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PubMedDate not supplied

Does amount of protein in formula matter for low-birthweight infants? A Cochrane systematic review.

BACKGROUND: High protein intake may be associated with negative consequences such as acidosis, uremia, and elevated levels of circulating amino acids (eg, phenylalanine levels). We performed a systematic review of randomized controlled trials to determine whether formula-fed low-birthweight infants could tolerate protein intakes>or=3.0 g/kg/d in their initial hospital stay, without adverse consequences. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials contrasting levels of protein intakes as low (<3.0 g/kg/d), high (>or=3.0 g/kg/d but <4.0 g/kg/d), or very high protein intake (>or=4.0 g/kg/d) while other nutrients were held constant, were identified through a systematic search of the literature. Standard methods of the Cochrane Collaboration were used by 2 independent reviewers, with the third reviewer facilitating consensus decision making. RESULTS: A meta-analysis of 5 randomized trials indicated improved weight gain (weighted mean difference [WMD] 2.36 g/kg/d; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.31-3.40) and higher nitrogen accretion (WMD 143.7 mg/kg/d; 95% CI 128.7-158.8) with high (>or=3.0 g/kg/d but <4.0 g/kg/d) compared with low (<3.0 g/kg/d) protein intakes while other nutrients were kept constant. No data were available for IQ or Bayley scores at 18 months or later or for very high protein intakes (>or=4.0 g/kg/d). No significant differences were seen in rates of necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, or diarrhea. CONCLUSIONS: Accelerated weight and nitrogen accretion were noted with higher protein intakes in "healthy" formula-fed low-birthweight infants. This benefit could not be weighed against the adverse consequences of elevated blood urea nitrogen levels and increased metabolic acidosis and neurodevelopmental abnormalities.

Dietary Proteins↗
PubMed1991

A magnetic resonance imaging study of schizophrenia: brain structure and clinical symptoms.

Thirty-one patients with schizophrenia and 33 normal control subjects underwent MRI. The BPRS was used to rate clinical symptoms and the NART to estimate pre-morbid IQ. All were right handed. The temporal lobe was significantly smaller on the left than the right in both the control and schizophrenic groups. The amygdala was smaller on the left than the right in controls but not in schizophrenics. The parahippocampal gyrus was smaller on the left side in the schizophrenic group but not in controls. In the schizophrenic group, ventricular enlargement and cerebral atrophy were significantly related to severity of symptoms. Patients with marked negative symptoms had a bilateral reduction in the size of the head of caudate and the two measures were significantly correlated. Patients with marked positive symptoms had larger VBRs and again the clinical and morphometric changes were significantly correlated. There were no morphometric differences between patients with short duration (two years or less) and chronic symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Neurodevelopmental antecedents of early-onset bipolar affective disorder.

BACKGROUND: Developmental impairments have been identified as a risk factor for early-onset schizophrenia. Affective symptoms are more common in children and adolescents with disordered neurodevelopmental than in healthy controls. AIMS: To test the hypothesis that severe early-onset mood disorders are associated with developmental antecedents. METHOD: We retrospectively identified 38 adolescent cases (15 female, 23 male; mean age 14.4 years, range 11-18) who met ICD-10 Research Diagnostic Criteria for a manic episode, bipolar affective disorder or psychotic depression, and 41 controls (25 female, 16 male, mean age 14.2 years, range 11-18) with depression but without psychotic features. RESULTS: Cases were significantly more likely to have experienced delayed language, social or motor development (OR 5.5, 95% CI = 1.4-21.6, P = 0.01), in particular those who develop psychotic symptoms (OR 7.2, 95% CI = 1.8-28.6, P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Compared to early-onset unipolar depression, neurodevelopmental antecedents are over-represented in early-onset bipolar disorder. The validity of this finding was supported by contemporaneous IQ scores that are not subject to the same potential biases as case-note ratings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Health, neurologic, and cognitive status of HIV-infected, long-surviving, and antiretroviral-naive Ugandan children.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the health status and school-age neurodevelopmental progress of antiretroviral treatment (ARVT)-naive, HIV-infected Ugandan children who had been followed as part of cohorts of children born to HIV-infected and -noninfected mothers between 1989 and 1993. METHODS: Twenty-eight children, aged 6 to 12 years, vertically infected with HIV-1 and never treated with ARVT were evaluated in terms of health status, neurologic, and psychometric testing. A randomly selected group of 42 seroreverters and 37 HIV-1 negative children who were age- and gender-matched and who had been followed in the same cohorts were evaluated also. The families studied were homogenous in their socioeconomic status. None of the mothers or children had received ARVT or been exposed to illicit drugs. RESULTS: The HIV-infected children showed significantly more evidence of acute malnutrition. They also had more illness, especially parotitis, otitis media, upper respiratory infections, and lymphadenopathy. However, they did not differ significantly in neurologic and cognitive assessments when compared with age- and gender-matched seroreverter and HIV-negative children. They were in the normal range with respect to neurologic and psychometric development measures. CONCLUSIONS: These children seem to represent a significant subgroup of HIV-infected child survivors for whom the progress of the disease is less aggressive throughout early life. Given the fact that many infants, especially in developing countries, continue to be born without the benefit of perinatal ARVT, there will likely continue to be many older HIV-infected children in the same situation as those described in this follow-up study. They will not have been recognized as being HIV-infected. It is important that such children be identified and offered access to ARVT and other appropriate support services.

Anti-Retroviral Agents↗
PubMed2004

Feature selection based on mutual information and redundancy-synergy coefficient.

Mutual information is an important information measure for feature subset. In this paper, a hashing mechanism is proposed to calculate the mutual information on the feature subset. Redundancy-synergy coefficient, a novel redundancy and synergy measure of features to express the class feature, is defined by mutual information. The information maximization rule was applied to derive the heuristic feature subset selection method based on mutual information and redundancy-synergy coefficient. Our experiment results showed the good performance of the new feature selection method.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2000

A neural network based virtual high throughput screening test for the prediction of CNS activity.

A virtual high throughput screening test to identify potentially CNS-active drugs has been developed. Discrimination was based on the knowledge available in databases containing CNS-active (Cipsline from Prous Science) and inactive compounds (Chemical Directory from Sigma-Aldrich). Molecular structures were represented using 2D Unit y fingerprints and a feedforward neural network was trained to classify molecules regarding their CNS activity. The parameterized network was validated by reclassification of the training set elements, by the classification of a test set preselected from the Prous database, and also by the prediction of activity for known CNS drugs not used in the training set but available in the Medchem database (Daylight). These tests revealed that our neural net recognized at least 89% of CNS-active compounds and would be suitable for use in our virtual screening protocol.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2002

Urine alarms and prompts for fostering daytime urinary continence in a student with multiple disabilities: a replication study.

The study evaluated a treatment approach based on urine-alarm signals and staff prompts to foster daytime urinary continence of a student with multiple disabilities. Reinforcement was used for urination in the toilet. The study alternated two baseline with two treatment phases. A 3-mo. follow-up also occurred. The student became almost totally free from large urinary accidents, replacing them with self-initiated toileting and small accidents (wetting only a disposable tissue), and retained his improvement over time. Implications of the findings were discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Medical image databases for CAD applications in digital mammography: design issues.

The evaluation of algorithms' developed for computer assisted diagnosis in digital mammography requires image databases that allow relative comparisons and assessment of algorithms clinical value. A review of the literature indicates that there is no consensus on the guidelines of how databases should be established. Image selection is usually done based on subjective criteria or availability. The generation of common database(s) available to the research community makes relative evaluations of algorithms with similar properties easier. However, questions regarding the "right database size," the "right image resolution," and the "right contents" remain. In this paper, database issues are reviewed and discussed and possible remedies to the various problems are proposed.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1987

AI solutions.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1998

Telemedicine and medical informatics in the multimedia super corridor: the Malaysian vision.

The practice of medicine, with its wide range of environmental conditions and complex dependencies, has long been used as a test bed for various advanced technologies. Telemedicine, as conceptualised within the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) context, is seen as the application of several relatively mature technologiesartificial intelligence (AI), multimedia communication and information systems (IS) amongst othersso as to benefit a large cross-section of the Malaysian population. We will discuss in general terms the Malaysian vision on the comprehensive MSC telemedicine solution, its functionality and associated operational conditions. In particular, this paper focuses on the conceptualisation of one key telemedical component i.e. the Lifetime Health Plan (LHP) system, which is eventually intended to be a distributed multi-module application for the periodic monitoring and generation of health-care advisories for upwards of 20 million Malaysians.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed2000

[Computer-assisted cardiotocogram analysis--from descriptive to perinatal expert system].

The interpretation of cardiotocograms is essentially for perinatal management, it remains labour intensive and depends on training and experience. With the development of modern analysing systems with conventional classification techniques, it seems possible to introduce expert systems and neuronal networks for a better interpretation and classification of cardiotocograms. Techniques of artificial intelligence are powerful tools and should be integrated in future systems. Because CTG-analysis--as a single procedure--is only of limited value for sufficient fetal prognosis, we conclude that computer aided CTG-analysis in combination with additional fetal parameters, for example partial oxygen pressure, will allow the development of future sufficient perinatal expert systems. Nothing should hinder future integration of computerized cardiotocogram analysing systems into everyday clinical routine and to connect it to obstetrical databases.

Cardiotocography↗
PubMed2000

Exploiting multi-modal reasoning for knowledge management and decision support: an evaluation study.

We present the first evaluation results of a knowledge management and decision support system for Type I diabetes patients' care. Such system, meant to help physicians in therapy revision, relies on the integration of Rule Based Reasoning and Case Based Reasoning, and exploits both explicit and implicit knowledge. Reliability was positively judged by a group of expert diabetologists; an increase in its performances is foreseen as new knowledge will be acquired, through the system usage in clinical practice.

Artificial Intelligence↗