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PubMed1994

The idea of the absurd and the moral decision. Possibilities and limits of a physician's actions in the view of the absurd.

In reference to two central concepts of Albert Camus' philosophy, that is, the absurd and the rebellion, this article examines to what extent his The Plague is of interest to medical ethics. The interpretation of this novel put forward in this article focuses on the main character of the novel, the physician Dr. Rieux. For Rieux, the plague epidemic, as it is described in the novel, implies an unquestioning commitment to his patients and fellow men. According to Camus this epidemic has to be understood as a symbol of the absurd. Unable to base his actions on a Christian, metaphysical value system, Rieux sees his commitment as a continuous rebellion against the fact of the absurd, which opposes him in the form of evil, suffering and death. As a physician, Rieux is therefore forced to adjust his actions to life in its immediacy, that is, the suffering of his patients. In this article, it will be shown that Rieux's attention to the "immediate" is of particular interest to medical ethics: The other person in need, rather than my moral convictions, sets the norm.

Attitude to Death↗
PubMed2005

Richard Zaner's phenomenology of the clinical encounter.

The "clinical ethics" propounded by Richard Zaner is unique. Partly because of his phenomenological orientation and partly because of his own daily practice as a clinical ethicist in a large university hospital, Zaner focuses on the particular concrete situations in which patients and their families confront illness and injury and struggle toward workable ways for dealing with them. He locates ethical reality in the "clinical encounter." This encounter encompasses not only patient and physician but also the patient's family and friends and indeed the entire "lifeworld" in which the patient is still striving to live. In order to illuminate the central moral constituents of such human predicaments, Zaner discusses the often-overlooked features of disruption and crisis, the changed self, the patient's dependence and the physician's power, the violation of personal boundaries and their necessary reconfiguring, and the art of listening.

Ethics, Clinical↗
PubMed2003

Heidegger's relevance for engineering: questioning technology.

Heidegger affirmed traditional technology, but was opposed to science-based modern technology, in which everything (including man) is considered to be a mere "resource". This opposition was expressed in the form of deep questioning and a suspicion of superficial evaluation, because the true nature of things was often concealed, though disclosed at times. Ways in which engineers should question technology are proposed, highlighting some of the hazards and injustices associated with technology and also its subtle sociological and psychological influences. The demands of engineering ethics and the use of metaphor in design are other ways in which a narrowly rationalistic technological outlook can be confronted.

Engineering↗
PubMed2006

Heidegger's resonance with engineering: the primacy of practice.

This paper describes how some aspects of Martin Heidegger's philosophy resonate strongly with an engineering outlook. He argued that practice was more "primordial"" than theory, though preserving an important role for theoretical understanding as well, thus speaking to the gap between engineering education (highly theoretical) and engineering practice (mostly empirical). He also underlined the reality of "average" practices into which we are socialized, though affirming the potential for original work and action too, thus providing the grounds for self-actualization whether within the routine or in transcending it. His notion of "thrownness" emphasizes the importance of context, with which engineers are constantly engaged. While all this relates to the idea of our "being", Heidegger also dealt with the influence of time on our practices. Future death could be seen as spurring innovation, cultural history as a source for critiquing current practice and the present "situation" as the immediate context for corrective action. His major book is appropriately called "Being and Time".

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phenomenology and psychopathology: was there ever a relationship?

The philosophical doctrine known as phenomenology is believed by many to have provided during the early 20th century the conceptual basis of the new descriptive language of psychiatry, the very language that made possible the development of systems such as the DSM-III-R. To ascertain whether this is in fact the case is essential to the solution of technical problems affecting current psychopathological descriptions. This report argues against the above-mentioned belief, and suggests that the alliance between phenomenology and descriptive psychopathology was just a marriage of convenience, and that it was Karl Jaspers who made it appear as if his own views were based on Husserlian phenomenology. Indeed, a comparison of the clinical meaning and usage of mental symptoms before and after 1913 shows that Jaspers borrowed a great deal from 19th-century alienists, and that calling his views phenomenological added little to their meaning.

Existentialism↗
PubMed1996

The postmodernist hoax and its effects on nursing.

Nursing literature has not been immune to the influences of postmodernist thought. It has been argued that postmodernism is relevant and important to the development of the occupation and the discipline of nursing. This paper attempts to demonstrate that there are serious weaknesses in such claims.

Existentialism↗