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PubMed2000

Paranoid-schizoid anxiety, triangulation, and oedipal trauma.

The interaction of strong aggressive and libidinal drives, various primitive intrapsychic fantasies linking somatic sensations, body parts, ego, object, and the effects of early environmental stress and trauma all produce a potential crisis in the paranoid-schizoid period of development. Certain innate methods of understanding somatic experiences as well as the interaction between internal and external reality lead to an unconscious triangulation of part objects. A frustrating, stimulating, or punitive "third" that blocks, nullifies, or overgratifies certain wishes then emerges as a pivotal object in the internal landscape. During the paranoid-schizoid, triadic process, there is a fluctuation between separation/individuation and de-differentiation/fusion. If the early triangulation process has been either exceedingly frustrating or overly stimulating in regards to "reaching the third" or "warding off the third," the infantile ego is fixed by aggressive and libidinal forces to de-differentiation experiences rather than to more separate and individuated ways of relating. Therefore, the later oedipal stage will be colored by excessive oral and anal conflicts and will be weighted on the side of primitive maneuvering based on splitting, projection, and introjection. When the child (and later the adult) becomes involved in oedipal situations marked by stimulation or frustration of triadic drives, there can be a regression to the earlier paranoid-schizoid triadic period. A case study was presented in which a patient struggled with a partial working through of these conditions in dreams and in the transference. This pulled her more in the direction of a differentiated Oedipal conflict and whole object functioning.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Anger regulation in disadvantaged preschool boys: strategies, antecedents, and the development of self-control.

Emotion regulation strategies observed during an age 3 1/2 frustration task were examined in relation to (a) angry affect during the frustration task, (b) child and maternal characteristics at age 1 1/2, and (c) indices of self-control at age 6 in a sample of low-income boys (Ns varied between 189 and 310, depending on the assessment). Shifting attention away from sources of frustration and seeking information about situational constraints were associated with decreased anger. Secure attachment and positive maternal control correlated positively with effective regulatory strategy use. Individual differences in strategy use predicted self-control at school entry, but in specific rather than general ways: Reliance on attention-shifting strategies corresponded with low externalizing problems and high cooperation; reliance on information gathering corresponded with high assertiveness.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Emotional self-regulation in preschoolers: The interplay of child approach reactivity, parenting, and control capacities.

This study examined whether child temperamental approach reactivity moderated the association between 2 factors, parenting and child control capacities and child emotional self-regulation. Participants (N = 113) were 3- and 4-year-olds (M = 48 months, SD = 5.78) and their mothers. Emotional self-regulation was measured as observed persistence and frustration and as maternal report of compliance. Parental approach, avoidance, control, and warmth were observed during play and a frustrating wait. Child approach reactivity and control capacities (inhibitory control and soothability) were assessed via maternal report. Results suggested that maternal approach during the wait was associated with persistence and frustration, whereas maternal warmth during the play was associated with compliance. These effects, and those of child control capacities, depended on the level of child approach. The implications of reactivity-control interactions and parent-child goodness-of-fit for emotional self-regulation are discussed.

Affect↗
PubMed2004

Negative affects deriving from the behavioral approach system.

Does the behavioral approach system (BAS) relate to the experience of any negative affects, or are all negative affects tied to the behavioral inhibition system (BIS)? In Study 1, self-reported Fun Seeking predicted reports of greater frustration and sadness after frustrative nonreward. In Study 2, self-reported Reward Responsiveness predicted reports of greater anger in response to scenarios. In Study 3, self-reported Drive predicted reports of greater anger after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. In no case did BIS sensitivity contribute uniquely to these affects, though BIS predicted nervousness in Study 2 and fear in Study 3. Discussion focuses on the role of frustration and anger in effortful pursuit of goals and depressed affect in disengagement from goals.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Pressure-induced crystallization of a spin liquid.

Liquids are expected to crystallize at low temperature. The only exception is helium, which can remain liquid at 0 K, owing to quantum fluctuations. Similarly, the atomic magnetic moments (spins) in a magnet are expected to order at a temperature scale set by the Curie-Weiss temperature theta(CW) (ref. 3). Geometrically frustrated magnets represent an exception. In these systems, the pairwise spin interactions cannot be simultaneously minimized because of the lattice symmetry. This can stabilize a liquid-like state of short-range-ordered fluctuating moments well below theta(CW) (refs 5-7). Here we use neutron scattering to observe the spin liquid state in a geometrically frustrated system, Tb(2)Ti(2)O(7), under conditions of high pressure (approximately 9 GPa) and low temperature (approximately 1 K). This compound is a three-dimensional magnet with theta(CW) = -19 K, where the negative value indicates antiferromagnetic interactions. At ambient pressure Tb(2)Ti(2)O(7) remains in a spin liquid state down to at least 70 mK (ref. 8). But we find that, under high pressure, the spins start to order or 'crystallize' below 2.1 K, with antiferromagnetic order coexisting with liquid-like fluctuations. These results indicate that a spin liquid/solid mixture can be induced by pressure in geometrically frustrated systems.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Self-assembly of peptides into a beta-barrel motif.

We report the results of a study of the self-assembly of four minimalist peptide strands with a native beta-barrel structure. Using a soft-well potential to mimic cellular crowding, molecular dynamics simulations were performed in confining spheres of varying radii. By utilizing a previously introduced scaling factor lambda for the non-native hydrophobic interactions (0<lambda<1), we were able to study models with varying degrees of frustration. Both the thermodynamics and kinetics of a Go-like model (lambda=0) and a highly frustrated model (lambda=0.9) were studied. Additionally, we used an extrapolation technique to investigate the thermodynamics of assembly at intermediate values of lambda. As in our earlier work [J. Chem. Phys. 118, 8106 (2003)] on a connected Go-like model beta-barrel protein, we find that the stability of the assembled protein increases with decreasing sphere size, and that larger confining spheres result in increased assembly times. Additionally, the lambda=0 model seems to undergo distinct phase transitions during the assembly process. In contrast, the more frustrated model (lambda=0.9) appears to undergo a glasslike transition at temperatures comparable to the assembly temperature of the Go model, and that this transition is relatively nonspecific. Our results suggest the assembly process is dependent on both sequence and environment, with implications for the formation of misassembled aggregates.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2004

Vibrational dynamics of adsorbed molecules under conditions of photodesorption: pump-probe SFG spectra of CO/Pt(111).

Interaction of CO adsorbed on Pt(111) with electrons and phonons is studied experimentally by means of a pump-probe experiment where CO is probed by IR + visible sum frequency generation under a pump laser intensity that allows photodesorption. Vibrational spectra of CO internal stretch are obtained as a function of pump-probe delay. A two-temperature and anharmonic coupling model is used to extract from the spectra the real time variations of CO peak frequency and dephasing time. The main conclusions are the following: (i) The CO stretch is perturbed by two low-frequency modes, assigned to frustrated rotation and frustrated translation. (ii) The frustrated rotation is directly coupled to electrons photoexcited in Pt(111) by the pump laser. (iii) There is no evidence of Pt-CO stretch excitation in the spectra. The implications for the photodesorption dynamics are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Serendipitous findings from an Illinois ED nursing educational survey reflect a crisis in emergency nursing.

INTRODUCTION: A survey conducted by the Research Council Of Illinois ENA was intended to assess educational needs, but it revealed some very important serendipitous findings. This survey gave a voice to the frustrations of emergency nurses. METHOD: A 31-question survey was distributed to 900 Illinois ENA members requesting information about their educational needs. The last question, which formed the basis of this report, asked respondents to list the 3 biggest challenges they face on a daily basis. RESULTS: In addition to the information regarding educational offerings, the survey revealed that ED nurses were overburdened and frustrated in their jobs. Specifically, the nurses identified 7 areas of greatest concern: (1) insufficient and inexperienced staff; (2) increased responsibilities; (3) lack of administrative support; (4) lack of rewards or incentives to stay; (5) low morale among staff; (6) difficulty balancing work and family; and (7) increasing violence in the emergency department. DISCUSSION: The first step toward addressing a growing crisis in emergency nursing is to listen to the voices of emergency nurses themselves and let their frustrations be heard. The spontaneous comments of emergency nurses point to serious, pervasive, systemic problems in emergency nursing. Such problems will not be solved by "quick fixes" such as sign on bonuses, but rather by listening carefully to the concerns of experienced nurses.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2003

Stochastic gene expression as a many-body problem.

Gene expression has a stochastic component because of the single-molecule nature of the gene and the small number of copies of individual DNA-binding proteins in the cell. We show how the statistics of such systems can be mapped onto quantum many-body problems. The dynamics of a single gene switch resembles the spin-boson model of a two-site polaron or an electron transfer reaction. Networks of switches can be approximately described as quantum spin systems by using an appropriate variational principle. In this way, the concept of frustration for magnetic systems can be taken over into gene networks. The landscape of stable attractors depends on the degree and style of frustration, much as for neural networks. We show the number of attractors, which may represent cell types, is much smaller for appropriately designed weakly frustrated stochastic networks than for randomly connected networks.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1994

Analytic abstinence and preoedipal disturbance.

Analytic abstinence entails a technical frustration that may have different meanings for those with primarily neurotic disorder and those with significant preoedipal pathology. It is posited that the greater the degree of preoedipal disturbance, the greater will be the tendency to experience the frustration of the technique itself as transference-laden: conflicts related to frustrating experiences in early childhood are revived owing to the abstinent form of psychoanalytic treatment. Ramifications regarding the analyst's work-ego, countertransference, general strategic considerations, and technical difficulties are discussed.

Countertransference↗
PubMed1999

A young man has an idea. What should he do?

There is nothing more frustrating for a young neurosurgeon or neuroscientist than having an idea, and believing that it may work, and not knowing how to proceed. Even to the most persevering of people the process of converting the idea into reality is arduous and frustrating. A great deal of support is required in order to develop the idea and, unfortunately, the current basic medical education and post-graduate programs in most countries neither provide that support or, indeed, the knowledge of how to obtain it. Developing a creative ability is an art and science which needs to be developed through true experience requiring both time and patience. Many young researchers cannot tolerate the frustration and stumble at one of the numerous hurdles of lack of funding, sponsorship, proper guidance, lawyers, relationships with manufacturing companies, cost of registration of patent and insurance. Therefore, many great ideas are lost. It is essential to discover these young researchers and encourage them and provide them with all they need to mature their abilities. Ultimately the patient is the one who is going to gain the most from their inventions or discoveries. This very special need was one of the main concepts that led to the formation of the International Society of Neurosurgical Instrument Inventors, resulting in a forum whereby neurosurgeons with experience of inventing instruments can pool their experiences with young inexperienced neurosurgeons with fresh ideas. In this short paper some of the important obstacles facing any young neurosurgeon who may have a viable idea will be analyzed.

Equipment Design↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Erotic horror: desire and resistance in the psychoanalytic situation.

The emotions experienced during a sexualized transference are, though genital, hardly pleasurable. The phrase erotic horror describes something of what most patients find the experience to be like. Accordingly, I set forward the hypotheses that in direct proportion to the intensity of its need, the erotic transference is a form of negative transference deriving from past object relationships with exciting but frustrating objects; genetically, erotic transferences can be related not only to the oedipal phase but also to preoedipal phases of development, can refer to actual or fantasied seductions by either or both parents, and can involve both sexual and aggressive drives; the patient can also be an exciting but frustrating object to the analyst, evoking inevitable countertransference feelings in the analyst pertaining to both contemporary and past objects; the factor that most limits the elucidation of the patient's erotic transference is not the desire of the patient but the desire of the analyst; and only the correct interpretation, whether spoken or silently understood, mitigates the frustrated desire and resistance of both patient and analyst.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The effect of driver eye height on speed choice, lane-keeping, and car-following behavior: results of two driving simulator studies.

OBJECTIVE: Two simulator studies were conducted that assessed the effect of driver eye height on speed choice, lane-keeping, and car-following behavior. The effect of eye height on the subjective variables of mental workload, frustration, and confidence was also investigated, as was the contribution of drivers' aggression. METHODS: A total of 43 participants drove a simulated route while seated at two different eye heights: one that represented the view of the road from a large SUV and one that represented the view of the road from a small sports car. Driving scenarios were comprised of both open road and car-following segments. Dependent variables included driver-selected speed, speed variability, lane position, following distance to a slower-moving lead vehicle, and the subjective variables of frustration, confidence, and mental workload. RESULTS: When viewing the road from a high eye height, drivers drove faster, with more variability, and were less able to maintain a consistent position within the lane than when viewing the road from a low eye height. Driver eye height did not influence following distance to a slower-moving lead vehicle. Driver aggression had no effect on any of the dependent variables except level of frustration. CONCLUSIONS: The two studies demonstrate that, when they are not able to reference a speedometer, drivers choose to drive faster when they view the road from an eye height that is representative of a large SUV compared to that of a small sports car. There is a need to educate drivers of SUVs and other tall vehicles of this perceptual phenomenon in order to prevent collisions that may occur in conditions where it is impossible for drivers to base their speed selection solely on posted speed limits, such as in inclement weather.

Acceleration↗
PubMed2005

Do low-density diets improve broiler breeder welfare during rearing and laying?

Low-density diets may improve welfare of restricted fed broiler breeders by increasing feed intake time with less frustration of feed intake behavior as a result. Moreover, low-density diets may promote satiety through a more filled gastrointestinal tract, and thus feelings of hunger may be reduced. Broiler breeders were fed 4 different diets during the rearing and laying periods. Behavioral and physiological parameters were measured at different ages as indicators of hunger and frustration of the feeding motivation. A diet of 8.4 MJ/kg as compared with a standard diet of 10.9 MJ/kg extended feeding time and reduced stereotypic object pecking at 6 and 10 wk of age. Furthermore, compensatory feed intake at 12 wk of age was reduced. During lay, differences in behavior were observed between the treatments that could be attributed to differences in feeding time. However, birds fed the diet with the lowest energy content (i.e., 9.2 MJ/kg) had higher heterophil to lymphocyte ratios (H/L) at 40 wk of age compared with the other treatments, indicating that they experienced more stress during the laying period than the other treatments. This result could have been due to the very long feeding time of this treatment group during lay, which may be stressful. In conclusion, a low-density diet of 8.4 MJ/kg may reduce hunger and frustration in the first half of the rearing period. However, for substantial improvement of broiler breeder welfare during rearing, more extreme diet modifications are required.

Aging↗
PubMed2001

Familial predictors of treatment outcome in childhood anxiety disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether family factors are predictive of outcome in children with anxiety disorders who are receiving cognitive-behavioral treatment. METHOD: Participants were 61 children aged 8 to 12 years (mean = 10.0, SD = 1.4) with Axis I anxiety disorders who had been referred to a large Toronto children's hospital. Parents and children completed measures assessing family functioning, parenting stress, parental frustration, and parental psychopathology before and after treatment. Outcome measures included clinician-rated functioning (Children's Global Assessment Scale) and self- and parent-rated anxiety (Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale). RESULTS: Child ratings of family dysfunction and frustration predicted clinician-rated improvement (total R2 = 0.28, p < .001). Mother and father reports of family dysfunction, and maternal parenting stress, predicted mother-rated child improvement (total R2 = 0.18, p < .01). Father-rated somatization and child reports of family dysfunction and frustration predicted child-rated improvement (total R2 = 0.25, p < .001). Several family factors improved with treatment. CONCLUSION: Family dysfunction appears to be related to less favorable treatment outcome in children with anxiety disorders.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed2006

Structural transitions of the mono-olein bicontinuous cubic phase induced by inclusion of protein lysozyme solutions.

Inclusion of protein lysozyme molecules in the lipidic mono-olein cubic phase induces a transition from a Pn3m structure to an Im3m one. The small-angle x-ray scattering method with high-intensity synchrotron radiation enabled us to follow closely the transition depending on the conditions of lysozyme solutions. We show that concentrated lysozyme solutions induced the appearance of the Im3m structure coexisting with the Pn3m structure. From the relation between the lattice parameters of these two structures it is shown that they are related by the Bonnet transformation of the underlying triply periodic minimal surfaces. We found that the transition also occurred at lower lysozyme concentration when NaCl induced an attraction between lysozyme molecules. The origin of the transition was considered as a frustration in the cubic phase where lysozyme molecules were highly confined. A simple estimation of the frustration was given, which took into account the translational entropy of lysozyme molecules. At the highest concentration of lysozyme and NaCl the Im3m structure was found to disappear and left only the Pn3m structure. This was probably either due to the crystallization or phase separation of lysozyme solutions ongoing microscopically, which absorbed lysozyme molecules from channels of the cubic phase and thus removed the frustration.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Modeling protein thermodynamics and fluctuations at the mesoscale.

We use an extended Go model, in unfrustrated and frustrated variants, to study the energy landscape and the fluctuations of a model protein. The model exhibits two transitions, folding and dynamical transitions, when changing the temperature. The inherent structures corresponding to the minima of the landscape are analyzed and we show how their energy density can be obtained from simulations around the folding temperature. The scaling of this energy density is found to reflect the folding transition. Moreover, this approach allows us to build a reduced thermodynamics in the inherent structure landscape. Equilibrium studies, from full molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and from the reduced thermodynamics, detect the features of a dynamical transition at low temperature and we analyze the location and time scale of the fluctuations of the protein, showing the need of some frustration in the model to get realistic results. The frustrated model also shows the presence of a kinetic trap which strongly affects the dynamics of folding.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2000

Ga NMR study of the local susceptibility in Kagome-based SrCr8Ga4O19: pseudogap and paramagnetic defects

We present the first Ga(4f ) NMR study of the Cr susceptibility in the archetype of kagome-based frustrated antiferromagnets, SrCr8Ga4O19. Our major finding is that the susceptibility of the frustrated lattice goes through a maximum around 50 K. Our data also support the existence of paramagnetic "clusters" of spins, responsible for the Curie behavior observed in the macroscopic susceptibility at low T. These results set novel features for the constantly debated physics of geometrically frustrated magnets.

Journal Article↗