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At least 1,585 records · Page 88Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

In vitro cellular immune response in mice and rabbits immunized with Trichinella spiralis antigen.

The possibility of using cell mediated immune response as a diagnostic tool has been investigated with T. spiralis laboratory/model. The feasibility of a in vitro microculture method to measure blast cell activity of lymphoblasts in mice experimentally infected with T. spiralis muscle larvae or immunized with soluble crude antigen and the lymphoproliferative response in immunized rabbits was demonstrated. The obtained results suggest that the cell mediated immune response from blood lymphocytes may be very useful to diagnose early parasite infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

In vitro transfer of cellular immunity in experimental allergic orchitis by means of immune RNA.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) extracts were obtained from lymph nodes of guinea-pigs that had previously been immunized with a purified testicular antigen emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant. The RNA extracts were incubated with normal guinea-pig peritoneal exudate cells (NGP-PEC). After treatment, the NGP-PEC cells showed specific inhibition of migration when tested with the specific antigen. No inhibition of migration was observed when cells were tested with an unrelated antigen or when the cells were incubated with RNA obtained from animals immunized with adjuvant alone. Failure of inhibition of migration was also observed when the 'immune' RNA was degraded with RNAse. The appearance of this I-RNA in the immunized guinea-pigs correlates with the appearance of delayed hypersensitivity in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Protective effectiveness of the blood sera and immune system cells from mice immunized with live or inactivated influenza virus].

The results of the study of comparative protective role of humoral and cell-mediated immunity factors obtained from inbred donor mice immunized with live or inactivated influenza virus are presented. The superiority of the live virus over the inactivated preparation as the inducer of not only humoral but especially cell-mediated immune response was demonstrated by the effectiveness of passive intranasal protection of the infected mice, by the degree of inhibition of virus reproduction in the lungs of the protected mice, and by the capacity for interferon production by the cells of the immune system of donor mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Trypanosoma cruzi: the fate of bloodstream trypomastigote, amastigote, metacyclic trypomastigote and epimastigote forms in the peritoneal macrophages of immune and non-immune mice in vivo.

Experiments were done in vivo in order to compare the ability of Trypanosoma cruzi bloodstream trypomastigotes (BTr), amastigotes (Am), metacyclic trypomastigotes (MTr) and epimastigotes (Ep) to proliferate in the peritoneal macrophages of the following groups of A/Sn mice: actively immunized with increasing doses of living BTr (AIM); mice passively immunized with homologous immune serum (ISTM); mice passively transfused with normal homologous serum (NSTM) and normal mice (NM). Parasite load was evaluated by counting the number of infected peritoneal macrophages harvested on the 4th day after i.p. challenge with one of the forms. All four parasite stages infected NM. AIM seldom showed parasitized macrophages after challenge with any of the forms. ISTM always harboured numerous parasitized macrophages. The only form susceptible to humoral immunity was the Am.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Treatment of disseminated leukemia with cyclophosphamide and immune cells: tumor immunity reflects long-term persistence of tumor-specific donor T cells.

B6 mice bearing disseminated syngeneic FBL leukemia can be cured by treatment on day 5 with 180 mg/kg cyclophosphamide and 2 x 10(7) adoptively transferred syngeneic immune spleen cells. Complete tumor eradication in this model requires more than 30 days and is dependent upon the transfer of specifically immune T cells. To evaluate the relative contributions of host and donor T cells to tumor elimination and the maintenance of tumor immunity, donor cells obtained from Thy congenic mice were used for adoptive transfer. Thus, host and donor T cells could be readily distinguished by the expression of either Thy-1.2 or Thy-1.1 antigen. The results demonstrated that the majority of immunologically competent T cells present in hosts cured by adoptive therapy were of host origin. A small population of donor T cells, however, persisted long after transfer. At day 60, a time point shortly after tumor eradication had been completed, 5% of splenic T cells were of donor origin, and by day 120 this percentage had decreased to less than 2%. Functional studies performed at both time points revealed that this small number of residual donor T cells contained the subpopulation of tumor-reactive T cells present in the host. Thus, host T cells did not make a substantial contribution to the expression of the anti-tumor response and presumably have little role in either tumor eradication or the long-term maintenance of tumor immunity.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Cell-mediated immunity in subjects immunized with HLA antigens.

Production of cellular immune reaction in subjects immunized against HLA antigens was studied by the capillary migration inhibition test in vitro and by the skin test in vivo. The majority of the immunized subjects (10 out of 13) developed a cell-mediated immunity to the donor antigens. Production of HLA antibodies was demonstrable in a smaller proportion of the cases. The complementary nature of humoral and cellular responsiveness was borne out by the present observations. The result of the skin test performed simultaneously with the migration inhibition test correlated well with the result in vitro.

Blood Transfusion↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Cellular immune response detected in blast transformation test with lymphocytes from rabbits immunized with nucleocapsid of herpes simplex type 2 virus].

A preparation of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) nucleocapsid (NC) was obtained after treatment of intracellular virus with detergents followed by centrifugation in linear sucrose density gradient. Electron microscopic analysis revealed polymorphism of HSV-2 NC population. Three main types of capsid structures were found: empty capsids, NC containing various amounts of nucleoid material, and NC with complete nucleoid. Morphological heterogeneity correlated with heterogenous sedimentation profile of the total NC preparation of labeled virus represented by light, intermediate, and heavy structures. Specific blasttranformation tests with lymphocytes from rabbits immunized with HSV-2 NC demonstrated differences in the primary and secondary cellular immune responses. The secondary cellular immune response was characterized by a more rapid and strong increase in BTT values than the primary immune response.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

A model of immune complex-mediated pleuropulmonary injury; evidence of deposition of circulating immune complexes in the lung.

Severe acute, diffuse lung inflammation was induced in rabbits immunized to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and subsequently challenged with BSA intrapleurally. Evidence suggesting involvement of circulating immune complexes in the pathogenesis of lung injury in these rabbits include 1) positive lung immunofluorescence, 2) a fall in serum hemolytic complement, 3) diffuse bilateral involvement despite unilateral antigen challenge, and 4) absence of these findings in control rabbits. Further investigation with this model may provide insight into the processes involved in the deposition of immune complexes in the lung and the mechanisms of lung injury provoked by immune complex deposition.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Cell-mediated immune responses to Theileria parva (East Coast fever) during immunization and lethal infections in cattle.

Leucocytes from cattle with lethal or sub-lethal infections with Theileria parva were examined for responses in autologous mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) and for specific and non-specific cytotoxicity against cultured cell lines. During lethal infections, lymphoblasts isolated from central lymph from days 8 to 14 stimulated proliferation in autologous lymphatic lymphocytes and peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL), although cytotoxicity was not generated in such cultures. After day 14, non-specific cytotoxicity was exhibited by both lymphocyte populations and was maximal in moribund calves. Non-specific lytic activity was also noted in PBL from recovering calves, but disappeared after the elimination of the parasite. Calves immunized against T. parva by the concurrent administration stabilate and long-acting tetracycline showed macroschizont forms of the parasite in host lymphocytes from days 15 to 18 after infection. During this period, lymph node cells from infected calves stimulated MLR-type responses in autologous PBL. However, PBL from immunized calves lysed directly, autologous infected lymphoblasts in a genetically-restricted fashion from days 14 to 21, although additional cytotoxicity was not generated in the MLR. The results imply that when the parasitosis of T. parva is curtailed, specific cell-mediated responses are mounted against parasite-induced antigens in combination with polymorphic host antigens on the leucocyte membrane. These reactions are probably the major immune responses conferring to recovered cattle, immunity against rechallenge with the homologous isolate of T. parva.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Changes in the anti-infection immunity indices of esophageal cancer patients undergoing combined immunization against staphylococcal and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections].

The method of the complex immunization of patients with esophageal cancer against the main causative agents of purulent infections has been developed. Purified concentrated staphylococcal toxoid and polyvalent corpuscular P. aeruginosa vaccine were used for the immunization of 26 patients. Immunization was carried out in 3 injections (11 patients) and 4 injections (15 patients) made at intervals of 7 days. This resulted in the activation of nonspecific immunity factors (the total bactericidal properties of the blood serum, the phagocytic activity of neutrophils, the increase of the IgG level) and in a considerable increase in the factors of specific protection against staphylococcal and P. aeruginosa infections: the titer of staphylococcal anti-alpha-toxin increased 7- to 11-fold and the titer of antibodies to P. aeruginosa antibodies increased 5- to 6.5-fold. The preoperative vaccination of patients decreased the occurrence of postoperative purulent complications from 71% to 11.5%.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Alteration of immunogenicity of xenogenized tumor cells in syngeneic rats by the immune responses to virus-associated antigens produced on immunizing cells.

A strong transplantation resistance to a fibrosarcoma (KMT-17) is induced in syngeneic Wistar King Aptekman/Hok rats after a single s.c. immunization with Friend virus-infected (xenogenized) viable KMT-17 cells. The resistance induced by the repeated immunizations with irradiated Friend virus-infected KMT-17 cells, however, was unexpectedly weaker when compared with that induced by irradiated KMT-17 cells. The immunogenicity of tumor-associated antigen on xenogenized Friend virus-infected KMT-17 cells was correlated with their shortened survival time in the peritoneal cavity after i.p. inoculation, especially in rats preimmunized with xenogenized tumor cells. Furthermore, xenogenized tumor cells producing a medium amount of virus-associated antigen (VAA) but not those producing a large amont of VAA showed an augmented immunogenicity even in normal rats. On the other hand, the tumor-associated antigen immunogenicity was augmented by immunization with xenogenized tumor cells which expressed a relatively small amount of VAA in rats presensitized with VAA. These findings indicate that the immunogenicity of xenogenized tumor cells is augmented by the middle-grade immune responses to VAA produced on xenogenized tumor cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Specific tumor immunity induced with mitomycin C-treated syngeneic tumor cells (MCT). Effects of carrageenan and trypan blue on MCT-induced immunity in mice.

Mitomycin C treatment of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced syngeneic tumor cells in male mice of the highly inbred strain CBA/WEHI was a convenient and effective method for producing viable but nondividing tumor cells. A single sc injection of 1 x 10(6) mitomycin C-treated syngeneic tumor cells (MCT) induced a specific antitumor immune response that could mediate rejection of small subcutaneous tumor grafts and substantially inhibit growth of larger grafts in normal mice. The response was evident between 3 and 7 days after immunization and persisted for at least 120 days. Adoptive transfer experiments with peritoneal exudate cells from MCT-immunized mice indicated that a cellular basis for resistance was likely in the absence of a detectable humoral component. Administration of MCT to mice with established tumor grafts did not, however, affect tumor growth. Experiments with carrageenan and trypan blue showed that neither induction nor expression of cytotoxic effector cells in MCT-immunized mice was inhibited by these substances, though carrageenan and trypan blue augmented tumor growth in normal mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Ablation of immunity to Amblyomma americanum by anti-basophil serum: cooperation between basophils and eosinophils in expression of immunity to ectoparasites (ticks) in guinea pigs.

Basophils infiltrate the skin and other tissues as part of T lymphocyte and/or antibody-mediated immune responses to certain protein antigens, viruses, tumors, and parasites. Although basophils may comprise a significant fraction of leukocytes in these reactions, their precise role has been poorly understood. Guinea pigs expressing acquired immunity to the tick Amblyomma americanum develop basophil- and eosinophil-rich cutaneous inflammatory responses at tick feeding sites, and tick rejection is associated with extensive local basophil degranulation. We report that a specific anti-basophil serum (ABS) eliminate basophils at tick feeding sites and abolished immunity to A. americanum. ABS does not react with eosinophils and did not reduce blood or bone marrow eosinophils; however, ABS-treated animals had diminished eosinophils at tick feeding sites, perhaps because these sites were deficient in basophil-derived eosinophil-chemotactic factors. AES treatment markedly reduced feeding site eosinophils, did not affect basophil levels, and partially impaired tick resistance. Taken together, our experiments suggest cooperation between basophils and eosinophils in the expression of immunity to ticks in guinea pigs.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Community-based strategies for immunizing the "hard-to-reach" child: the New York State immunization and primary health care initiative.

The 1989-1991 measles epidemic in New York City drew attention to the low immunization coverage rates found in urban neighborhoods. This article describes a joint initiative of the New York State Department of Health and the Columbia University School of Public Health to mobilize parents to fully immunize their children. Eleven community-based organizations (CBOs) used a variety of outreach strategies to identify and enroll underimmunized children in primary care. They enrolled 4,555 children, of whom 75% needed at least one basic vaccine dose to be up-to-date for their age. Enrolled children were followed by CBOs to ensure compliance with appointments. After nine months of program operation, 73% of children in an evaluation sample were up-to-date for age for their immunizations. Immunization coverage increases were greatest for the youngest children, for whom coverage rates more than doubled in the first nine months of program operation. Ninety-one percent of these "hard to reach" children were tracked successfully by CBOs. This article compares the strategies used by the community organizations and concludes with suggestions for improvements of future community-based mobilization programs.

Child↗
PubMed1976

Humoral immunity in experimental syphilis. II. The relationship of neutralizing factors in immune serum to acquired resistance.

Evidence for a humoral mechanism in immunity to experimental syphilis was provided by the demonstration of immune rabbit serum factor(s) capable of inactivating virulent Treponema pallidum, Nichols strain, in an in vitro-in vivo neutralization test. After intratesticular infection, rabbits were bled periodically and their resistance to reinfection was determined by challenge with T. pallidum. The results of challenge showed that resistance to reinfection begins to develop by 11 days after infection, becomes complete by 3 months, and persists for at least 2 years. In the neutralization test, a mixture of treponemal suspension and serum from the infected animals was incubated anaerobically at 34 degrees C and the virulence of the treponemes was determined by intradermal inoculation into normal rabbits. Complete inactivation of treponemes by immune serum required heat-stable and heat-labile (56 degrees C, 30 min) serum components and 16 hr of incubation, and was accelerated by pre-incubation of the treponemes for 4 hr with nonimmune serum but not by 100 mug/ml of added lysozyme. Serum-neutralizing activity, first demonstrable 1 month postinfection, was quantitated by a neutralizing endpoint (NEP). A relatively close quantitative correlation was shown between the development of resistance to symptomatic reinfection and the appearance and persistence of both TPI antibody and neutralizing serum factor(s). The nature of the serum factor(s), the mechanism of treponemal inactivation, and the application of the test in assessing the immune status are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Immunity to lymphoid tumors in syngeneic mice by immunization with mitomycin C-treated cells.

Immunization of mice with syngeneic mitomycin C-treated lymphoid tumor cells (EL-4 and S49A) conferred a high degree of immunity to transplantation with viable tumor cells in syngeneic animals. The development of this immunity was paralleled by the development of specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity; no anti-tumor antibodies could be detected in the immunized animals. In contrast to the high immunoprophylactic capacity of mitomycin C-treated cells, attempts to utilize these cells for immunotherapy were unsuccessful. Preliminary experiments did not reveal antigenic differences between mitomycin C-treated and untreated tumor cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Immunity and immune privilege elicited by cultured retinal pigment epithelial cell transplants.

PURPOSE: To determine whether cultured retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells implanted in the subconjunctival space induce an immune response against autoantigens and whether an active downregulation is achieved by RPE grafts placed in the anterior chamber and within the subretinal space. METHODS: Cultured RPE cells from eyes of newborn C57BL/6 mice were implanted in the subconjunctival space, the anterior chamber, or the subretinal space of eyes of adult C57BL/6 mice. At postimplantation day 12, the recipients were evaluated for RPE-specific delayed hypersensitivity and examined clinically and histologically for evidence of rejection. To facilitate their identification, RPE cells were labeled with 5-bromodeoxyuridine, before intraocular transplantation. RESULTS: Cultured RPE cells implanted in the subconjunctival space of syngeneic mice elicited an intense RPE-specific delayed hypersensitivity associated with a vehement cellular infiltration of the graft when examined at postimplantation day 12. By contrast, grafts in the anterior chamber and subretinal space displayed no evidence of rejection, and their recipients failed to display RPE-specific delayed hypersensitivity. Additionally, the spleens of these mice contained regulatory T cells that suppressed RPE-specific delayed hypersensitivity in naive syngeneic recipients. CONCLUSIONS: Cultured RPE cells can induce an immune response against autoantigens. Implantation of RPE cells in immune-privileged sites of the eye induces a deviant immune response that is associated with spleen cells that suppress RPE-specific delayed hypersensitivity and autoimmune rejection.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Intranasal immunization of a DNA vaccine with IL-12- and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-expressing plasmids in liposomes induces strong mucosal and cell-mediated immune responses against HIV-1 antigens.

A DNA vaccine constructed with the CMV promoter conjugated to env gp160 and rev genes has been shown to induce an effective Th1-type immune response when inoculated via an intramuscular route. In the present study, we obtained high levels of both humoral and cell-mediated immune activity by intranasal administration of this DNA vaccine. The production of mucosal IgA Ab in feces and vaginal fluid was stimulated significantly by intranasal DNA administration. This route of administration resulted in a significant level of HIV-1-neutralizing Abs in feces and serum. Cytokine assays revealed that intranasal administration of this DNA vaccine induces a Th2-type immune response. Interestingly, cationic liposomes greatly enhanced these activities. Abs against HIV-1 were present for at least 10 mo. Coadministration of the DNA vaccine with IL-12- and granulocyte/macrophage-CSF-expressing plasmids induced high levels of HIV-specific CTLs and an increase in delayed type hypersensitivity when administered by the intranasal route. These results clearly demonstrate that intranasal administration of this DNA vaccine with liposomes, together with IL-12- and/or granulocyte/macrophage-CSF-expressing plasmids, induces a strong level of anti-HIV-1 immune response.

Administration, Intranasal↗