd to 6th month of life in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) quantify circadian rhythmicity during the development of an elevated mean blood pressure. The rise in overall pressure is aggravated by social isolation in SHR maintained on a 12-hour white light/12-hour dim red light cycle, but not in SHR kept in continuous dim red light. The demonstration of this interaction is not possible with blood pressure measurements performed only at certain (convenient) times: failure to quantify the circadian rhythm in systolic blood pressure leads to conclusions which can vary with the circadian time at which measurements are made, even in comparisons at the same fixed clock-hour. Thus, in order to model and optimize multiple factors interacting in the genesis of overall mammalian pressure in SHR, rhythmometry is an indispensable tool as it is in other fields.
Animals↗
Ego development, authoritarianism, and social status: an investigation of the incremental validity of Loevinger's sentence completion test (short form).
This study presents two sets of analyses designed to evaluate the relation between a 12-item form of the Washington University Sentence Completion Test of ego development (Short Form; SCT-S) and socioeconomic status (SES). The subjects were a large national random sample of adolescent and young adult men and women who were stratified into three artificial age cohorts. The first set of hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that SES accounted for 8% to 13% of the variance in SCT-S scores. Incremental validity of the SCT-S in predicting social attitudes, beyond that predicted by SES, was generally supported for authoritarian aggression and partially supported in predicting masculine sex role expectations. Findings suggest that research on ego development with subjects over age 18 might use level of education as a rough index of SES. For younger subjects, parental factors and education are both important. This study also provides revised age-specific national norms for the SCT-S.
Adolescent↗
Effects of prenatal exposure to benzodiazepine-related drugs on early development and adult social behaviour in Swiss mice--I. Agonists.
1. The present experiment examined, using a battery of tests, the effects of in utero exposure to the benzodiazepine agonists chlordiazepoxide and midazolam upon the early development and adult behaviour of offspring of Swiss mice. 2. Early development was generally retarded as a result of treatment. 3. Effects on adult social behaviour examined using the resident-intruder paradigm by determining the time spent in broad behavioural categories, showed marginal effects due to chlordiazepoxide and more striking actions due to midazolam treatments. Generally the treatments produced changes suggestive of an increase and a decrease in anxiety in males and females respectively.
Animals↗
[Social and psychological development of the child in the context of an unstable family].
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Adolescent↗
Macroautophagy is required for multicellular development of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum.
Macroautophagy is a mechanism employed by eukaryotic cells to recycle non-essential cellular components during starvation, differentiation, and development. Two conjugation reactions related to ubiquitination are essential for autophagy: Apg12p conjugation to Apg5p, and Apg8p conjugation to the lipid phosphatidylethanolamine. These reactions require the action of the E1-like enzyme, Apg7p, and the E2-like enzymes, Apg3p and Apg10p. In Dictyostelium, development is induced by starvation, conditions under which autophagy is required for survival in yeast and plants. We have identified Dictyostelium homologues of 10 budding yeast autophagy genes. We have generated mutations in apg5 and apg7 that produce defects typically associated with an abrogation of autophagy. Mutants are not grossly affected in growth, but survival during nitrogen starvation is severely reduced. Starved mutant cells show little turnover of cellular constituents by electron microscopy, whereas wild-type cells show significant cytoplasmic degradation and reduced organelle number. Bulk protein degradation during starvation-induced development is reduced in the autophagy mutants. Development is aberrant; the autophagy mutants do not aggregate in plaques on bacterial lawns, but they do proceed further in development on nitrocellulose filters, forming defective fruiting bodies. The autophagy mutations are cell autonomous, because wild-type cells in a chimaera do not rescue development of the autophagy mutants. We have complemented the mutant phenotypes by expression of the cognate gene fused to green fluorescent protein. A green fluorescent protein fusion of the autophagosome marker Apg8 mislocalizes in the two autophagy mutants. We show that the Apg5-Apg12 conjugation system is conserved in Dictyostelium.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
[The development of German social medicine in the nineteenth century].
In his influential treatise System einer vollständigen medizinischen Polizey, Johann Peter Frank (1745-1821) made significant contributions to the establishment of the concept of medical police, which has been understood as the forerunner of social medicine. Cameralism, the German version of mercantilism, became the very basis on which Frank and other German writers developed the framework of medical police. 'Medical reform' was the catchword of German medical men in the 1840s. The medical reform movement of 1848 was partially caused by a deep political, economic, and social crisis. Although Industrial Revolution began in Germany later than in England and France during the first half of the nineteenth century, by 1848 the formation of German industrial working-class made medical reformers recognize the causal relationships between social and health problems. The outstanding figures in the German medical reform movement of this period were Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902), Solomon Neumann and Rudolf Leubuscher. In his famous Report on the Typhus Epidemic in Upper Silesia, Virchow proposed several radical measures that could be used against the epidemic: the absolute separation of the schools from the church, the establishment of self-government in the state and community, unlimited democracy, road building, and the improvement of agriculture and horticulture. ...
Germany↗
Developments and trends in Social Security, 1990-1992: overview of principal trends.
The article that follows is a reprint of Part I of a report presented by Dalmer D. Hoskins, Secretary General of the International Social Security Association (ISSA), to the organization's XXIVth General Assembly (November 1992, Acapulco). It identifies and interprets the major trends currently influencing the evolution of social security programs around the world, and analyzes these developments against the backdrop of the current economic, demographic, and social environment in which these programs operate. (Part II of the report analyzes the changes according to each major branch of social security; an annex to the report provides more detailed information and source citations in reference to these changes.) The ISSA is a nongovernmental international organization headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. It is made up of 321 social security-related institutions, including the U.S. Social Security Administration, in 122 countries. The Association's aim is to protect, promote, and develop social security worldwide.
International Agencies↗
Social context of child development.
Theories of child development, no less than the ways in which children develop, are influenced by social context. This thesis is illustrated by examples drawn three areas relevant to pediatrics. First, given the data demonstrating that fewer biologic and social hazards result from first trimester abortion that from carrying an unwanted pregnancy to term, the current controversy about abortion can only be understood in relation to concerns about contemporary patterns of sexual behavior, contraceptive use, and preferred family size. Second, now that the majority of mothers are employed in the work force, stress on the importance of "bonding" in early infancy, on the basis of dubious evidence, leads to unwarranted implications for social policy. Third, in contrast to the traditional American belief in public schools as instruments for the democratization of our society, public education is now being assailed as useless (and thus undeserving of funding) despite data indicating that schools make a difference to both academic and behavioral outcomes. In these controversies, differing value commitments lead to the choice of different data sets to justify a priori conclusions. Social theories are, by their very nature, value-laden but they can nonetheless be effective guides to action if those values are made explicit.
Abortion, Induced↗
Protecting human health in a changing world: the role of social and economic development.
The biological and physical environment of the planet is changing at an unprecedented rate as a result of human activity, and these changes may have an enormous impact on human health. One of the goals of human development is to protect health in the face of rapid environmental change, but we often fail to do this. The aim in this paper is to distinguish between socioeconomic aspects of development that are likely to be protective and those that are likely to increase vulnerability (the capacity for loss resulting from environmental change). Examples include climate change in the Pacific. We conclude that protecting human health in a changing world requires us to take steps to minimize harmful change wherever possible, and at the same time to be prepared for surprises. The goals of mitigation (reducing or preventing change) and adaptation (response to change) are not mutually exclusive. In fact, steps to make populations more resilient in the face of change are often similar to those that are needed to lighten the load on the environment. We need social policies that convert economic growth into human development. Wider application of sustainable development concepts is part of the solution. In particular, there is a need to promote health as an essential asset of poor and vulnerable populations. It is their key to productivity and to surviving shocks; it is also the key to achieving broader development goals such as universal education. For these reasons it is in the interests of all sectors--economic, social and environmental--to play their particular roles in protecting and improving health.
Adult↗
A programmatic approach to socially complex intervention development.
First used in psychiatry to study pharmacological treatments, the randomized controlled trial provides the most powerful test of the relative effectiveness of two or more interventions. Applying RCT methodology to socially complex service interventions, however, presents unique challenges that derive from difficulties in treatment standardization, attaining study sample equivalence and controlling for environmental variations. These challenges can be managed when intervention development proceeds along a programmatic trajectory that spans discovery, development, efficacy, effectiveness and practice research.
Journal Article↗
[Development of index of social activities for the elderly].
In order to develop indices of social activities for the elderly, two surveys with 2 year intervals were conducted on the same 5,201 elderly subjects in four areas in Japan using a self-administered questionnaire. Social activities were defined as "activities which required contact with society" and were measured by 4 major facets of social activities, which were based on 21 questions relating to job activity, socially-plated activities, learning activities, and personal activities. The results were as follows; 1. The Wilcoxon scores in indices for 4 facets were given in sex and age groups. 2. Means of scores of indices increased with the degree of social activities from a subjective judgment. 3. Rank correlation coefficients between indices in two surveys were 0.60-0.71 for the persons whose answers were "no" to the question "did degrees of your activities change over the two years?" 4. Differences between indices in two surveys were higher in the persons with answers of "increase" to the above question than those with answers of "no", and were lower in those with answers of "decrease". These findings suggest that indices are available for assessing social activities as indicated by the reproducibility, validity and responsiveness found in this study.
Activities of Daily Living↗
Social effects on development of food preferences.
The purpose of this study was to answer the question as to whether the food preferences of the young are dependent on the social influences or not. The experiments were conducted on female cats bearing electrodes implanted in the mid-lateral hypothalamus, and their weanling kittens. Each mother was given a self-stimulation test; the mothers which learned to press a lever for the hypothalamic stimulation reward were chosen for the experiment. Each mother, always 4 h food deprived before the session, was given a choice of meat pellets and banana slices. Eating bananas was rewarded by the hypothalamic stimulation whereas eating meat pellets was not; as a result, the mother concentrated only on eating bananas while ignoring meat pellets. In the following sessions one or two weanling kittens were always accompanying the mother during the session. It was found that 15 out of 18 weanling kittens used in this experiment joined the mothers in eating bananas. After separation from the mothers these kittens continued to choose bananas and ignore meat pellets when tested in the absence of the mother. Control kittens of the same age, which were never trained with the mother, refused to eat bananas. Similar results were obtained with other mother-kittens groups in which mashed potatoes or plain jellied agar were given instead of bananas. These results suggested that the food preferences of the weanling kittens were influenced by the mother's choice of food, even in the case when this food was unusual for the species.
Animals↗
A neural cell adhesion molecule-derived fibroblast growth factor receptor agonist, the FGL-peptide, promotes early postnatal sensorimotor development and enhances social memory retention.
The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) belongs to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily and is composed extracellularly of five Ig-like and two fibronectin type III (F3) modules. It plays a pivotal role in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity. NCAM signals via a direct interaction with the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR). A 15-amino-acid long peptide, the FG loop (FGL) peptide, that is derived from the second F3 module of NCAM has been found to activate FGFR1. We here report that the FGL peptide, when administered intranasally to newborn rats, accelerated early postnatal development of coordination skills. In adult animals s.c. administration of FGL resulted in a prolonged retention of social memory. We found that FGL rapidly penetrated into the blood and cerebrospinal fluid after both intranasal and s.c. administration and remained detectable in the fluids for up to 5 hours.
Age Factors↗
Effects of prenatal exposure to benzodiazepine-related drugs on early development and adult social behaviour in Swiss mice--III. Inverse agonists.
1. The present experiment examined, using a battery of tests, the effects of in utero exposure to the benzodiazepine inverse agonists DMCM and FG 7142 upon the early development and adult behaviour of Swiss Mice. 2. Early development was respectively retarded and augmented by treatments with the higher and lower doses of DMCM. FG 7142 suppressed later development. DMCM retarded righting reflex on certain days. FG 7142 had a significant, biphasic effect on eye opening. 3. Adult social behaviour was examined using the resident-intruder paradigm, by determining the time spent in broad behavioural categories. Male offspring of dams treated with DMCM showed increased threat. FG 7142 had no significant effects.
Animals↗
The social-emotional and cultural contexts of cognitive development: neo-Piagetian perspectives.
The neo-Piagetian research on individual differences in cognitive development reviewed by Larivée, Normandeau, and Parent suggests that Piaget's theory can be used to explain variability in development. My commentary explores this question further through a discussion of two additional sources of variation in children's cognitive development: social-emotional context and cultural meanings.
Child↗