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PubMed2006

The Opinion Editorial: teaching physiology outside the box.

Improving the public understanding of science is an important challenge for the future professional scientists who are our current undergraduates. In this paper, we present a conceptual model that explores the role of mass media as community gatekeepers of new scientific findings. This model frames the benefits for undergraduate science students to learn about media genres so that they can learn to communicate science more effectively to nonprofessional audiences. Informed by this Media Role model, we then detail a novel writing task for undergraduate physiology students, the Opinion Editorial (Op-Ed), and an accompanying Peer Review. The Op-Ed genre was directly taught to the students by a professional journalist. As an assessment task, students presented a recent, highly technical paper as an Op-Ed. This was assessed by both faculty members and peers using a detailed assessment rubric. Most students were able to replicate the features of Op-Eds and attained high grades on their writing tasks. Survey data from final-year physiology students (n = 230) were collected before and after the implementation of the Op-Ed/Peer Review. These indicated that most students were aware of the importance of scientists to effectively communicate their knowledge to nonprofessional audiences, that the Op-Ed writing task was challenging, and that they believed that their ability to write to nonprofessional audiences was improved after explicit teaching and feedback.

Education, Medical, Undergraduate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Case-control study of Meige's syndrome. Result of a pilot study.

A pilot case-control study was conducted to identify possible risk factors for Meige's syndrome. Patients with Meige's syndrome and age- and sex-matched controls suffering from other neurological diseases were recruited from the Movement Disorders Clinic and Neurology Outpatient Department of the All India Insititute of Medical Sciences. All participants were interviewed and information regarding psychiatric and medical illnesses, use of medications, exposure to fumes, dust and pets, characteristics such as marital status, socio-economic status, alcohol, tea/coffee use, tobacco use, betel nut chewing and family history of neurodegenerative diseases among first-degree relatives was ascertained. We found that betel nut with tobacco chewing was a significant predictor for Meige's syndrome (adjusted odds ratio 7.4, 95% confidence interval = 1.0-59. 82). The role of local irritation or the effect of some chemicals in tobacco and betel nuts needs further evaluation of the pathogenesis of Meige's syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Stereotaxy, navigation and the temporal concatenation.

Nautical and cerebral navigation share similar elements of functional need and similar developmental pathways. The need for orientation necessitates the development of appropriate concepts, and such concepts are dependent on technology for practical realization. Occasionally, a concept precedes technology in time and requires periods of delay for appropriate development. A temporal concatenation exists where time allows the additive as need, concept and technology ultimately provide an endpoint of elegant solution. Nautical navigation has proceeded through periods of dead reckoning and celestial navigation to satellite orientation with associated refinements of instrumentation and charts for guidance. Cerebral navigation has progressed from craniometric orientation and burr hole mounted guidance systems to simple rectolinear and arc-centered devices based on radiographs to guidance by complex anatomical and functional maps provided as an amalgam of modern imaging modes. These maps are now augmented by complex frame and frameless systems which allow not only precise orientation, but also point and volumetric action. These complex technical modalities required and developed in part from elements of maritime navigation that have been translated to cerebral navigation in a temporal concatenation.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Health promotion roles of the federal government and food industry in nutrition and blood pressure.

Some principal activities of government that pertain to nutrition and blood pressure are education, information, dietary guidance, food regulatory practices, health and nutrition monitoring, biomedical research and training, and legislation. The food industry, in turn, influences the marketplace and food consumption by its response to government activities and policies. Dietary guidance recommendations call for moderation of dietary intake, improved nutrition, and greater availability in food choices in the marketplace that are consistent with dietary recommendations to reduce chronic disease risk. Health and nutrition monitoring allows measurement of the effectiveness of moderating dietary intake and controlling hypertension. Adequate support of education, nutrition and health monitoring, and biomedical research and training is necessary to control and prevent hypertension. Cooperation between government and industry can contribute to the decline in cardiovascular disease, which in 1987 cost this nation in excess of $135 billion.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1999

Consensus development methods: a review of best practice in creating clinical guidelines.

BACKGROUND: Although there is debate about the appropriate place of guidelines in clinical practice, guidelines can be seen as one way of assisting clinicians in decision-making. Given the likely diversity of opinion that any group of people may display when considering a topic, methods are needed for organising subjective judgements. Three principal methods (Delphi, nominal group technique, consensus development conference) exist which share the common objective of synthesising judgements when a state of uncertainty exists. OBJECTIVES: To identify the factors that shape and influence the clinical guidelines that emerge from consensus development methods and to make recommendations about best practice in the use of such methods. METHODS: Five electronic databases were searched: Medline (1966-1996), PsychLIT (1974-1996), Social Science Citation Index (1990-1996), ABI Inform and Sociofile. From the searches and reference lists of articles a total of 177 empirical and review articles were selected for review. RESULTS: The output from consensus development methods may be affected by: the way the task is set (choice of cues, recognition of contextual cues, the focus of the task, the comprehensiveness of the scenarios); the selection of participants (choice of individuals, degree of homogeneity of the group, their background, their number); the selection and presentation of scientific information (format, extent to which its quality and content is assessed); the way any interaction is structured (number of rating rounds, ensuring equitable participation, physical environment for meetings); and the method of synthesising individual judgements (definition of agreement, rules governing outliers, method of mathematical aggregation). CONCLUSIONS: Although a considerable amount of research has been carried out, many aspects have not been investigated sufficiently. For the time being at least, advice on those aspects has, therefore, to be based on the user's own commonsense and the experience of those who have used or participated in these methods. Even in the long term, some aspects will not be amenable to scientific study. Meanwhile, adherence to best practice will enhance the validity, reliability and impact of the clinical guidelines produced.

Benchmarking↗
PubMed2005

Adjudicating entitlements: the emerging discourses of research ethics boards.

Research ethics boards adjudicate between competing sacred discourses in the knowledge industries. The traditional rights of researchers to initiate and conduct enquiry, the rights of research subjects to have stewardship over their own experiential knowledge and the legal responsibilities of universities and other institutions often compete in the process of adjudication. The justification narrative leading to the establishment of boards is reviewed along with the governmental and institutional actions that have led to the ethics codes in existence. Also discussed is divisiveness between researchers and boards, changes brought about by shifting moral bases, trust and confidentiality, privacy, informed consent, the creation of cultures of research ethics and the unresolved issues awaiting future discussion.

Canada↗
PubMed1995

Nonresponse bias due to consent procedures in school-based, health-related research.

Written, parental consent was solicited from parents of 517 seventh grade students in four junior high schools in Bergen, Norway for their children's participation in a longitudinal nutrition education study. After having received several reminders, 97.3% of the parents gave their written consent. Students whose parents gave an immediate written consent reported more positive eating habits and were more likely to plan for college than were students whose parents responded after receiving one or more reminders. The observed differences did not severely bias our baseline estimates of these variables, and the magnitude of the observed intervention impact did not change as a result of excluding students whose parents were slow to respond. Excluding these students did, however, affect our ability to identify important factors associated with healthy eating behavior including socio-economic status. Subject selection bias may represent a threat to the validity of studies using a written parental consent procedure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The reporting of theoretical health risks by the media: Canadian newspaper reporting of potential blood transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

BACKGROUND: The media play an important role at the interface of science and policy by communicating scientific information to the public and policy makers. In issues of theoretical risk, in which there is scientific uncertainty, the media's role as disseminators of information is particularly important due to the potential to influence public perception of the severity of the risk. In this article we describe how the Canadian print media reported the theoretical risk of blood transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). METHODS: We searched 3 newspaper databases for articles published by 6 major Canadian daily newspapers between January 1990 and December 1999. We identified all articles relating to blood transmission of CJD. In duplicate we extracted information from the articles and entered the information into a qualitative software program. We compared the observations obtained from this content analysis with information obtained from a previous policy analysis examining the Canadian blood system's decision-making concerning the potential transfusion transmission of CJD. RESULTS: Our search identified 245 relevant articles. We observed that newspapers in one instance accelerated a policy decision, which had important resource and health implication, by communicating information on risk to the public. We also observed that newspapers primarily relied upon expert opinion (47 articles) as opposed to published medical evidence (28 articles) when communicating risk information. Journalists we interviewed described the challenges of balancing their responsibility to raise awareness of potential health threats with not unnecessarily arousing fear amongst the public. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our findings we recommend that journalists report information from both expert opinion sources and from published studies when communicating information on risk. We also recommend researchers work more closely with journalists to assist them in identifying and appraising relevant scientific information on risk.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed2000

Evidence-based librarianship: searching for the needed EBL evidence.

This paper discusses the challenges of finding evidence needed to implement Evidence-Based Librarianship (EBL). Focusing first on database coverage for three health sciences librarianship journals, the article examines the information contents of different databases. Strategies are needed to search for relevant evidence in the library literature via these databases, and the problems associated with searching the grey literature of librarianship. Database coverage, plausible search strategies, and the grey literature of library science all pose challenges to finding the needed research evidence for practicing EBL. Health sciences librarians need to ensure that systems are designed that can track and provide access to needed research evidence to support Evidence-Based Librarianship (EBL).

Databases, Bibliographic↗
PubMed2000

The impact of advances in dental sciences on primary dental care.

The next century will see phenomenal changes especially and, most importantly, in patient empowerment, in the improvement of health in the disadvantaged, and in the harmonisation of standards of healthcare throughout the world. Advances in the dental sciences will facilitate these improvements but the major changes surely will be largely stimulated and motivated by the information revolution and the advances in molecular and materials sciences. The identification, and protection against disease, of patients who, because of a genetic predisposition, are at particular risk of disease is likely to become possible. Simple, sensitive, effective, non-invasive and safe diagnostic procedures will become available, as will chairside diagnostic test kits that would identify specific microorganisms causal of oral disease. The advances in digital imaging will be taken further and linked to record-keeping. Specific safe agents targeted at responsible microorganisms will be devised, and systems to deliver therapeutic agents effectively and prevent tissue damage simply will be perfected. Painless, minimally-invasive techniques for the removal of diseased oral tissues will become available, as will biocompatible materials for replacement of lost oral tissues.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed2005

Genome projects and the functional-genomic era.

The problems we face today in public health as a result of the -- fortunately -- increasing age of people and the requirements of developing countries create an urgent need for new and innovative approaches in medicine and in agronomics. Genomic and functional genomic approaches have a great potential to at least partially solve these problems in the future. Important progress has been made by procedures to decode genomic information of humans, but also of other key organisms. The basic comprehension of genomic information (and its transfer) should now give us the possibility to pursue the next important step in life science eventually leading to a basic understanding of biological information flow; the elucidation of the function of all genes and correlative products encoded in the genome, as well as the discovery of their interactions in a molecular context and the response to environmental factors. As a result of the sequencing projects, we are now able to ask important questions about sequence variation and can start to comprehensively study the function of expressed genes on different levels such as RNA, protein or the cell in a systematic context including underlying networks. In this article we review and comment on current trends in large-scale systematic biological research. A particular emphasis is put on technology developments that can provide means to accomplish the tasks of future lines of functional genomics.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Hypermedia in biomedical education: a case study.

The origination, development and application of a hypermedia system for use in the life sciences is described. Implemented in the Apple Macintosh HyperCard environment, the project has been designed to make use of commercially produced laser discs as visual archives and has included the production of authoring and navigational tools. We report here on our experience in authoring stacks for undergraduate teaching, monitoring of student use and assessment of effectiveness as a self-teaching resource. Future developments and applications within the biomedical sciences are discussed.

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed2006

Empowerment evaluation in redesigning a public health unit nutrition program.

This article illustrates how empowerment evaluation was used in Toronto Public Health's (TPH) nutrition programming redesign to consult with staff about how roles, responsibilities, and organisational structure could be changed to improve how nutrition programs are delivered. One of three moderators facilitated the ten two-hour focus group sessions in TPH. TPH staff, namely 71 front-line staff and 13 managers who were responsible for providing community nutrition services, participated in the study. Focus group participants included Public Health Dietitians, Public Health Nutritionists, Public Health Nurses (PHNs), and paraprofessionals (i.e., community nutrition assistants). Participants' preferred roles, responsibilities, and organisational structure in TPH, which they believe would improve nutrition service delivery in the community, were examined. A constant comparison approach was used to develop themes inductively. It was found that participants wanted Dietitians and Nutritionists to provide current nutrition-related information to them. They felt that nutrition programs should be promoted better and made more accessible to the public. They suggested that Dietitians and Nutritionists and other staff should share information with each other better. They suggested that Dietitians and Nutritionists should provide nutrition services directly to the public and provide support to other staff, mainly PHNs, who deliver nutrition programs. In conclusion, this empowerment evaluation produced results that were used to assist in decision making about nutrition programming.

Dietetics↗
PubMed1990

A survey of physicians' uses/opinions regarding nutrition education resources.

Since physicians are one of the public's main sources of nutrition information, a study was conducted to investigate physicians' sources of nutrition knowledge, patient education resources, and opinions about potential nutrition services. A questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of family physicians. The response rate was 53% (n = 255). Fifty-three per cent of respondents ranked their personal knowledge and training as their most frequent source of nutrition information. The most widely reported sources of patient education resources were Health and Welfare Canada and industry. Physicians ranked resources from Health and Welfare Canada as highest for quality characteristics, and industry information as lowest. Pamphlets were ranked as the most/very useful patient service (70%), and physician reimbursement as the most useful physician service (59%). One-quarter of physicians asked for patient information on heart disease. The results of this study suggest physician reimbursement for nutrition education needs to be addressed by health insurance plans if physicians are to be expected to provide nutrition intervention. Further nutrition training for physicians should be conducted through medical education, continuing education and medical journals.

Alberta↗