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PubMed1990

Influence of dietary intake of energy and carbohydrate on the proportion of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in adipose tissue of middle aged men.

The fatty acid composition of subcutaneous tissue has been determined in a population sample of apparently healthy middle aged men from Southern Italy. Dietary appraisal has been carried out by evaluating the usual pattern of food consumption during the year preceding the interview. The whole population sample was subdivided into three tertiles on the basis of the energy intake by the different individuals. The proportion of adipose tissue polyunsaturated fatty acids was relatively low in the high energy tertile III and high in the low energy tertile reflecting parallel differences in the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids (mainly oleic acid) was relatively high (p less than 0.01) and that of saturated fatty acids (mainly palmitic acid) relatively low (p less than 0.05) in the high energy tertile (III) as compared to the low energy tertile (I); these differences were independent of the amount and type of dietary fatty acids. Total energy was positively correlated (r = .87, p less than 0.01) to carbohydrate intake (g/day). Dietary carbohydrates (g/day) were inversely related to adipose tissue saturated fatty acids (r = -.40, p less than 0.001) and directly correlated to adipose tissue monounsaturated fatty acids (p = .40, p less than 0.001). Carbohydrate intake was related to adipose tissue monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids independently of daily energy intake. On the other hand when the influence of dietary carbohydrates was eliminated, no correlation was detectable any longer between energy intake and adipose tissue fatty acids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

Effect of supplementation of milk fat with peanut oil on blood lipids and lipoproteins in infants.

Three different groups of infants were fed with different formulae based on milk fat. Group I received cow's milk fat formulae with 20% butter fat whereas groups II and III received a formulae which was supplemented with 50 and 33% of peanut oil supplementation in 20% milk fat respectively. Anthropometric measurements, cholesterol, triglyceride, lipoproteins and plasma fatty acids were followed up to a period of 6 months. The results indicated that cow's milk-fed infants had higher cholesterol levels (P < 0.01) than the other two groups. No significant differences with respect to high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) were found, whereas low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDls (VLDls) were found to be increasing up to a period of 6 months. No significant differences were observed with respect to saturated fatty acids and oleic acid (18:1) levels whereas linoleic acid (18:2) clearly showed a proportional relationship between the intake and plasma levels, indicating a positive correlation. Arachidonic acid (20:4) did not, however, show a proprotionate relationship with respect to linoleic acid (18:2) intake. The triene/tetraene, oleic/linoleic, linoleic/arachidonic and total n6 fatty acids were all normal indicating normal activity of desaturase and elongase enzymes for the optimal utilisation of linoleic acid. Thus, the present study suggests that a vegetable oil such as peanut oil could be used in milk fat to improve the essential fatty acid (EFA) status of infants.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Effect of different fat emulsions on acute lung injury induced by endotoxin].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of Clinoleic 20% (olive oil-based, n-9) and Lipoven 20% (soy bean-based, n-6) lipid emulsions on inflammatory parameters in a murine acute lung injury (ALI) model induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of E. coli O111:B4. METHODS: Male Balb/C mice were infused for three days with 0.9% NaCl, Clinoleic 20%, or Lipoven 20% respectively, and sacrificed either at 8 hours or 24 hours after intra-tracheal introduction of LPS. Survival rate, lung wet/dry weight ratio (W/D), lung tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were determined, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were determined with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serum free fatty acids [arachidonic acid (AA), oleic acid, linoleic acid] were determined by gas chromatography. Leukocytes in BALF were counted under light microscope. RESULTS: Lipoven significantly decreased survival rate at 24 hours after intra-tracheal LPS challenge compared to corresponding controls (both P<0.01). No significant difference was observed between Clinoleic and NaCl groups. MPO activity was obviously increased in lipids groups than that in NaCl group at 24 hours (both P<0.01), and no difference was found between two lipids groups. LPS markedly induced an increase in leukocyte infiltration, W/D ratio, lung MPO activity, release of TNF-alpha as well as MIP-2 into alveolar space in both lipids and NaCl groups. Pre-infusion with Lipoven gave rise to heavier leukocyte infiltration at 24 hours, which was blunted in Clinoleic group and NaCl group (both P<0.01). In contrast to Clinoleic and NaCl groups, Lipoven increased production of TNF-alpha at 24 hours and MIP-2 at 8 hours in LPS-treated mice (all P<0.01). Notably, lipid emulsions increased LPS-induced MPO activity, but no difference in effects was found in both Lipoven and Clinoleic groups. Clinoleic significantly reduced free AA at 8 and 24 hours compared with Lipoven (both P<0.01). There were no differences in lung tissues edema, serum oleic acid and linoleic acid among three groups. CONCLUSION: In murine model of ALI, although LPS caused an increase in alveolar leucocytic infiltration, MPO activity, cytokine generation in both lipids and NaCl groups, Lipoven 20%, n-6 lipid emulsion induces a severer inflammatory reaction. It is speculated that by increasing AA, Lipoven 20% may aggravate ALI, whereas Clinoleic 20%, n-9 lipid emulsion possibly offers an alternative choice in producing less impact on inflammatory lung injury.

Acute Lung Injury↗
PubMed1991

Efficacy of tracheal insufflation of oxygen during oleic acid-induced pulmonary edema.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To determine whether tracheal insufflation of oxygen (TRIO) might be useful in field resuscitation of casualties with lung dysfunction. DESIGN: Physiological measurements of cardiac and respiratory function were compared before and after oleic acid lung injury. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Beagles were studied in a laboratory. INTERVENTIONS: Oleic acid (0.06 mL/kg) was injected over four minutes into the central venous port of a pulmonary artery catheter. Measurements were made during 30 minutes of TRIO before and after acute lung injury. MEASUREMENTS: Hemodynamic and respiratory measurements, including intravascular pressures, heart rate, cardiac output, blood gases, respiratory system compliance, and O2 consumption were recorded during conventional mechanical ventilation and TRIO. RESULTS: Before acute lung injury, PaO2 (mean +/- SD) increased (P less than .05) from 96 +/- 7.4 (13 +/- 1.0 kPa) during conventional mechanical ventilation to 360 +/- 123 mm Hg (48 +/- 16.4 kPa) after TRIO. PaCO2 (mean +/- SD) increased (P less than .05) from 39.5 +/- 1.1 (5.3 +/- 0.1 kPa) to 102 +/- 27.4 mm Hg (13.6 +/- 3.6 kPa). Arterial and mixed venous pH values decreased in proportion to PCO2. After acute lung injury, compliance decreased. PAO2 decreased (P less than .05) to 58 +/- 8.4 mm Hg (7.7 +/- 1.1 kPa) during conventional mechanical ventilation and increased (P less than .05) to 84 +/- 19.6 mm Hg (11.2 +/- 2.6 kPa) after 30 minutes of TRIO. CONCLUSION: Despite poor gas exchange after acute lung injury, TRIO maintained adequate oxygenation and may be useful for emergency ventilation even when pulmonary edema complicates resuscitation.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

On the performance of a hollow-fiber bioreactor for acidolysis catalyzed by immobilized lipase

The present communication describes the chemical modification of anhydrous butterfat by interesterification with oleic acid catalyzed by a lipase of Mucor javanicus. Two reactor configurations were tested, a batch-stirred tank reactor containing suspended lipase and a batch-stirred tank reactor in combination with a hollow-fiber membrane module containing adsorbed lipase. The goal of this research was to assess the advantage of using a (hydrophobic) porous support to immobilize the lipase in attempts to engineer butterfat with increased levels of unsaturated fatty acid residues (oleic acid) at the expense of medium-to-long chain saturated fatty acids (myristic and palmitic acids). Reactions were carried out at 40 degrees C in the absence of solvent under controlled water activity, and were monitored by chromatographic assays for free fatty acids. The results obtained indicate that the rate of interesterification using the proposed reactor configuration is enhanced by a factor above 100 relative to that using suspended lipase, for the same protein mass basis. Although hydrolysis of butterfat occurred to some degree, the enzymatic process that uses the hollow-fiber reactor was technically superior to the stirred tank system. Copyright 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) by high-cell-density cultivation of Aeromonas hydrophila.

The newly screened Aeromonas hydrophila produces copolymer consisting of 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) and 3-hydroxyhexanoate (3HHx). The characteristics of cell growth and polymer accumulation were examined using various carbon sources. P(3HB-co-3HHx) was produced from lauric acid and oleic acid only. P(3HB-co-3HHx) content can be increased by limitation of phosphorus. A maximal P(3HB-co-3HHx) content of 28.8 wt% could be obtained in flask culture. By applying the optimally designed nutrient feeding strategy, cell dry weight, P(3HB-co-3HHx) content, and 3HHx fraction obtained over the course of 43 h were 95.7 g/L, 45.2 wt%, and 17 mol%, respectively, resulting in a productivity of 1.01 g polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)/L. h.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed1984

Modulation of rabbit neutrophil aggregation and degranulation by free fatty acids.

We have examined the effects of free fatty acids on the unstimulated and N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (f-Met-Leu-Phe) stimulated rabbit neutrophil aggregation and degranulation. As previously reported, arachidonic acid was found to induce by itself an aggregatory response, and in the presence of cytochalasin B, a degranulation response from the neutrophils. The aggregatory property, but not the secretory activity of arachidonic acid, was shared by oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, linoelaidic acid, and lauric acid but not by elaidic acid, caproic acid, stearic acid, and arachidic acid. In addition, several free fatty acids (oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, and linoelaidic acid) were found to inhibit the aggregatory and secretory responses of the neutrophils to the addition of f-Met-Leu-Phe. Caproic acid and lauric acid were found to stimulate to a small extent the aggregatory response of the neutrophils to f-Met-Leu-Phe and to leave unaffected their secretory response. Elaidic acid, stearic acid, and arachidic acid, on the other hand, left both stimulated responses unaffected. These results demonstrate that at least two neutrophil functions can be modulated (both positively and negatively) by free fatty acids.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Glucantime susceptibility of Leishmania promastigotes under variable growth conditions.

Growth inhibition of Leishmania promastigotes by glucantime was compared in three different media. Glucantime inhibited the growth of Leishmania cultured in complex medium but did not affect parasite growth when added to cells cultured in defined or semi-defined media. Supplementation of the complex medium with biopterin partially reversed the glucantime effect in sensitive strains, although the addition of folic acid or oleic acid did not alter the activity of glucantime. Differences in fatty acid composition were observed between strains showing different degrees of glucantime susceptibility.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Lysophosphatidylcholine induces taurine release from HeLa cells.

The putative role of lysophospholipids in activation and regulation of the volume-sensitive taurine efflux was investigated in HeLa cells using tracer technique. Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC, 10 microm) with oleic acid increased taurine efflux during hypotonic and isotonic conditions. Substituting palmitic or stearic acid for oleic acid enhanced taurine release during isotonic conditions, whereas ethanolamine, serine or inositol containing lysophospholipids were ineffective. High concentrations of LPC (25 microm) induced Ca(2+) influx, loss of adenosine nucleotides, taurine and the Ca(2+)-sensitive probe Fura-2, and thus reflected a general breakdown of the membrane permeability barrier. Low concentrations of LPC (5-10 microm) solely induced taurine efflux. The LPC-induced taurine release was unaffected by anion channel blockers (DIDS, MK196) and the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor ETH 615-139, which all blocked the volume sensitive taurine efflux. Furthermore, LPC-induced taurine release was reduced by antioxidants (NDGA, vitamin E) and the protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein. The swelling-induced taurine efflux was in the absence of LPC unaffected by vitamin E, blocked by genistein, and increased by H(2)O(2) and the protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor vanadate. It is suggested that low concentrations of LPC permeabilizes the plasma membrane in a Ca(2+)-independent process that involves generation of reactive oxygen species and tyrosine phosphorylation, and that LPC is not a second messenger in activation of the volume sensitive taurine efflux in HeLa cells.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2005

Effects of stearic acid on plasma lipid and lipoproteins in humans.

More than 40 years ago, saturated FA with 12, 14, and 16 carbon atoms (lauric acid, myristic acid, and palmitic acid) were demonstrated to be "hypercholesterolemic saturated FA". It was further concluded that the serum total cholesterol level would hardly be changed by isocaloric replacement of stearic acid (18:0) by oleic acid (cis-18:1n-9) or carbohydrates. These earlier studies did not address the effects of the various FA on the serum lipoprotein profile. Later studies found that the hypercholesterolemic saturated FA increase serum total cholesterol levels by raising concentrations of both the atherogenic LDL and the antiatherogenic HDL. Consequently, the ratio of total to HDL cholesterol will hardly change when carbohydrates replace these saturated FA. Compared with other saturated FA, stearic acid lowers LDL cholesterol. Studies on the effects on HDL cholesterol are less conclusive. In some, the effects on HDL cholesterol were comparable to those of palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid, whereas in others a decrease was observed. This may suggest that in this respect the source of stearic acid is of importance, which needs however further study. From all these studies, however, it can be concluded that stearic acid may decrease the ratio of total to HDL cholesterol slightly when compared with palmitic or myristic acid. Without doubt, the effects of stearic acid are more favorable than those of trans monounsaturated FA.

Cholesterol, HDL↗
PubMed1996

Chromatographic resolution of partially perdeuterated diglucosyldiacylglycerols from Acholeplasma laidlawii.

Diglucosyldiacylglycerol from Acholeplasma laidlawii was isolated by adsorption chromatography and subsequently subjected to molecular species analysis by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Twenty-three molecular species were resolved. The bacterium was grown in a medium supplemented with a mixture of oleic acid and perdeuterated palmitic acid, and incorporation of perdeuterated acyl moieties occurred in several molecular species. Short and odd-numbered acyl chains were found in combinations with palmitic acid, perdeuterated palmitic acid and oleic acid. Also, molecular species differing only by perdeuterated and protonated acyl chain content were resolved chromatographically. Separation between diglucosyldiacylglycerol and digalactosyldiacylglycerol isolated from a plant source was achieved with adsorption chromatography. The polarity of diglucosyldiacylglycerol as compared to digalactosyldiacylglycerol is discussed.

Acholeplasma laidlawii↗
PubMed1981

Phase behavior of ether lipids from Clostridium butyricum.

Ether lipids have been isolated from the phospholipid fraction of Clostridium butyricum IFO 3852 cells which had been grown in media devoid of biotin with added elaidic acid or oleic acid. The plasmalogen form of phosphatidylethanolamine (plasmenylethanolamine) from elaidate-grown cells was highly enriched with 18:1 in both the alk-1-enyl and acyl chains. A transition from the gel to liquid-crystalline state, with a peak maximum (Tm) at 33 degrees C and enthalpy delta H = 5.7 kcal/mol, was observed by differential scanning calorimetry. With the fluorescent probes cis- and trans-parinaric acids, transitions were observed at 33 degrees C on heating and at 29 degrees C on cooling. These transition temperatures are 5-6 degrees C lower than those reported for the corresponding diacyl lipid, dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine. A similar study of the phase behavior of both the elaidate-enriched and oleate-enriched glycerol acetal derivative of plasmenylethanolamine from C. butyricum revealed a large hysteresis of 12.5-16 degrees C. Hysteresis in the polar head group motion was also observed by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance. The elaidate-enriched lipid, which melted between 28 and 33 degrees C, appears to undergo supercooling prior to the transition to the gel state at about 18-13 degrees C, depending on the scanning rate. The formation of a more ordered gel state relative to plasmenylethanolamine was indicated by a 2-fold increase in delta H. Electron microscopy revealed a marked reorganization from typical multilamellar liposomes above Tm to large needle-like structures below Tm. The oleate-enriched glycerol acetal lipid formed the gel phase at -4 degrees C, which is 10 degrees C above the transition temperature reported for dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine. Stabilization of oleate-enriched glycerol acetal lipid bilayers may result from hydrogen bonding between polar head groups. The relationship of the phase behavior of the ether lipids to the lipid composition and phase behavior of C. butyricum membranes is discussed.

Calorimetry, Differential Scanning↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of C18 long chain fatty acids on hydrogen metabolism.

During anaerobic treatment, several microorganisms mediate a series of reactions to convert reduced compounds (electron donors) into methane. Inhibitors such as long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) can affect several anaerobic microbial populations and decrease the treatment efficiency. The effects of three C18 LCFAs on hydrogenotrophic methanogens in a flocculated mixed anaerobic culture were assessed in this study. The reaction half-life and the hydrogen versus time profiles were used to characterize the inhibition process. The half-life values and profiles were similar for controls and cultures exposed to LCFAs for 1 h. The hydrogen inhibition was a function of the exposure time and the LCFA concentration except for cultures exposed to stearic acid (SA). A statistical analysis of the reaction half-life for cultures incubated with 1,500 and 2,000 mg L(-1) LCFAs for 48 h, revealed the following inhibition trend: linoleic acid (LA) > oleic acid (OA) > SA. After 48 h of exposure, no clear inhibition trend was observed for cultures inoculated with LCFA mixtures; however, at levels of 1,500 and 2,000 mg L(-1), the reaction half-life values were less than that observed for cultures fed with only LA. Based on the reaction half-life data, all of the LCFAs except SA at threshold levels of approximately 1,500 mg L(-1) inhibited hydrogen metabolism. The greatest inhibition and, hence, the largest amount of accumulated hydrogen was observed in cultures fed with 2,000 mg L(-1) LA and incubated for 48 h.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1975

Longitudinal study of age and cohort influences on dietary patterns.

Dietary data from weighed food intake records were obtained from 35 women 29 years old and older during 4 studies from 1948 to 1966. Longitudinal data were analyzed by the use of a multiple linear-regression model with year of birth and age as independent variables. With increasing age, mean intakes declined significantly for fat, saturated fatty acids, and oleic acid, and increased significantly for calcium. After accounting for cohort effects, no significant changes occurred in mean intakes of food energy, carbohydrate, protein, phosphorus, iron, thiamin, riboflavin, preformed niacin, vitamin A, and ascorbic acid. For successive year of birth, mean intakes increased significantly for protein, calcium, phosphorus, riboflavin, preformed niacin, and linoleic acid. The regression model used explained approximately 20% of the variability in intakes of food energy and most nutrients examined.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The use of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy in the prediction of the chemical composition of goose fatty liver.

The use of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) on a meat product is described in this report. The aim of the study was to develop calibration equations to predict the chemical composition of goose fatty liver (foie gras) with lipid contents greater than 40% of the fresh pate. Spectra of 52 foie gras samples were collected in the visible and NIR region (400 to 2,498 nm). Calibration equations were computed for DM, CP, lipids and fatty acids using modified partial least-squares regression. R2 values were high for the total lipid content (0.805) and DM (0.908) but were low for ash (0.151) and relatively low for protein content (0.255). For the major fatty acids, R2 ranged from 0.886 for palmitic acid to 0.988 for oleic acid. Oleic acid, the main fatty acid of the liver, and the stearic acid had higher R2 values than the less represented fatty acids. This study suggests that the NIRS technique can be used to predict lipid content and the fatty acid composition of goose fatty livers, but calibration must be built on a larger number of samples to generate accurate predictions.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Visual membranes: specificity of fatty acid precursors for the electrical response to illumination.

Rat electroretinograms were measured as a function of dietary supplements of purified ethyl esters of linolenic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid. Polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from precursors of linolenic and linoleic acids appear to be important functional components of photoreceptor cell membranes, although in equal dietary concentrations, linolenic acid precursors affect electroretinogram amplitudes to a greater extent than linoleic acid precursors. The electrical response of photoreceptor cell membranes appears to be a function of the position of the double bonds as well as a function of the total number of double bonds in fatty acid supplements.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Mechanism by which the prone position improves oxygenation in acute lung injury.

The mechanism by which oxygenation improves when patients with ARDS are turned from supine to prone position is not known. From results of our previous studies we reasoned that (1) when supine, in the setting of lung injury, transpulmonary pressure will be less than airway opening pressure and (2) atelectasis will develop preferentially in dorsal lung areas, and (3) both ventilation and ventilation/perfusion ratios would improve in these regions on turning prone. To study this directly, we measured regional ventilation and perfusion using 81mKr and 99mTc-MAA, respectively, and single photon emission computed tomography, both prone and supine, in four control animals and four given oleic acid. After oleic acid, the prone position improved (1) oxygenation (mean +/- SD PaO2 = 140 +/- 112 versus 453 +/- 54 mm Hg), (2) median ventilation/perfusion ratios (0.77 versus 0.95), (3) ventilation/perfusion heterogeneity (coefficient of variation 86 +/- 15 versus 61 +/- 6), and (4) the gravitational ventilation/perfusion gradient (dependent to non-dependent slopes of 0.22 versus -0.02, all p < 0.05). The prone position generates a transpulmonary pressure sufficient to exceed airway opening pressure in dorsal lung regions, i.e., in regions where atelectasis, shunt, and ventilation/perfusion heterogeneity are most severe, without adversely affecting ventral lung regions.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Determination of oil contents and fatty acids in seeds of Torreya Arn. in China].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the oil contents and fatty acid composition in the seeds of Torrreya in China. METHOD: The contents and composition were determined by gravimetric analysis and GC respectively. RESULT: The oil contents in the seeds were 42.67%-54.39%. Among the fatty acids, linoleic acid and oleic acid were dominant. The unsaturated fatty acids accounted for 76.1%-82.0% of the whole fatty acids, and the major saturated fatty acids were behenic acid and palmitic acid. CONCLUSION: The oil in the seeds of Torreya is of high-quality, and the higher contents of bdhenic acid are characteristic for the oil. The development and utilization values of the seed oil in Torreya are evaluated.

Cycadopsida↗