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PubMed1994

Choosing between models of choosing between sequences: comments on Shidoji (1993)

Previous studies have used a sequence choice procedure to explore the cognitive representations of forthcoming response sequences. Subjects choose as quickly as possible between memorized sequences, and differences in the choice reaction time for a given sequence as a function of the other possible sequence are used to model the structures and processes underlying the choice. In 1993 Shidoji reported experiments to distinguish between two models of choice. One model assumes a hierarchical editing process. The other model assumes that choice. One model assumes a hierarchical editing process. The other model assumes that choice time depends only on the total number of responses in the sequences to be distinguished. Shidoji argued that his data supported both models. He also suggested boundary conditions for the applicability of each model. I argue that the hierarchical editor model can account successfully for Shidoji's results.

Attention↗
PubMed1995

Women reconstruct more details than men for a complex five-minute narrative: implications for right-hemispheric factors in the serial memory effect.

A total of 20 men and 20 women listened to a 5-min. ambiguous narrative (the "Billy" story). When the subjects were asked (unexpectedly) to reconstruct the details of the story as a written narrative 30 min. later, women employed about 50% more words and comparably more accurate detail than the men. Covariance for pre-experimental experiences suggested that the women's proficiency could be related to the greater representation of linguistic processes within the right (non-dominant) hemisphere. The hypothesis that the classic deficit of reconstructional accuracy for events during the middle of a story is related to right-hemispheric inhibition was also supported. Subjects who recalled the fewest details reported more vivid dreaming during the subsequent two days.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Remembering spatial locations: effects of material and intelligence.

The aim of the present work was to test some of the criteria for automaticity of spatial-location coding claimed by Hasher and Zacks, particularly individual differences (as intelligence invariance) and effortful encoding strategies. Two groups of subjects, 15 with mental retardation (Down Syndrome, mean chronological age, 20.9 yr.; mean mental age, 11.6 yr.) and 15 normal children (mean age, 11.5 yr.), were administered four kinds of stimuli (pictures, concrete words, nonsense pictures, and abstract words) at one location on a card. Subsequently, subjects were presented the items on the card's centre and were required to place the items in their original locations. Analysis indicated that those with Down Syndrome scored lower than normal children on the four tasks and that stimuli were better or worse remembered according to their characteristics, e.g., their imaginability. Results do not support some of the conditions claimed to be necessary criteria for automaticity in the recall of spatial locations as stated by Hasher and Zacks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Alphanumeric sequencing and cognitive impairment among elderly persons.

Alphanumeric Sequencing involves the alternating recitation of counting and the alphabet. We report data on the use of this measure among 112 VA patients ranging in age from 61 to 100 years who were administered the Alphanumeric Sequencing, Trail Making Test, Digits Forward and Backward, the Mini-Mental State Examination, and the Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale. Persons who obtained scores < 27 on the Mini-Mental State Examination or < 14 on the Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale performed significantly more poorly than those who scored higher. Both the time and errors were correlated (.11 to -.49) with measures of information processing and short-term memory.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Influence of concurrent tasks on gait: a dual-task approach.

We studied the effect of concurrent tasks on motor control of gait with dual-task methodology. Ten healthy subjects were instructed to perform different cognitive and motor tasks during gait on a conductive walkway. Footswitch signals were recorded and stride time and double-support time were calculated. It was assumed that the former reflects gait-patterning mechanisms and the latter relates to balance control. Statistical analysis showed an increase in double-support time when a memory-retention task (digit-span) and a fine motor task (buttoning) were executed simultaneously during gait. During gait performance of the cognitive task declined compared to baseline conditions. Attentional demand of concurrent cognitive and motor tasks appeared to force subjects to modulate their gait strategy to ensure control of balance. Stride time was consistent across task conditions except when subjects performed fast finger-tapping during gait. Then all but one subject showed a decrease in stride time and an increase in stride-frequency that was repeatable on retest. Since different rhythmic movements are likely to share common neurobiological networks, we assumed that the modulation of stride-frequency was due to structural interference.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Simple reaction times and timing of serial reactions of adolescents with mental retardation, autism, and Down syndrome.

The purpose of this study was to examine the serial information processing in adolescents with mental retardation, autism, and Down syndrome by using a serially patterned tracking task. Analyses indicated that 7 adolescents with mental retardation, 8 with autism, and 3 with Down syndrome had significantly slower and more variable simple reaction times than did 10 college students. Also, the autistic adolescents had significantly faster mean simple reaction time than those with Down syndrome. On a task of tracking serial light stimulation, mentally retarded adolescents had significantly faster reaction time than college students. The autistic subjects excessively had faster anticipatory reaction time than did the subjects in the other three groups. On the other hand, adolescents with Down syndrome had markedly slower and more variable reaction time than did adolescents with non-Down-syndrome mental retardation. As for motor organization of keystrokes on the tracking task, mentally retarded adolescents responded with six movements, in which these individuals pressed a series of keys 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, as a chunk, as exhibited by college students. Adolescents with autism and Down syndrome, however, did not produce this movement-output chunking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Primacy and recency in recognition of odours and recall of odour names.

This study examined the serial position curve for recognition of odours and recall of odour names, both with and without instructions for verbal elaboration. Participants were allocated to one of two experimental conditions, either with instructions to rehearse verbally the stimuli or with no elaboration instructions. After presentation of 17 odours, either recognition or free recall of the odours was tested immediately after presentation of the last target odour. Recognition showed evidence of primacy for the verbal elaboration condition and recency for both instruction conditions. Recall of odour names showed evidence of primacy for the verbal elaboration conditions and recency for both conditions. Instructions to verbalize did not significantly affect over-all performance for either test condition.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Sex differences for speech and manual skill.

Young men and women were compared on the speeded repetition of speech (ns = 20 and 18, respectively) and manual movements (ns = 37 and 38). The repetition of a single speech or manual movement was used as a measure of baseline speed, against which to compare a sequence of movements. Males tended to be faster at repeating a single movement, but using baseline speed as a covariate resulted in a female advantage for the repetition of a sequence of movements. It was concluded that men have a basic motor-speed advantage, but that women may be faster at programming a sequence of speech or manual movements. The results are discussed with respect to sexual variation in the neural organization of motor programming systems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Performance differences as a function of stimulus-response compatibility with rapid serial visual presentation and spatially distributed presentation styles.

A means of presenting information temporally has been developed from the basic research on reading. Temporal displays allowed for faster processing speeds by reducing the number of saccades normally required to process spatially distributed information; however, a potential disadvantage to using temporal displays was an increased rate of error. Payne and Lang reported that a tradeoff between speed and accuracy is sometimes the result of using temporally distributed displays. As they used an alphabetic coding scheme which may not have facilitated the most optimal stimulus-response mapping, the current experiment tested the effects of a directional coding scheme on a temporally distributed display with 24 subjects. Analysis indicated the coding scheme did improve processing speed on the temporal display, but the error rate for the temporal display was higher than with the alphabetic coding scheme. Therefore, the limitation of temporal displays in a tradeoff between speed and accuracy persisted using the directional coding scheme.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Simple reaction time and perception of temporal order: dissociations and hypotheses.

Simple motor reaction time and judgment of temporal order are commonly recognized as two methods for estimation of perceptual latency. Unfortunately, the results obtained by the methods under the same conditions do not agree. We review hypotheses attempting to explain the disagreement. Although some of these seem to be promising, no one at present could be fully accepted.

Arousal↗
PubMed1996

Transfer to changed serial position in a task of tracking a sequence of light stimuli.

This study examined transfer when different serial positions are changed in a task of tracking a sequence of light stimuli. Thirty subjects were divided into three groups, and all tracked a serial pattern of six movements for 20 acquisition trials. Then, on 20 more transfer trials, the last two movements were reversed for Group I, the second two movements reversed for Group II, and the first two movements reversed for the Group III. Performance during the transfer trials improved over performance during the acquisition trials for Groups I and II but not Group III. Thus, there appeared to be positive transfer when the last and middle parts of the serial pattern were changed. However, there was no positive transfer when the first part of the serial pattern was changed. This indicated a contextual interference effect dependent upon serial position in the performance of a serial tracking task.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Effect of music training on monaural perception of pitch and rhythm.

A monaural study of music perception was conducted on 77 right-handed subjects from a university population. The musical ability of each subject was classified in two ways, according to years of training and by total score for three tests of musical achievement [melody (sequence and excerpt), harmony, and rhythm]. Analysis indicated that subjects with more years of training showed a right-car dominance for recognition of excerpts but those with high scores had no such dominance. Both groups with either low scores or no formal training had a right-ear dominance for recognition of sequences. Correlations of scores from each ear within subjects and between tests indicated that perception of pitch tended to be more accurate in the same car. For all classifications of subjects no ear dominance was found for harmony and rhythm tests. These results suggest that the measurement of hemispheric asymmetry of music perception is dependent upon the criteria chosen for classification of subjects, in this case, training and achievement.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Ganzfeld perceptual field and gender effects on short-term memory as a function of rate of digit presentation.

Efforts to enhance short term memory for digit span (in serial recall) included the Ganzfeld perceptual field and variation in the rate (interstimulus interval: 1 sec., 2 sec., 3 sec.) of 25 auditorily presented computer-generated random numbers (1 to 5). Undergraduate volunteers (52 men and 91 women) wore goggles consisting of halves of translucent ping-pong balls while viewing a red lamp and listening to 60 decibels of white noise. Control subjects wore goggles with clear plastic lenses. Participants were instructed to recall 25 random digits in the correct series (vocalized sequentially through headphones worn by the subjects) immediately after their presentations. A mixed 2 x 2 x 3 split plot analysis of variance yielded a significant effect for digit rates, and post hoc Scheffe tests of multiple comparisons showed differences in recall between interstimulus intervals of 1 and 2 sec., 1 and 3 sec., and 2 and 3 sec. Other Scheffe comparisons showed that men scored higher than women with the 3-sec. interstimulus interval and with the "clear" perceptual field. Ganzfeld may have reduced distractibility for women as compared with recall following the "clear" perceptual field. Serial-position effects favored "primacy," yet the "recency effect" was seen within the last 5 serial positions.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Evaluation of a simulation of human performance on random-digit generation: measures of concept and redundancy.

Ginsburg and Karpiuk in 1995 introduced an algorithm that simulates human performance in tasks of generating random digits. We have compared sequences produced by this algorithm with human performance and truly random sequences. It is shown that the algorithm can be used to simulate human performance according to the measures on which it had been constructed. However, other peculiarities of human performance are not captured by the algorithm. The results are discussed with regard to current theories of human random digit generation.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1996

Selective impairment of auditory processing in chronic fatigue syndrome: a comparison with multiple sclerosis and healthy controls.

The most consistent deficit observed in individuals with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome has been in efficiency of information processing. To examine the possibility of a modality-specific impairment, the present study examined subjects with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, multiple sclerosis, and healthy controls on an auditory-versus visual-paced serial-addition test. 20 subjects with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 20 subjects with clinically definite Multiple Sclerosis, and 20 sedentary healthy controls were compared. One-half of the subjects in each group were administered the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test and the other half were administered the Paced Visual Serial Addition Test. The group with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome was differentially impaired on the auditory relative to the visual processing task. The group with Multiple Sclerosis was equally impaired on both versions of the task. The results are discussed within the framework of Baddeley's model of working memory.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Background instrumental music and serial recall.

Although speech and vocal music are consistently shown to impair serial recall for visually presented items, instrumental music does not always produce a significant disruption. This study investigated the features of instrumental music that would modulate the disruption in serial recall. 24 students were presented sequences of nine digits and required to recall the digits in order of presentation. Instrumental music as played either forward or backward during the task. Forward music caused significantly more disruption than did silence, whereas the reversed music did not. Some higher-order factor may be at work in the effect of background music on serial recall.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2000

Retention of relative force in the scaling of a serial force pattern.

The present study was designed to examine the retention of relative force in the scaling of a serial force pattern in finger-tapping sequences. On practice trials, 11 male college students tapped a force plate connected to strain gauges which provided feedback. On test trials, subjects recalled both the force pattern (100 g-100 g-100 g-300 g) and intertap interval (400 msec.) acquired during practice without feedback (recalled task) and then produced a halved (halved task) or doubled-force (doubled task) at the fixed intertap interval. Analysis showed that, although there was no difference for absolute forces between the recalled task and the halved task, the forces at the doubled task were three times as great as those at the recalled task. For relative forces, on the other hand, although there was no difference among the three tasks, the force ratios were closer to 1:1:1:2 than 1:1:1:3. This indicated that the scaling of force pattern was a more difficult adaptive task than that of the intertap interval in the previous study (Inui, Ishida, & Yamanishi, 1999).

Adult↗
PubMed2000

An automated administration of Corsi's Block-tapping Test.

Corsi's Block-tapping Test has been a clinically useful test of visuospatial memory. Participants (15 men, 15 women) completed an automated and a manual version of the Block-tapping Test, the findings for which suggest that the automated and manual versions gave very similar scores.

Adolescent↗