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At least 1,585 records · Page 88Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

The posterior auricular flap: anatomical studies.

The aim of this study was to investigate the blood supply of the auriculomastoid skin and to prove the reliability of the posterior auricular vessels for supply of a skin flap in this region. This was done by means of studies of arteriograms, cadaver dissections, India ink perfusion, lead oxide injection and contact radiographs. Information from operative dissections performed in the course of superficial parotidectomies and neck dissections was included, as was information from 11 clinical flap transfers. The conclusion was drawn that the auriculomastoid skin could safely be transferred on the posterior auricular vessels, either as an island flap or as a free flap.

Angiography↗
PubMed1987

The vascular territories (angiosomes) of the body: experimental study and clinical applications.

The blood supply to the skin and underlying tissues was investigated by ink injection studies, dissection, perforator mapping and radiographic analysis of fresh cadavers and isolated limbs. The results were correlated with previous regional studies done in this department. The blood supply is shown to be a continuous three-dimensional network of vessels not only in the skin but in all tissue layers. The anatomical territory of a source artery in the skin and deep tissues was found to correspond in most cases, giving rise to the angiosome concept. Arteries follow closely the connective tissue framework of the body. The primary supply to the skin is by direct cutaneous arteries which vary in calibre, length and density in different regions. This primary supply is reinforced by numerous small indirect vessels, which are "spent" terminal branches of arteries supplying the deep tissues. An average of 374 major perforators was plotted in each subject, revealing that there are still many more potential skin flaps. Our arterial roadmap of the body provides the basis for the logical planning of incisions and flaps. The angiosomes defined the tissues available for composite transfer.

Arteries↗
PubMed1988

The anterior tibial vessels and their role in epiphyseal and diaphyseal transfer of the fibula: experimental study and clinical applications.

The blood supply to the fibula from the anterior tibial and peroneal arteries was investigated in 66 fresh cadaver limbs by India ink injection and radiographic studies. These studies revealed a reliable blood supply to the proximal epiphysis and the proximal two-thirds of the diaphysis of the fibula from the anterior tibial artery. Although the peroneal artery provided the dominant supply to the shaft of the bone, its contribution to the head of the fibula was scanty. The cutaneous supply of each vessel was defined and correlated with the territories of the other vessels supplying the leg. The vascular anatomy of the leg was examined in 100 clinical angiograms, revealing 21 limbs with anomalies. This reinforces the case for preoperative angiogram studies where transfer of the fibula is contemplated. The technique of harvesting the proximal growth plate and the shaft of the fibula on the anterior tibial vessels alone is described and illustrated with two successful clinical cases, each followed for 4 years. The growth rate of the transferred epiphysis averaged 1 cm per year.

Blood Vessels↗
PubMed1993

Observations on experimental flow-through venous flaps.

The aim of this work was to compare the survival of an arteriovenous island flap with the survival of an island flap with a flow-through venous supply. Our experimental studies were performed on 95 Wistar rats randomised into six groups: Group 1: Indian ink injection of flow-through venous flaps with capillary network; Group 2: control group deprived of vascularisation; Group 3: control group with arteriovenous supply; Group 4: flow-through venous flaps of group 1; Group 5: epigastric flow-through venous flaps with a main venous trunk; Group 6: histological examination of flow-through venous flaps. The survival of flaps was monitored by direct examination, histological examination, capillaroscopy, and laser Doppler. Three out of 50 flow-through venous flaps survived. There was a statistically significant difference in the delay of clinical necrosis between the composite non vascularised free grafts (2.8 +/- 1.2 days) and the flow-through venous flaps (4.1 +/- 1.3 to 4.9 +/- 1.1 days depending on the type of flap). A 20% decreased venous blood flow was observed in the flow-through venous flaps.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1989

Structure of an anti-complementary arabinogalactan from the root of Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa.

Mild acid hydrolysis of an anti-complementary arabinogalactan (AGIIb-1), isolated from the roots of Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa, gave one neutral (N-I) and two acidic arabinogalactan (A-I and A-II) units and one neutral arabinan unit (N-II). The methyl-esterified rhamnogalacturonan cores of A-I and A-II were subjected to base-catalysed beta-elimination in the presence of sodium borodeuteride to give the neutral side-chains. Gel filtration showed that A-I contained a high-molecular-weight arabinogalactan and two oligosaccharides consisting of Ara and Gal or Ara as the side chains, and that A-II was composed of two high-molecular-weight arabinogalactans. Similar treatment of the acidic fraction, obtained by partial acid hydrolysis of A-I, gave mono- to tetra-galactosylgalactitol-1-d. Partial acid hydrolysis showed that the rhamnogalacturonan core of A-I contained the sequences --4)-GalA-(1--2)-Rha-(1-- and --4)-GalA-(1--4)-Rha-(1--. Digestion with exo-beta-D-galactosidase and Smith degradation indicated that N-I contained a (1--3)-linked galactan backbone with 6-inked galactosyl side-chains. The galactan components of A-I and A-II contained chains that were rich in 3-linked Gal. Fluorescent-labelling with 2-aminopyridine indicated that Ara was the reducing terminal in N-II, whereas it was Rha in A-I and A-II. The mild acid treatment of a different AGIIb-1 preparation gave an oligosaccharide fraction which consisted mainly of terminal and 3-linked Arap, 4- or 5-linked Ara, terminal, 4-linked, and 4,6-linked Gal, and terminal GlcA, and contained Gal and Rha as the reducing terminals.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗
PubMed1983

The establishment of vascular-derived microenvironments in the developing chick wing.

The results of previous studies on the temporal sequence of limb vascularization suggest that the prospective myogenic and chondrogenic areas of the mesoderm are distinguished by a differential vascularization pattern prior to the overt expression of muscle- and cartilage-specific phenotypes. The experiments presented here are designed to reveal the dynamic aspects of vascular flow in the limb by the observation of how an inert, particular tracer (india ink) is mobilized and dispersed at specific points in the mesoderm. Data are presented as a temporal sequence of fluid flow "maps" which detail both the rate and the direction of vascular flow in the limb. It is proposed that not only does the vasculature compartmentalize the mesoderm into prospective myogenic and chondrogenic zones but also that these broad areas are subcompartmentalized into discrete microenvironments that are spatially distinct with regard to their capacity for transporting the carbon particles. The developmental significance of this observation may be that limb mesodermal cells are granted precise, "positional" information in the form of the specific nutrient and oxygen levels they encounter during critical, or decisional, phases of morphogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Analysis of EEG changes with carotid clamping by selective analog filtering, matched inverse digital filtering and automatic adaptive segmentation: a comparative study.

A comparative evaluation was made of 3 methods for possible use in a system for automatic evaluation and signaling of significant EEG changes associated with carotid clamping. The methods were: (1) selective analog filtering in two frequency bands ("fast'--4-20 c/sec; and "slow'--0.8-1.0 c/sec); (2) inverse digital filtering, a computer-based method in which a filter is formed from a pre-clamping EEG baseline such that only frequency components different from the baseline components appear in the filter output; and (3) automatic adaptive segmentation, a computer-based method of detecting and signaling EEG changes by comparison of the autocorrelogram of a pre-clamping reference sample with that from an equal-duration sample "seen' through a progressively moving window in the post-clamping period. For the analyses, portions of ink-recorded monitoring EEGs previously interpreted as showing changes consequent to carotid clamping were transferred to a cassette tape recorder system by means of a multichannel photo-optical scanning system. Of the 3 methods, automatic adaptive segmentation was clearly the best. For selective analog filtering, the thresholds for a significant change were difficult to set. Inverse digital filtering was unsatisfactory because of its insensitivity to changes in the amplitude frequency components already present, although new frequency components could be detected. An incidental finding was that a slow-speed write-out of the analog filter outputs provided a good visual indication of EEG changes.

Brain↗
PubMed1975

Effects of stress and of autonomic blockers on gastric mucosal microcirculation in rats.

Changes in gastric mucosal microcirculation in rats were studied by using the method of intra-aortic injection of India ink, followed by microdissection of the mucosa. Acute stress, induced by restraint and exposure to cold for 2 hr, caused marked and significant vasodilatation in the gastric mucosa. This vasodilatation was prevented by pretreatment with atropine or chlorpromazine, but not by alpha- or theta-adrenoceptor blocking agents. Phentolamine caused significant vasoconstriction in the gastric mucosa of non-stressed rats, but when animals were stressed phentolamine induced a greater vasodilatation than was obtained with stress alone. These observations provide added support for the hypothesis that stress induces vagal overactivity, probably of central origin. The resulting strong contractions of the gastric wall, and compression of the intramural vessels, are probably responsible for degeneration of the mucosal cells leading to the formation of stress-induced ulcers in the rat.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
PubMed1988

Cytoscribing: a method for micropositioning cells and the construction of two- and three-dimensional synthetic tissues.

Cells may be positioned in precise, predetermined patterns by a technique, termed cytoscribing, in which cell adhesion proteins are deposited on a substratum under computer control. Using standard office equipment, cells may be positioned within a cell diameter with the techniques described. Cytoscribing involves the use of either a computer-controlled ink jet printer or a graphics plotter to deposit cell adhesion proteins and monoclonal antibodies onto a substrate material. By selecting different cell adhesion proteins and methods that permit the formation of positive or negative patterns of cells (cytoscripts), two-dimensional tissues can be constructed. It is also demonstrated that an optical microlithography technique used in the semiconductor industry can be used to position cells with a precision of less than a micron. By utilizing the properties of cell adhesion proteins, both positive and negative cytoscripts of photoengraved images can be obtained. Techniques for the construction of three-dimensional tissues are described. Thin sheets of collagen were obtained by forming collagen heat gels in a mold. Monolayers of cells growing on thin collagen sheets were then attached to one another by gluing the sheets together with collagen. Sheets of cells do not attach to each other readily in the presence of fibronectin and evidence is provided which indicates that this observation is due to a lack of adhesiveness of the upper surface of cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Computerized digital image analysis of retinal vessel density: application to normoxic and hyperoxic rearing of the newborn rat.

Because of the inherent nature of existing techniques for vascular assessment of the retina, quantitative rigor has been difficult to attain. Computer imaging has now made possible measurement of oxygen-induced alterations in retinal blood vessels that is precise, accurate and repeatable. Newborn rats were exposed to 80% oxygen for 14 days as an animal model for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Ink perfusion, followed by retinal dissection, yielded silhouettes of the retinal vascular network. These images were digitized and enhanced by the MegaVision 1024XM imaging system in order to facilitate measuring extent of vasculature and capillary density. Mean grey levels, or 'mu', were 33.1 +/- 3.4 and 20.1 +/- 3.5 for room air- and oxygen-reared rats, respectively. These values are directly proportional to the fraction of the overall image that is vascular material, and, therefore, describe the extent of vaso-obliteration resulting from the oxygen exposure. The values were subsequently converted to square millimeters of vessel area to facilitate comparison to past and future studies. Oxygen rearing does not effect retinal area, but decreases retinal artery and vein diameter and decreases the linear extent of vessels toward the retinal periphery.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Nimodipine enhances growth and vascularization of neural grafts.

The potential of the calcium channel antagonist, nimodipine, to enhance vascularization and growth of neural grafts has been investigated. Four groups of rats received unilateral 6-OHDA lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway followed 16-23 days later by intrastriatal grafts of embryonic ventral mesencephalon. The grafts were derived from (i) Embryonic Day 14 embryos (group E14), (ii) Day 17 embryos (group E17), and (iii) Day 20 embryos (group E20), all implanted within 90 min of preparation, or (iv) Day 14 embryos with a 6-h delay prior to implantation (group E14/6H). Half the rats in each group received intragastric intubation with nimodipine daily for 14 days after transplantation surgery, whereas the other half received control intubations. The rats were killed by perfusion with formalin containing Indian ink 6 weeks after grafting. Nimodipine treatment enhanced the vascularization of the grafts in all four groups and induced a significant increase in the volume of grafts under the three suboptimal transplantation conditions (i.e., groups E17, E20, E14/6H). The results suggest that vascularization of graft tissue is an important determinant of survival and growth of neural transplants prepared by the dissociated cell suspension technique and show that vascular perfusion of grafts can be enhanced by nimodipine.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Three-dimensional morphological study of microvascular regeneration in cavity wall of the rat cerebral cortex using the scanning electron microscope: implications for delayed neural grafting into brain cavities.

The present study was carried out to quantify the subsequent vascular regeneration around a lesion cavity made in the rat cerebral cortex and to decide the origin of the regenerated microvessels. A quantitative study utilizing computerized image analysis after microvascular perfusion with India ink indicated approximately 25 and 160% increase of the vascular density adjacent to the cavity compared to the contralateral cortex at 4 and 21 days, respectively, after lesioning. The microvasculature around the cavity was also evaluated by scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts. Newly formed leptomeningeal vessels began to grow down toward the floor of the cavity 4 days after lesioning and nearly covered the walls of the cavity 21 days after lesioning. A neovascular network of leptomeninges and connective tissue (e.g., dura) was formed as a roof over the cavity. Numerous branches of these newly formed vessels and prominent anastomoses with the capillary network in the walls and floor of the cavity were observed. Newly formed vessels also originated from the choroid plexus in cases where the lateral ventricle had been opened at the time of lesioning. These results document the plasticity of the vascular system in the cerebral cortex after a mechanical injury. The regenerated vascular network may offer a suitable condition for survival of transplanted tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Three-dimensional structure of a recombinant peroxidase from Coprinus cinereus at 2.6 A resolution.

The structure of a recombinant peroxidase from the ink cap, Coprinus cinereus, CiP, is reported to 2.6 A resolution and refined to a R-value of 18.1%. The structure was solved by molecular replacement using the coordinates from a newly published ligninase structure. LiP. CiP crystallizes in space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit related by the vector 0.29b + 0.5c. The two CiP molecules are structurally identical; each contains two Ca2+ ions in positions equivalent to those found in the LiP structure. Two N-acetylglucosamines and one mannose residue were fitted into the density adjacent to two of the three predicted glycosylation sites. The refinement also included 40 and 41 water molecules, respectively, in the two CiP molecules. The structure of CiP displays a folding very similar to that of LiP. The active sites are almost identical in the LiP and CiP structures. CiP has a much larger opening to the active site than LiP.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed1992

Ischemia in experimental acute amebic liver abscess in hamsters.

In experimental acute amebic liver abscess, produced in hamsters by the intraportal inoculation of 1 x 10(6) axenic trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica strain HM-1, we examined the blood perfusion of the lesions 5, 10, 24 and 72 h after injection of the parasites. India ink introduced into the portal circulation filled all liver vessels but was systematically excluded from even the earlier amebic lesions. The absence of serum proteinase inhibitors from the lesions may allow the participation of amebic proteinases in the causation of tissue necrosis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1988

Effects of vibration on steady flow downstream of a stenosis.

A physical model was used to test the effects of vibrations on the position of transition to turbulence (zt) downstream of a constriction. Constrictions were inserted in a length of clear plastic (Tygon) tubing and vibrated. Water was the fluid medium and flow was visualized with India ink. The frequency and velocity of vibration were monitored. For a given constriction and flow velocity, there was a band of frequencies which caused zt to move upstream. This band corresponded to frequencies of flow disturbances as measured with a hot-film anemometer without vibration. Both flow-visualization and hot-film frequencies were correlated via a Strouhal number to the Reynolds number and contraction ratio of the flow. Values of zt decreased with increasing vibration amplitude. The critical Reynolds number for turbulence was also decreased by vibration. These results are of importance in the diagnosis of vascular disease and the design of physical models of stenotic flows.

Arterial Occlusive Diseases↗
PubMed1990

The strength of the aortic media and its role in the propagation of aortic dissection.

The elastic properties of the thoracic aorta are well known, but this is the first study of the inherent strength of the tunica media. The latter is crucial to understand how dissecting aneurysms occur. Pressure-volume (P-V) measurements were recorded as a dilute suspension of India ink was infused into the tunica media using a constant flow pump (0.21 or 0.88 ml min-1) attached to a 20 G needle inserted into the media. Tests done on 31 opened pig upper descending thoracic aortas showed the peak pressure to tear the media averaged 77.2 +/- 1.5 kPa (579 mm Hg). The initial slope of the P-V curve revealed the average distensibility of the media of 3.02 +/- 0.28 (MPa)-1. The work per unit area of tissue required to propagate a tear in the aorta was 15.9 +/- 0.9 mJ cm-2. These values were independent of the tear depth at the 95% confidence interval.

Aortic Dissection↗
PubMed1996

Spatial organization of the haversian bone in man.

The osteons in all human long bones are grouped in two helical antirotary systems of opposite oblique directions, situated in the contralateral walls of the diaphysis. Several arguments support the hypothesis that this special architecture arises from functional adaptations and that it depends on the orientation of the first principal stress. A new macroscopic method based on the filling of vascular canals of the undecalcified, polished bone with India-ink enabled us to study the spatial architecture of the haversian bone in the entire diaphysis. The osteon directions in normal and atypical femurs was compared with the direction of the first principal stresses, determined analytically in a cylindrical tube model of the diaphysis subjected to a combination of bending, torsion and compression. Under combined loading with the bending moment in the frontal plane to the medial side and with the torque moment in the sense of external rotation, the direction of the first principal stresses corresponded with the direction of osteons in the diaphysis of the femur. In both cases, the first principal stresses, as well as the osteons, were oriented in the opposite oblique direction in the medial and lateral walls of the model and of the bones. Between the two oblique fields a sharp boundary with an atypical organization of the principal stresses and osteons existed. In atypical femurs the osteonal orientation was longitudinal (likely unloaded femurs) or rotated 90 degrees (markedly anteriorly convex femurs). These observations support the hypothesis of a causal relation between the loading mode and the dominant osteonal direction. The organization of the haversian bone seems a typical example of functional adaptation.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1995

Longitudinal strain of canine and porcine aortas.

The in situ longitudinal strain of canine and porcine aortas was investigated. Marks of black water-resistant ink were placed on the aortas and the axial lengths between the marks were measured in situ and in vitro. When the aortas were cut, the retraction was measured and described by the stretch ratio, which is defined as the length of a segment in situ divided by the length at no-load state. Results show that the stretch ratios of both porcine and canine aortas increase monotonically from 1.2 in the descending region to about 1.5 in abdominal region. Species differences are seen in the middle region. In both animals, the stretch ratio is correlated to the cross-sectional area of the vessel wall.

Animals↗