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PubMed2000

A model-driven analysis of severity, response characteristics, and partial recovery in aphasics' picture naming.

Dell, Schwartz, Martin, Saffran, and Gagnon (DSMSG; 1997) presented a computational analysis of aphasic naming that, among other things, purports to explain why some error types correlate with naming severity while others do not. It does so in terms of chance response opportunities, which differ among error types and which come into play particularly when activation levels are small. The present study looks at error frequencies in relation to severity at two points in time: at study entry and after a period of partial recovery. Results support the model's distinction between severity-sensitive errors (nonwords. formal paraphasias, and unrelated errors) and those that are severity insensitive (semantic; mixed). Additionally, we show that the degree of target overlap in nonwords is sensitive to severity but various measures of monitoring and error correction are not. While these results generally support DSMSG, effects at the level of individual patients underscore the difficulties that their model encounters in explaining some pure error dissociations.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Implicit word cues facilitate impaired naming performance: evidence from a case of anomia.

Word-finding difficulties observed in some patients with anomia have been attributed to an insufficient activation of phonology by semantics. There are, however, few direct tests of this hypothesis. This paper reports the case of FR, who presented with anomic aphasia following temporal lobe epilepsy and a cavernoma in the left superior temporal lobe. His anomic deficit was characterized by: (1) no apparent associated semantic impairment; (2) item consistency for accuracy and errors across different administrations; (3) accuracy strongly correlated with word frequency; and (4) a partial, albeit weak, knowledge of the gender of unnamed items. We conducted a naming experiment in which target pictures were implicitly primed by briefly presented masked words. Results showed that the prior presentation of the written target name improved accuracy. When compared with unprimed trials, the presence of the primes also increased phonological errors and decreased semantic errors. We argue that automatic phonological activation derived directly from the implicit written primes interacted with the remaining phonological input from the picture's semantic representation leading to increased accuracy and a change in the balance of error types.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Constriction of resistance arteries determines l-NAME-induced hypertension in a conscious hamster model.

The influence of infusion of a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, N(omega)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), on resistance arteries (diameter, 150 +/- 8 microm) and its relationship with hypertension were examined in conscious hamsters fitted with a dorsal skinfold window. After infusing l-NAME (10 and 30 mg/kg), hamsters showed immediate hypertension of +13 +/- 9 and +21 +/- 9 mm Hg, respectively, relative to basal values, and a maximum of +44 +/- 4 mm Hg at 30 min for the high-dose group. There was simultaneous significant vasoconstriction of the resistance arteries (A(0)) which reduced to 60 +/- 5% of baseline diameter at 3 h; however, there was no significant vasoconstriction in large and small arterioles with diameters diameters less than 70 microm. Blood flow rate in all the vessels decreased in consonance with the vasoconstriction of the resistance artery, irrespective of microvessel classification. These results indicate that the resistance artery plays a key role as a regulator and microvascular resistance in determining blood flow distribution and hypertension when a NO synthase inhibitor is infused.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Three distinct ventral occipitotemporal regions for reading and object naming.

This study investigates word and object processing during naming and viewing tasks and identifies three distinct regions in the left ventral occipitotemporal cortex. Irrespective of task, words and objects (relative to meaningless visual controls) activated the medial surface of the left anterior fusiform gyrus, a region that has previously been associated with semantic knowledge. A more lateral region was differentially active for naming words and objects relative to viewing the same stimuli and a more posterior region was differentially active for objects relative to words irrespective of task. In addition, we found that word processing resulted in greater activation than object processing on the dorsal surface of the left superior temporal gyrus and the left supramarginal gyrus. These regions appear to be important for converting orthography into phonology; their response to words irrespective of task is consistent with established psychological evidence that implicit phonological processing is stronger for words than objects.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

"Mater puerorum'. A medieval naming for an enigmatic children's disease.

The pediatric clinical entity called "Mater Puerorum' appears first in the latin translation of Rhazes' "Practica Puerorum' and in his "Continens'. His descriptions of the disease could give some likeness either to a diagnosis of night terrors, or of hyperpyretic convulsions, or of a slight form of epilepsy. Mater Puerorum is afterwards described by most pediatric authors till the Renaissance period without much originality. Rhazes being one of their main sources anyway. Mater Puerorum has been considered by Still and Radbill as a synonym for hysterical fits in children. Going back to the Arabic original naming: Ummu's Sibyan, we venture another etymology based on Babylonian-Judeo-Arabic demonology. The "Mother of the Children' could be the female demon Karina--or Lilith--which is said to come to plague the children at night. The naming Mater Puerorum could thus be ascribed to a folklore origin, rather than to hysteria.

Child↗
PubMed1995

Naming and grouping illnesses in Feira (Brazil).

This paper examines the naming and grouping of illnesses in the popular medicine of Feira de Santana, a city in Northeastern Brazil, in a context of medical pluralism. It discusses the principles used to name illnesses in Feira and the semantic shifts evident in popular nomenclature; examines the grouping of illnesses in Feira; and shows the flexibility of these situationally negotiated categorizations. It also analyzes the place of symptoms in local nosological knowledge and examines three folk illnesses as an illustration of the discussion of illness classification.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed1990

Name changes in fungi of microbiological, industrial and medical importance. Part 4.

This is the fourth in a series of reports bringing changes in the names of fungi of microbiological, industrial and medical importance to the attention of workers in these fields. The series is sponsored by the Division of Mycology of the International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) and prepared under the auspices of the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF). The first of this series of reports included an introduction to the series explaining the need for name changes.

Fungi↗
PubMed1997

The Origin of Species, Man's Place in Nature and the naming of the calcarine sulcus.

In The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection of 1859, Charles Darwin provided a detailed, coherent proposal: species changed into new ones by the action over time of natural forces in the environment acting continuously on the variations always present within species. Readers immediately extrapolated Darwin's argument concerning lower animals to the implications for humans, and its denial of a special creation of humans. In opposition to Darwin's theory, Britain's preeminent paleontologist and comparative anatomist, Richard Owen, argued that man was unique among all creation in the possession of a particular structure within the brain, the 'Hippocampus minor'. Darwin's great defender, Thomas Huxley, demonstrated that this structure also existed in monkeys and apes, and that it was simply a manifestation of a 'particular sulcus' in the posterior cerebral cortex, which he named as the 'calcarine' sulcus. The home of the visual striate cortex was thus named as part of the controversy surrounding the birth of evolutionary theory, soon to be accepted as the great unifying concept in all of biology.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1995

Repeated testing of normal elderly with the Boston Naming Test.

The Boston Naming Test is commonly viewed as a measure of language ability, particularly, confrontational naming. Its utility in detecting word-retrieval problems in clinical populations is well documented. However, studies which would explore information-processing mechanisms involved in BNT performance are not available. Results of our repeated testing of 122 subjects between the ages of 57 and 85 with the 60-item version of BNT and other measures over three annual probes revealed high stability of the BNT scores over time, which suggests a lack of the practice effect, whereas cross-sectional analysis demonstrated some decline in the BNT scores in subjects over 70 years of age. In spite of the high stability in BNT scores on repeated testing, the pattern of correlations between the BNT and measures tapping different cognitive domains shifted over time. Results suggest predominantly the verbal mode of information processing in BNT performance on the first probe, as opposed to visuo-spatial mode on the third probe in our sample of elderly individuals.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Intrahippocampal administration of the NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME prevents working memory deficits in rats exposed to transient cerebral ischemia.

A 5-min period of cerebral ischemia increased the number of errors in a working memory task with three-panel runway paradigm, while it had no effect on reference memory errors. The nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), infused into the bilateral dorsal hippocampus at 100 micrograms/side immediately after blood flow reperfusion, significantly reduced the increase in working memory errors expected to occur 24 h after 5 min of ischemia. Intrahippocampal administration of the inactive isomer D-NAME at 100 micrograms/side immediately after reperfusion had no effect on the increase in working memory errors in the ischemic rats. These findings suggest that the mechanism mediated by hippocampal NO synthesis during the early reperfusion phase contributes to the postischemic impairment of working memory.

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1983

Event-related potentials during naming and mental rotation.

The biphasic late negative wave (Nx-Ny) evoked during the naming of pictures of objects was investigated in a series of experiments. The monitoring of several possible non-cerebral generators indicated that these components were probably cerebral in origin. The Ny wave differed in scalp distribution from the preceding CNV. It was unaffected by stimulus duration or by stimulus repetition. The Nx-Ny complex occurred in both a naming task and a mental rotation task. The slow waves following the biphasic negative wave differed significantly between these two tasks. In the mental rotation task, there was a large prolonged negativity in both parietal regions. The Nx wave (at approximately 250 msec) of the biphasic complex may represent the initial registration of the stimulus. The Ny wave (at approximately 420 msec) does not appear to be specifically related to semantic processing. Rather it may index some process involved in initiating the further evaluation of a complex stimulus. The slow waves that follow the biphasic negative complex may reflect the actual perceptual processing of the stimulus.

Brain↗
PubMed1983

The effects of single versus combined cue presentations on picture naming by aphasic adults.

Research has demonstrated that the presentation of auditory and visual cues is an effective clinical procedure for improving picture naming of nonfluent aphasic speakers. The effect of combined cue presentation, however, has not been clearly demonstrated. The present study investigated the effect of single and multiple cueing techniques used with nonfluent (Broca's) aphasic patients. The subjects were divided into a minimum or maximum error group based on their performance on a picture-naming task. Printed words (in either cursive or manuscript style), initial syllables, and sentence completion cues were presented independently and in combination. Discussion is directed toward the potential clinical application of multiple cueing techniques.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1985

Speed of color naming and intelligence: association in girls, dissociation in boys.

We administered a rapid naming test to a sample of prereaders. Slow performance on this task among older children is known to be associated with reading disability. Results showed a sex difference in the degree of correlation between naming performance and a test of general intelligence. The finding was replicated on an independent sample. This finding bears theoretically on the degree to which a learning disability can appear as an isolated deficit in the two sexes.

Child↗
PubMed1987

An investigation of Luria's hypothesis on prompting in aphasic naming disturbances.

This study investigated Luria's hypothesis that aphasic subgroups would respond differentially to phonemic prompts. Responsiveness to initial-sound cues was examined in 40 aphasics--10 Broca's, conduction, Wernicke's, and anomic aphasics who had naming difficulties. Results, with the exception of the anomic aphasic group, supported Luria's predictions. Broca's aphasics were responsive to phonemic cueing, while Wernicke's aphasics were not. Conduction aphasics tended to respond in a fashion similar to the Wernicke's group. The relationship of cueing responsiveness to underlying naming mechanisms is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The efficacy of PACE in the remediation of naming deficits.

This study compared the effects of PACE and traditional stimulation therapy in the remediation of naming deficits. The subject was a 66-year-old conduction aphasic. An ABCBC time-series design was employed. Greater gains were evidenced during the PACE phases of treatment on two types of probes--confrontation naming and picture description tasks.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

A technique for placing names in dentures.

A simple technique for placing patients' names in their dentures has been described. All dentures made at the prosthodontic clinic of the University of Washington now have names imbedded in the acrylic resin in the hope that problems of denture identification will be eliminated in the future.

Denture Design↗
PubMed1994

L-NAME modulates responses to adrenomedullin in the hindquarters vascular bed of the rat.

Responses to synthetic human adrenomedullin (ADM), a novel hypotensive peptide recently discovered in human pheochromocytoma cells, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a structurally related peptide, were investigated in the hindquarters vascular bed of the rat. Under conditions of controlled hindquarters blood flow, intraarterial injections of ADM (0.01-0.3 nmol) and of CGRP (0.03-0.3 nmol) caused dose-related decreases in hindquarters perfusion pressure and decreases in systemic arterial pressure. Following administration of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), hindquarters vasodilator and systemic depressor responses to ADM were significantly decreased, whereas L-NAME did not significantly decrease the vasodilator response to CGRP in either the hindquarters or systemic vascular beds. Following administration of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, meclofenamate, vasodilator responses to ADM and to CGRP were not significantly decreased. When the relative vasodilator activity of the two peptides was compared on a nmol basis, responses to ADM were similar to responses with CGRP in the hindquarters vascular bed, whereas ADM was 30-100 fold less potent than CGRP in decreasing systemic arterial pressure. The present data demonstrate that ADM has significant vasodilator activity in the hindquarters vascular bed of the rat, that hindquarters vasodilator and systemic vasodepressor responses to ADM, but not to CGRP, are dependent upon the release of nitric oxide from the endothelium.

Adrenomedullin↗