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At least 1,585 records · Page 88Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Terminology of the thalamus and its representation in a part-whole relation.

In stereotaxic neurosurgery, a variety of operative procedures focus on thalamic targets. The nomenclature of thalamic nuclei and subnuclei, however, has not yet been settled. In clinical and laboratory environments several terminologies coexist. This is an obstacle to both communication and a better understanding of recent electrophysiological findings. In the late 1980s, the application of new histochemical and immunohistochemical methods led to a deeper insight into existing correlationships between the nomenclatures. As a uniform terminology of the thalamus is still lacking, we created a knowledge-based system (THALAMUS) which gives a comprehensible survey about the most important terminologies. The different nomenclatures are related to each other by organizing them in a component-integral relation. This part-whole relation contains both the knowledge on the subdivisions of the thalamus as well as the knowledge on the correlations between the various nomenclatures.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Risch's lambda values for human obesity.

OBJECTIVE: Risch's lambda statistic (lambda R) is related to the heritability of traits and can be useful in several contexts, including the conduct of power analyses to determine sample size for gene mapping studies. However, values of lambda R have not been presented for human obesity. DESIGN AND RESULTS: Using both analytic and empirical approaches, the present study calculates estimates of lambda R. Examples are provided to illustrate the use of these estimates for determining sample size for genetic mapping studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Estimating recessive disease allele frequency based on genetic maps.

For a recessive disease whose gene has been localized on the human gene map, a new method is described for estimating the population frequency of the disease allele. The method focuses on affected individuals whose parents are first cousins, where parents and grandparents are genotyped for highly polymorphic markers at the disease gene. The primary statistic is the proportion of such probands who are autozygous (homozygous due to identity by descent of the two disease alleles), where this proportion is a function of the disease allele frequency. Our map-based method is compared to Dahlberg's method of estimating recessive disease allele frequencies, which is based on the proportion of affected individuals whose parents are first cousins; this proportion is also a function of the disease allele frequency. For small to moderate sample sizes and traits that are not too common, our new method is more efficient (for some parameter values dramatically more efficient) than Dahlberg's method.

Alleles↗
PubMed2000

[Molecular genetic approaches to Mycobacterium tuberculosis].

Recent progress of molecular genetics has been providing tools for new approaches to disease treatment and diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In 1998, Cole et al. reported the complete genome sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The new information will provide us the knowledge and understanding of the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Further, it will provide us new conception of diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Four topics were selected in this symposium. Dr. Iinuma reviewed and prospected the clinical utility of nucleic acid amplification methods of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Dr. Suzuki reviewed the molecular mechanism of acquired resistance to anti-TB drugs and reported the early detection of genetic mutation by new designed DNA tip method. Dr. Takahashi reviewed the method of molecular epidemiology and genetic elements as a tool for strain differentiation of tuberculosis. Dr. Mizuguchi interpreted the essential feature of mycobacterial genome maps, and genes and their biological activity. He also reviewed the importance and the utility of the complete genome sequence of tuberculosis in association with pathogenecity. These topics were summarized in this report, based on the symposium of "Molecular genetic approaches to Mycobacterium tuberculosis" in the 75th annual meeting of the Japanese Society for Tuberculosis.

Drug Resistance↗
PubMed1991

Cardiorespiratory effects of topical application of endothelin-1 to the ventral surface of the rat medulla.

In urethane-anesthetized and vagotomized rats, we examined the cardiorespiratory effects of a topical application of endothelin-1 (ET-1) to the ventral surface of the medulla (VSM) and surveyed subregions of the VSM influenced by these effects. ET-1 (0.1 fmol) delivered to the S area of the VSM via a needle (i.d. of approximately 100 microns) gently pressed on the VSM had no effect on mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), phrenic nerve activity (PNA), or the burst rate of PNA. However, a dose of 1 fmol of ET-1 induced transient but significant increases in MAP, HR, RSNA, and burst rate while at a dose of 10 fmol or more, PNA also increased and simultaneously longer-lasting decreases in MAP, RSNA, and PNA followed the initial increase. The subregion of the VSM in which ET-1 most prominently elicited these effects was the S and caudal part of the M area, where topical application of 50 nmol of L-glutamate caused cardiorespiratory changes. Additionally, there was a restricted region within the caudal VSM in which ET-1 caused a decrease in PNA with an increase in burst rate. These results support our hypothesis that the VSM is crucially involved in the cardiorespiratory changes induced by centrally administered ET-1.

Administration, Topical↗