The population question in Brazil.
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The stem cell controversy raises a fundamental question for humankind. Does science have a right to pursue knowledge whatever the cost? Our Enlightenment culture says yes. However, human history and literature are sending warning signals. Ethical issues impact the "knowledge for its own sake" imperative, and must be addressed.
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In the last few years reproductive medicine has developed into a medical research field of its own. It deals with the theoretical and practical problems of human reproduction and is characterized by close cooperation between medical and scientific specialists both clinically and in research. Far-reaching social effects arise from the application of hitherto unknown research and treatment methods. The results of research in reproductive medicine led, due to the development of effective contraceptives, to a reduced connection between sexual intercourse and reproduction, and have made possible reproduction even without sexual intercourse, by means of artificial insemination and in-vitro fertilization. These latest and most exciting developments in reproductive medicine are based on and justified by the right of every couple to a child of their own. In-vitro fertilization and related treatments, eg. gamete intrafallopian transfer, are expected to dominate the treatment of the sterile couple in future. The social effects of the new techniques in reproductive medicine nessecitate the development of ethical standpoints, in which human welfare must predominate. In the GDR, in accordance with the recommendations of the "Ethics in medicine" working group, in-vitro fertilization using gametes of the same couple is ethically accepted, as is also oocyte and embryo donation, provided they aim to fulfil a couple's wish for a child. Surrogate mothers are rejected, however. The combination of in-vitro fertilization and genetic engineering could potentially be used in the treatment of certain types of hereditary disease, but there is also the possibility of misuse.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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With the introduction of the Foetus Protection Act of 1990 Germany has taken the lead of those countries which put criminal sanctions on the use of types of reproductive medicine which appear to be immoral. This is not merely a symbolic law. A whole range of possible practices is singled out and declared to be punishable: Research on foetuses, doctors' participation in surrogate motherhood, cloning and also the blending of animals and human beings. The Foetus Protection Act's jurisdiction, however, is restricted to the Federal Republic of Germany.
Cognitive impairment has been repeatedly shown to be a delirium risk factor. Much indirect evidence suggests that right-hemisphere dysfunction plays a particularly important role. This retrospective, case-controlled study, from a 148-patient memory loss clinic database, compared neuropsychological measures of hemispheric function in cognitively impaired elderly veterans with and without a history of delirium. Eleven study subjects had a history compatible with DSM-III-R criteria for delirium. Controls selected from the same database had no known history of delirium and were matched for Mini-Mental State Examination scores and Geriatric Depression Scale scores. Compared to the controls, subjects with a history of delirium had significantly lower scores on Object Assembly and Visual Reproduction (p < .05), tests that are predominantly right-hemisphere dependent. There were no significant differences in left-hemisphere measures. It is concluded that right-hemisphere dysfunction may prove to be an important risk factor for delirium.
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