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PubMed2004

[Primary peritonitis in previously healthy children].

INTRODUCTION: Primary peritonitis occurs rarely in childhood, affecting mainly children with nephrosis or liver disease and only rarely occurring in previously healthy children. The aim of this case report is to describe the clinical features and natural course of primary peritonitis in six previously healthy children and to review the literature on the topic. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The clinical features and course of primary peritonitis in six previously healthy children are described. The diagnosis was made at laparotomy, which showed no intraabdominal findings, such as intestinal perforation. RESULTS: Presentation was acute and all the patients presented within 24 h of onset of symptoms. The most common presenting features were fever (100 %) and abdominal pain (100 %). Leucocytosis (> 15,000/mm3) was observed in four patients (66 %). Microorganisms were isolated from peritoneal fluid in four patients (Escherichia coli in two, Streptococcus pneumoniae in one and Gram-negative bacteria in one). Recovery was rapid and no postoperative complications were observed. CONCLUSION: Primary peritonitis in patients without underlying causes is clinically indistinguishable from acute appendicitis and diagnosis is usually made at surgery. The hallmarks of therapy are antibiotics and prompt exploratory laparotomy with appendectomy and the prognosis is good.

Abdomen, Acute↗
PubMed2026

Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles in Colorectal Cancer: Interdomain Communication Hubs in Pathogenesis and Immunotherapy.

The complex interaction between the intestinal microbiota and host mucosal immunity plays a defining role in colorectal cancer (CRC) development and therapeutic outcomes. Recently, bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs)-nano-sized, lipid-bilayered extracellular particulates released by both commensal and pathogenic microorganisms-have emerged as critical long-range signaling vehicles within the gut. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the dual functionalities of OMVs in CRC pathogenesis and oncology. Mechanistically, pathogenic OMVs cross compromised mucosal barriers to drive horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of chimeric episomes, such as SPHINX DNAs and Bovine Meat and Milk Factors (BMMFs), thereby promoting genomic instability and neoplastic transformation. Conversely, there is a paradigm shift toward exploiting next-generation probiotic and engineered OMVs as highly tunable therapeutic platforms. By combining cutting-edge bioengineering strategies-such as biomimetic mineralization to neutralize local tissue acidity and chemotherapeutic packaging-these nanovectors effectively reprogram the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Specifically, optimized OMVs modulate macrophage polarization from an M2 to an M1 phenotype and stimulate CXCL10-mediated CD8+ T-cell infiltration, effectively turning immunologically "cold" tumors "hot." Finally, the great translational challenges regarding systemic endotoxicity, scalability, and target delivery, providing a strategic approach for the integration of OMV-based platforms into synergistic immune checkpoint inhibition regimens.

Colon cancer↗
PubMed1998

[Acute infectious diarrhea in children].

Infantile acute gastroenteritis is still a frequent problem particularly in younger children, with high mortality rate in developing countries and high impact on health costs in industrialized countries. The increased knowledge on its pathophysiology has led to the definition of two distinct mechanisms of diarrhea: the secretory and the osmotic pathway. Investigation on the host-microorganism interaction revealed a complex scenario with sophisticated mechanisms developed by microorganisms during evolution to overcome the host defense system. The latter includes immune and non immune coordinated components, with a major role played by the GALT (gut associated lymphoreticular tissue). Knowledge of epidemiology and of the natural history of intestinal infections has led to rational diagnostic approach with substantial cut of medical costs. Novel therapeutic strategies have been made available with the use of probiotics and of passive immunotherapy together with a dramatic reduction of antibiotic treatment. HIV pandemy raises major problems which need rapid responses.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of a polyoxydonium immunoregulator on the biological properties of microorganisms].

The effect of the synthetic immunomodulator polyoxydonium (PO) on some biological properties of pathogenic bacteria (Shigella flexneri, Salmonella enteritidis), opportunistic bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacteroides fragilis, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Prevotella melaninogenica, Propionibacterium propionicum, Clostridium difficile) and fungi (Candida albicans), isolated during enteric infections, enteric dysbiosis, pyoinflammatory diseases, was evaluated in a number of in vitro experiments. The study revealed that the recommended therapeutic concentration of PO decreased antilysozyme activity (ALA) and the anticomplement activity in Klebsiella, Shigella, Propionibacterium, Clostridium, bacteroids, fungi of the genus Candida, but increased ALA in nonhemolytic Escherichia. Under the action of PO an increased sensitivity of the microorganisms under study to definite antibiotics of the lincosamide, fluoroquinolon, carbapenem and cephalosporin groups was noted. The data obtained in this study reveal one of the possible mechanisms of the corrective action of PO on the microbiocenosis of the intestine in dysbiosis, enteric infections and pyoinflammatory diseases.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2004

[Vaginal ecosystem].

The vagina is original biotype with its own ecosystem, according to medical ecology science. This ecosystem has dynamic, but very unstable equilibrium. Disturb equilibrium is known as a disbiosys. It was discussed different components of this ecosystem: morphology of vaginal walls, vaginal liquidity, lacto-acid and residental flora, "invader" microorganisms, vaginal acidity, immune processes. It was shared our own experience with medicine Polygynax, remedy of Laboratoire Innotech International (Paris, France). Polygynax has such an advantage - rapidly restore disturbed ecological equlibrium in case of bacterial vulvovaginitis, caused mainly of intestine pathogenic flora.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1991

[Nosocomial infections in an urological department. Incidence and etiological factors].

The authors report a prospective study with active request of data for nosocomial infections (NI) in an urological department during six months. From 453 patients, 43 developed an NI (incidence = 9.5%): urinary tract infections (53.5%), bloodstream infections (16.3%), lower respiratory tract infections (7%), surgical wound infections (2.3%) and sepsis syndrome (20.9%). For microorganisms, most often Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22.5%) and E. coli (20%) were encountered. Other microorganisms were the next-ones: Staphylococcus aureus (15%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (7.5%), Acinetobacter baumanii (7.5%), Streptococcus group D (7.5%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (7.5%), Candida albicans (2.5%) and others (10%). Urological interventions with a high risk of NI were cystectomy with intestinal urinary diversion (68.7%), pyeloplasty for ureteropelvic junction obstruction (40%) and percutaneous nephrolitothomy (30%). Even if the last two interventions classically do not have a high risk of NI, we think that their antibioprophylaxis is recommended.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

[Intestinal dysbacteriosis in antibacterial therapy and perspectives in treatment by antibiotic-resistant probiotics].

Effect of different antibiotics and standard antibacterial therapy regimes on intestine microflora was investigated. Lincozamides demonstrated the most negative effect. Early addition of probiotics to the treatment with antibacterials had positive effect. Susceptibility of 21 strains of normal microflora to 25 antibiotics was tested. Resistance to antibiotics of lactobacilli varied significantly (more among strains and less among species). It was shown that L. acidophilus (probiotic "Acilact") was resistant to metronidazole only. High resistance to antibiotics was shown for L. plantarum 8RA3, L. fermentum 90T4C (components of probiotic "Lactobacterin"), L. fermentum BL96, L. acidophilus BL and L. acidophilus (component of "Linex"). Susceptibility of microorganisms in complex formulation "Linex" to the modern antibiotics was low. It is concluded that the use of stable antibiotic-resistant strains of normal microflora is favorable as addition to antibiotic therapy.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Study of intestinal microflora in children with acute and persistent diarrhea].

The etiology and pathogenesis of persistent diarrhoea is usually multifactorial and sometimes can not be identified. It is necessary to define if an alteration of the enteric microflora is a risk factor that influence the duration of the diarrhoea. 30 infants with acute diarrhoea and 30 with persistent diarrhoea were studied. A sample of duodenal content was taken by a double-lumen tube and processed microbiologically in search for enteric microorganisms, anaerobic and Candida. These results were correlated with the nutritional status, the previous use of Metronidazole and the results of the stool culture. The presence of bacterial overgrowth and the identification of the duodenal microflora is an important factor for the persistence of the diarrhoea. There was a quantitative and qualitative alteration of the duodenal flora in both groups of patients.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ciprofloxacin for infection prophylaxis in granulocytopenic patients with acute leukemia.

Forty consecutive neutropenic patients with acute leukemia receiving oral ciprofloxacin (500 mg twice daily) and ketoconazole (200 mg daily) for selective intestinal decontamination were compared retrospectively with 33 comparable patients treated with polymyxin E (1,500,000 U x 3/day) and nystatin (1,000,000 U x 3/day). The incidence of febrile episodes was slightly lower in ciprofloxacin treated patients (87.5% vs 100%). No gram-negative sepsis was observed in this group compared with seven cases in patients receiving polymyxin E (p less than 0.01). Furthermore, eight patients in ciprofloxacin group (20%) had gram-positive sepsis, compared with five (15.5%) in the polymyxin E group. The incidence of documented fungal infections was similar in the two groups. Ciprofloxacin appears to be an effective agent for the prevention of gram-negative infections in granulocytopenic patients with acute leukemia, but may contribute to a shift in the type of infections in these patients towards those caused by gram-positive microorganisms, intrinsically fairly sensitive or with acquired drug resistance.

Agranulocytosis↗
PubMed2005

Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora.

The human endogenous intestinal microflora is an essential "organ" in providing nourishment, regulating epithelial development, and instructing innate immunity; yet, surprisingly, basic features remain poorly described. We examined 13,355 prokaryotic ribosomal RNA gene sequences from multiple colonic mucosal sites and feces of healthy subjects to improve our understanding of gut microbial diversity. A majority of the bacterial sequences corresponded to uncultivated species and novel microorganisms. We discovered significant intersubject variability and differences between stool and mucosa community composition. Characterization of this immensely diverse ecosystem is the first step in elucidating its role in health and disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The role of Cryptosporidium parvum-derived phospholipase in intestinal epithelial cell invasion.

In the Cryptosporidium parvum-infected intestinal epithelial cell, the parasite occupies an unusual extracytoplasmic location at the luminal surface, but how the invading zoites interact with the host cell to achieve this niche is poorly understood. This study examined the role of secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)), a known virulence factor for several pathogenic microorganisms, in establishing C. parvum intracellularly. Initially, it was established that there was sPLA(2) activity in homogenates of C. parvum oocysts. C. parvum reproduction in two human enterocyte cell lines was significantly reduced by a specific PLA inhibitor, p-bromophenacylbromide, and by sheep anti-sPLA(2) antibodies developed against PLA(2) of bee ( Apis mellifera) venom. Treatment of either C. parvum sporozoites or enterocytes with sPLA(2) derived from cobra ( Naja naja) venom before initiation of infection increased the numbers of intracellular parasites. Thus, C. parvum PLA(2 )may play an important part in establishing the parasite within the enterocyte.

Acetophenones↗
PubMed2005

Interactions of microorganisms isolated from gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata L., on Vibrio harveyi, a pathogen of farmed Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis (Kaup).

Four bacterial isolates from farmed gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata, included in a previous study as members of the Vibrionaceae and Pseudomonodaceae and the genus Micrococcus, have been evaluated for their adhesive ability to skin and intestinal mucus of farmed Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis, and their antagonistic effect on Vibrio harveyi, a pathogen of sole. These isolates showed higher adhesion to sole mucus than the pathogenic strains of V. harveyi assayed. Only two of the isolates showed antagonistic activity to V. harveyi. Interactions of the four isolates with V. harveyi in respect of adhesion to skin and intestinal mucus under exclusion, competition and displacement conditions were studied. Three isolates were able to reduce the attachment to skin and intestinal sole mucus of a pathogenic strain of V. harveyi under displacement and exclusion conditions, but not under competition conditions. The in vivo probiotic potential of isolate Pdp11 was assessed by oral administration followed by challenge with the pathogenic V. harveyi strain Lg14/00. A group of 50 Senegalese sole received a commercial diet supplemented with 10(8) cfu g(-1) of lyophilized Lg14/00 for 15 days. A second group of fish received a non-supplemented commercial diet. After challenge the mortality of the fish receiving the diet supplemented with the potential probiotic isolate was significantly lower than that in the fish receiving the non-supplemented commercial diet. This study has shown that the ability to interfere with attachment of pathogens, as well as the adhesion to host surfaces, are suitable criteria for selection of candidate probiotics for use in the culture of Senegalese sole.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Intestinal microflora in children with acute and persistent diarrhea].

The etiology and pathogenesis of persistent diarrhoea is usually multifactorial and sometimes can not be identified. It is necessary to define if an alteration of the enteric microflora is a risk factor that influence the duration of the diarrhoea. 30 infants with acute diarrhoea and 30 with persistent diarrhoea were studied. A sample of duodenal content was taken by a doble-lumen tube and processed microbiologically in search for enteric microorganisms, anaerobic and Candida. These result were correlated with nutritional status, the previous use of Metroonidazol and the results of the stool culture. The presence of bacterial overgrowth and the identification of the duodenal microflora is an important factor for the persistence of the diarrhoea. There was a quantitative and qualitative alteration of the duodenal flora in both groups of patients.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1996

Broad spectrum antibiotic activity of the skin-PYY.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and polypeptide YY (PYY) are two ubiquitous neuropeptides, found in brain and intestines, respectively, where they exert important regulatory functions. In this study, a new member of the YY family recently isolated from amphibian skin, skin-PYY (SPYY), is reported to inhibit irreversibly the proliferation of a broad spectrum of pathogenic microorganisms. NPY and PYY are shown to be endowed with the same activity. Their potency is similar to that of other antibacterial peptides which have been shown to exert their function by disintegrating the bacterial membrane. These findings and the fact that the C-terminal alpha-helical domain SPYY14-36, which is highly conserved among family members, was responsible for killing microorganisms and for permeation of phospholipid vesicles, suggested that the antibiotic activity may emerge via a membrane permeation mechanism. These findings also raise the question whether NPY and PYY exert in vivo a similar function in mammals.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1986

Efficacy and safety of pefloxacin in the treatment of patients with complicated urinary tract infections.

One hundred and four patients with complicated urinary tract infections (prolonged severe chronic infections or with complicated postoperative conditions) were treated for ten days with pefloxacin 400 mg bid. Bacteriological eradication of the initial pathogen was achieved in 98% of the patients. After six weeks 93% of the patients were still free of the initial infecting microorganism. Clinical improvement was achieved in 77% of the patients five to seven days after cessation of treatment. The side-effects which were definitely related to pefloxacin occurred in 9% of patients and were mostly of a gastro-intestinal, a neurological, or an allergic nature. No significant biochemical or haematological adverse reactions occurred.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[Role of mildew and mildewed honey in summer-fall mortality in bee hives].

The high summer and autumn lethality of unknown etiology observed in bee families from the Vidin district in 1978 was studied. It was established that amid suffering bee families lethality ranges from 50 to 100%. Results of the microbiological investigations carried out proved negative--no pathogen bee microorganisms were isolated. Negative results were obtained from the parasitological investigations also. Analysis of honey produced by suffering families indicated that the samples are highly positive for mildew affected honey and negative for other poisons. Histological investigations of the mid intestine of live bees from the affected families showed changes characteristic for mildew toxicosis. Laboratory biotests carried out by feeding healthy bees with honey taken from suffering or dead bee families confirm the diagnosis. The experimental bees revealed the typical clinical picture and characteristic symptoms of mildew toxicosis and high lethality.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Severe watery diarrhea caused by Vibrio cholerae in lambs].

An outbreak of watery diarrhoea in lambs is described. Seventeen lambs died within 24 hours after the start of the diarrhoea. At necropsy Vibrio cholerae was isolated from the organs and intestines of three lambs. The strains did not react with O1 or O139 antisera, the strains responsible for cholera epidemics among humans. It is concluded that the diarrhoea in the lambs was caused by V. cholerae non-01/non-139. This microorganism had not been described before in lambs in the Netherlands.

Animals↗