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PubMed2006

Effect of a qigong exercise programme on elderly with depression.

OBJECTIVES: This report released findings of a randomized controlled trial conducted in Hong Kong to further our understanding of the psychosocial effects of qigong on elderly persons with depression. DESIGN: Eighty-two participants with a diagnosis of depression or obvious features of depression were recruited and randomly assigned into the intervention and comparison group. The intervention group was given a 16-week period of Qigong practice while the comparison group participated in a newspaper reading group with same duration and frequency. RESULTS: After eight weeks of qigong practice, the intervention group participants outstripped themselves in improvement in mood, self-efficacy and personal well being, and physical and social domains of self-concept when compared with comparison subjects. After 16 weeks of practice, the improvement generalized to the daily task domain of the self-concept. CONCLUSIONS: This report shows that regular qigong practice could relieve depression, improve self-efficacy and personal well being among elderly persons with chronic physical illness and depression.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1986

Knowledge, attitudes, and behavior in children with asthma.

Psychosocial aspects of asthma were studied by administering questionnaires to 80 children with asthma and their parents. Overall, children demonstrated high levels of knowledge about asthma, an internal health locus of control, and positive self-concepts. Increased knowledge was associated with more internal health locus of control scores, whereas more positive self-concept scores were associated with more adaptive asthma-related behavior. Children who attended a week-long camp did not differ significantly from comparison children on these measures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

On confidence and consequence: the certainty and importance of self-knowledge.

Belief certainty and belief importance represent 2 relatively independent forms of investment in the self-concept. Three studies suggested that whereas certainty is associated with epistemic (i.e., rational or informational) factors, importance is more closely associated with emotive (i.e., emotional and motivational) factors. A 4th study explored the implications of certainty and importance for the temporal stability of people's self-views and revealed that whereas belief certainty was associated with the stability of both positive and negative beliefs, belief importance was associated with the stability of positive beliefs only. The implications of belief investment for the verification-enhancement debate and for the structure and measurement of the self-concept are discussed.

Emotions↗
PubMed2002

Memory of elapsed time and feeling of time discrepancy.

In dating past events, one sometimes recalls inaccurate dates and tends to estimate recent events too remotely and remote events too recently (telescoping). On the other hand, even when one knows the exact dates of events, subjective time could be elastic and often different from objective time. This Feeling of Time Discrepancy between objective and subjective elapsed times was examined with two autobiographical events. Results showed that (1) subjects reported a discrepancy even if the exact dates of events were known and (2) the discrepancy for entrance into university was higher than that for graduation from high school, even when they happened at almost same time. The results are discussed in terms of "location" and "distance" theories, Kemp's 1999 associative model of dating, and Conway's 2000 self-memory system. Autobiographical memory may be organized in terms of present self-concept with our past fitted to the present self-concept. However, if autobiographical memory changes greatly, we cannot share autobiographical memory with other people. We may be adapted to the present life by making only a sense of the subjective elapsed time of each event change with the accurate time information of the autobiographical facts held.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Self, intentionality, and immunological explanation.

In this paper I propose that there are a number of conceptual reasons to preserve self-concepts in immunology. First, I contend that immunological language, including self-terminology, is neither genuinely anthropomorphic, nor perniciously teleological. Furthermore, although teleology associated with future-directed purposive intent is clearly inappropriate in biological contexts, a special type of teleology, intentionality-as-aboutness, needs to be present if there is to be functional explanation in immunology. Second, based on an analogy with the human self, a self comprised of both non-specific innate functions and somatic self-representation, I claim that self-terminology is very appropriate in immunological contexts. Finally, given the appropriateness of self-concepts in immunology, I suggest that the most satisfactory conceptual structure for self-nonself discrimination probably includes both innate and somatic mechanisms.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

Self-cognitions, stressful events, and the prediction of depression in children of depressed mothers.

In a preliminary effort to integrate cognitive, life stress, and interpersonal approaches to vulnerability to depression, children's cognitions about themselves, their stressful life events, and the interaction of self-cognitions and life events were tested as predictors of depression. Children of normal, medically ill, and bipolar and unipolar depressed mothers were assessed initially and 6 months later for diagnostic status using the Kiddie-SADS interview. As predicted, Piers-Harris self-concept scores and interview-assessed children's stressful life events significantly predicted changes in depression status over the 6-month follow-up. Stressors and the interaction of stressors and self-concept also predicted changes in diagnosis of nonaffective disorders. A self-schema measure of accessibility of negative self-cognitions, known to be mood-dependent, failed to add to the prediction of depression severity. The results are consistent with a model of depression vulnerability that emphasizes cognition about self-worth and self-efficacy as mediators of the impact of stressful events, and we speculate that such self-schemas are acquired in part in the context of parent-child relationships. Recommendations are given for further studies of the acquisition and the mechanisms of self-schemas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Emergence of self and other in perception and action: an event-control approach.

The present paper analyzes the regularities referred to via the concept 'self.' This is important, for cognitive science traditionally models the self as a cognitive mediator between perceptual inputs and behavioral outputs. This leads to the assertion that the self causes action. Recent findings in social psychology indicate this is not the case and, as a consequence, certain cognitive scientists model the self as being epiphenomenal. In contrast, the present paper proposes an alternative approach (i.e., the event-control approach) that is based on recently discovered regularities between perception and action. Specifically, these regularities indicate that perception and action planning utilize common neural resources. This leads to a coupling of perception, planning, and action in which the first two constitute aspects of a single system (i.e., the distal-event system) that is able to pre-specify and detect distal events. This distal-event system is then coupled with action (i.e., effector-control systems) in a constraining, as opposed to 'causal' manner. This model has implications for how we conceptualize the manner in which one infers the intentions of another, anticipates the intentions of another, and possibly even experiences another. In conclusion, it is argued that it may be possible to map the concept 'self' onto the regularities referred to in the event-control model, not in order to reify 'the self' as a causal mechanism, but to demonstrate its status as a useful concept that refers to regularities that are part of the natural order.

Awareness↗
PubMed1983

Psychological functioning of children in a battered women's shelter: a preliminary investigation.

Self-concept, anxiety level, and problem behavior of 65 child residents of a battered women's shelter were assessed using self-report measures and checklists completed by mothers, staff, and teachers. Findings included a below-average self-concept score for the preschool group, more aggressive behavior in school-age shelter boys than in girls, and a pervasive tendency for mothers to rate their children more negatively than did other observers.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

Behavioral correlates of differences between a child's assessment and the parents' assessment of the child's self-esteem.

When, as commonly occurs, a parent's and child's reports about the child differ, the lack of agreement usually leads to consideration of which information is objective and valid. Little attention has been given to understanding what meaning these differences might have in the context of parent-child relationships or to whether the existence or absence of these differences might be causally related to the child's psychosocial status and functioning. Third- through fifth-grade children (N = 178) in behavior disorder and regular classrooms were asked to complete a self-concept measure; parents were asked to independently complete the same instrument as they thought their child would. Parents of children without behavior disorders were significantly more accurate in their descriptions of their children's perceptions than were parents of children with behavior problems. They also tended to expect their children to have more positive self-concepts than the children actually reported. Parents who are able to accurately report their children's feelings and who err toward more positive assessments may be preventing behavior problems.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Long-term assessment of psychologic outcomes of orthognathic surgery.

PURPOSE: This long-term study of post-orthognathic surgery patients aimed at assessing perceptions of problems with physical and psychologic functioning, self-concept, body image, and satisfaction with the surgical outcome based on subjective evaluations. In addition, the patient's perception of self-concept, body image, and function was compared with the perception of pretreatment patients and controls with no treatment need. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred seventeen patients who underwent orthognathic surgery 10 to 14 years earlier and participated in a psychologic study 10 years earlier received questionnaires that were composed of 4 instruments designed to assess these factors. A sample of 92 persons representing a population without treatment need and 39 patients requesting treatment for a malocclusion served as control groups. RESULTS: The findings of this study support the hypothesis that improvement in appearance brought about by orthognathic surgery is associated with improvement in psychosocial adjustment. Orthognathic surgery resulted in subjective estimation of function, appearance, health, and interpersonal relationships that was higher than that among pretreatment and no-treatment control groups. The level of body image and self-esteem approximated but did not reach that of a nonpatient population. CONCLUSIONS: In view of the current psychologic and social environment, patients should be offered the appropriate treatment to correct a disfigurement if it is subjectively perceived by them as a handicap, in part to improve the psychologic outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Stability within the self: a longitudinal study of the structural implications of self-discrepancy theory.

Self-discrepancy theory emphasizes the emotional significance of patterns of relations between the self-concept and ideal and ought self-guides and predicts stability within the self related to structural characteristics independent of specific self-beliefs. It was hypothesized that whereas participants' specific self-descriptions would vary substantially over time, magnitude of self-discrepancy, regulatory focus (the individual's dominant self-guide domain), and other structural features would be stable. Participants (N = 47) were recruited from 2 samples that had completed a self-belief interview and a childhood memory cued-recall task 3 years earlier (T. J. Strauman, 1990). As expected, participants' self-descriptions varied, but magnitude and type of self-discrepancy, associations between self-guide domains and childhood memories, and correlates of regulatory focus were stable.

Affect↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Perceived competence and self-worth during adolescence: a longitudinal behavioral genetic study.

This investigation is the first longitudinal behavioral genetic study of self-concept during adolescence. It is a follow-up of a previous study examining genetic and environmental contributions to children's perceived self-competence and self-worth using a twin/sibling design. The study investigated adolescents' reports 3 years later and stability across two time points. Participants included 248 pairs of same-sex twins, full siblings, and stepsiblings between 10 and 18 years old. The results showed that six of the seven subscales were heritable at the second time point. None of the scales showed significant shared environmental effects. Longitudinal analyses revealed genetic contributions to stability for perceived scholastic competence, athletic competence, physical appearance, and general self-worth. Social competence, on the other hand, showed nonshared environmental mediation across time. These findings highlight the importance of genetically influenced characteristics and unique experiences as correlates of individual differences in self-concept during adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Perceived actions of parents and attitudes of youth.

The present study assessed the self-concepts and evaluations of parents of a sample of high school students. Findings indicated that students' evaluations of parents, but not self-concepts, were significantly correlated with the perceived "loving" actions engaged in by their parents toward one another. These findings are in marked contrast to the results reported by Parish (1988), who surveyed college students, and suggest that more research is needed to determine if these findings are artifacts of the samples surveyed, or are indicative of developmental shifts that occur as individuals move from adolescence to adulthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Perceptions of self-care in East Germany: a cross-cultural empirical investigation.

The purpose of this empirical investigation was replication for comparing self-care phenomena in a cross-cultural setting. Two self-reporting inventories were employed to measure perceptual dimensions of self-care agency and self-concept. Both inventories were translated into German and administered to a convenience sample of 17 adults living in an agricultural collective in East Germany. One research concern was the usability of American-constructed nursing assessment tools in another culture. Other research questions for cross-cultural comparisons of means were formulated. Self-care and self-concept were related in the East German sample. Self-care agency means for the East German sample were lower than for an American student sample. Study limitations are identified and cross-cultural implications of the findings for nursing are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Runaway adolescents' perceptions of parents and self.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between runaway behavior in adolescence and an adolescent's self-concept and antecedent parental treatment. The Cornell Parent Behavior Questionnaire and the Adjective Check List were used to assess 47 runaways and a matched group of non-runaways. Analyses of the data indicated: (a) runaway adolescents report more punishment and less support from their parents; (b) runaway girls report the most and runaway boys the least degrees of parental control; (c) runaways hold a less favorable self-concept, specifically on the dimensions of anxiety, self-doubt, poor interpersonal relationships, and defensiveness; (d) runaways also manifest, as an aspect of the self, a readiness for counseling.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

A further exploration of the lesbian identity development process and its measurement.

This study explored the fit of Cass's (1979) model of homosexual identity formation (HIF) and the utilization of the Self Identity Questionnaire (Brady, 1983) with a sample of lesbian women. Purposes of the study were to evaluate assignment of HIF stage based on two self-report measures, to measure the relationship between aspects of self-concept and lesbian identity development, and to clarify the sequencing of developmental tasks in lesbian identity formation. Participants were 118 women who self-identified as lesbian or as questioning their sexuality. Results of the study indicated that relationships exist between self-reported and assigned HIF stage, that HIF stage correlates with self-concept, and that participants moved through key developmental tasks in the order predicted by Cass's (1979) model. In addition, age was found to have a relationship with HIF stage. The study provides limited support for the utility of the HIF model and its measurement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Project Trust: breaking down barriers between middle school children.

This paper analyzes the success of a camp retreat weekend called Project Trust involving middle school students and teachers. The goal of the camp is to break down barriers between cliques identified as active in the school. The camp focuses on building team relationships across clique membership and incorporates elements of peace education and conflict resolution. A treatment group (campers) and comparison group (noncampers) were administered an adaptation of the Bogardus Social Distance Test and the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale before and after the camp. Attendance was found to lower social distance scores for nine of the ten groups/cliques. Campers also had higher self-concept scores after the retreat.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The emotional adjustment of children with Tourette's syndrome.

We investigated the predictive value of family reaction and illness severity with respect to the emotional adjustment of Tourette's syndrome patients. The subjects included 30 children with Tourette's syndrome and 30 control subjects matched on age, sex, race, and socioeconomic status. The predictor variables included the child's perception of parental behavior, family adaptability as perceived by the mother, mother's self-concept, and illness severity. The results indicated that the children's perceptions of their parents' behavior explained the most variance in children's self-concepts and anxiety for both groups. These findings highlight the importance of the parent-child interaction in predicting the child's emotional adjustment to Tourette's syndrome.

Adaptation, Psychological↗