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PubMed1996

Stressful life events and minor psychiatric disorders: an estimate of the population attributable fraction in a Brazilian community-based study.

OBJECTIVE: A population-based survey was conducted in Pelotas, southern Brazil, to assess the specific and the combined contribution of life events and socioeconomic factors on the overall prevalence of minor psychiatric disorders (MPD). METHODS: The study covered a representative sample of the population aged fifteen years or older living in the urban area of the city. Using multi-stage sampling, a total of thirty census tracts and 600 households were selected. A standardized questionnaire assessed the presence of MPD (using the Self-Reporting Questionnaire-SRQ-20), the occurrence of life events (death of a relative, a relative with a chronic disease, loss of employment, divorce, migration, accident, and robbery/assault), and socioeconomic factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of MPD was 22.7 percent (17.9% males and 26.5% females) and increased with age. Significant linear relationships with education and income were observed: the less education and income, the higher the prevalence of MPD. All life events, except migration and accident, were positively associated with MPD. People who experienced divorce in the last year had a prevalence of MPD three times higher than those who had not. The likelihood of MPD increased linearly with the number of life events. The highest proportion of Population Attributable Fraction for any life events was 24 percent. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that life events can explain a substantial proportion of MPD and with socioeconomic factors may be related to the onset of MPD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Suicide rates, handgun control laws, and sociodemographic variables.

The association of state handgun control laws to state suicide rates was investigated while controlling for sex, age, percent black, percent metropolitan population, population density, and rates of population change, divorce, crime, and unemployment. Gun control laws formed two statistically identifiable groups, (1) laws that place restrictions on the sellers of handguns and (2) laws that place restrictions on the buyers of handguns. A multiple regression analysis indicated that suicide rates were significantly lower in states with low divorce rates, low crime rates, and stringent firearm control laws, as those laws affect both the sellers and the buyers of handguns. The variables in this analysis accounted for 69% of the variance of suicide rates.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed1998

Age, sex, marital status and suicide: an empirical study of east and west.

The relationships among age, sex, marital status and suicidal behaviour in Australia and Hong Kong showed disparity in age-specific suicide rates among the four marital status groups, never married, married, widowed and divorced, for both sexes in the two locations. Examining the coefficients of preservation suggested the coefficient for never married to married in all cases was larger than 1, except for the groups of teenagers aged 15-19 years for both sexes and of elderly women aged 60 years or over in Hong Kong. The widowed or divorced groups have lower suicide rates than the married women among the elderly in Hong Kong. Hong Kong women seem not to have been benefited in marriage as much as men. Responsibility and workload in married life rather than low social status are the likely reasons for the relative high female suicide rate in Hong Kong. Possible cultural and environmental factors which are somewhat speculative (yet to be confirmed) are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Grief and alcohol.

A survey of clinical case histories revealed the presence of grief in 12 out of 50 consecutive admissions in an alcohol treatment center. Eight additional cases were added to this series. The bereavements had occurred in 14 established alcoholics, and initiated alcoholism in six patients, five of whom described close relatives with excess alcohol intake. This study demonstrated the different ways in which grief effected patterns of alcohol consumption. The chronic intoxicated state could also influence the expression of grief and the process of mourning. Resolution of mourning could occur concurrent with increased intake. Pseudo-grief in the heightened emotional state of the withdrawal phase could be transient. Variants of pathological grief were present in half (N = 10) of whom five came from the initial survey group. Its form of expression could be related to premorbid personality. Completion of the withdrawal phase was found essential for meaningful diagnostic assessment. The resolution of pathological grief was not inevitably associated with containment of alcohol intake after treatment. The responses to marital loss by separation or divorce were examined in the survey group. This social disruption was subsequent to problem drinking. The divorced patients accepted this social change better than the separated group. The apparent yet infrequent role of bereavement as an etiological or precipitant factor in the production of an alcohol-dependence syndrome is unclear. Pathological grief in the alcoholic is a problem of unknown magnitude, and first admission with this complication can occur several years after the event. The literature does not clearly define the relationships between alcoholism, admission for treatment, and pathological grief, but suggests loss to be a potent factor in completed suicide. Variations in grief responses in the alcoholic apparently have not been hitherto studied.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Lesbian motherhood: the impact on child development and family functioning.

The wide variety of lesbian families who became visible during the past 20 years gave rise to important practical and theoretical questions. Up to now society has treated lesbian mothers differently with regard to a number of child-issues. In the past, divorcing lesbian mothers were often denied child custody because of their sexual orientation and the majority of fertility centers still refuse lesbian couples in their donor insemination programs. The present article reviews whether there is any theoretical and empirical evidence for the most widespread assumptions on which such decisions have been based. A number of psychological theories, such as psychoanalytic theory, social and cognitive learning theory and attachment theory are discussed with regard to the two most salient features of lesbian families; the absence of a father and the homosexual orientation of the mother. Meanwhile, there is a growing body of empirical research investigating a variety of aspects of child development, such as gender development, emotional/behavioral adjustment and social competence. Most of these studies involved children of divorced lesbian mothers who spent their early years in a heterosexual household. More recently, however, studies were sporadically carried out among children who were raised from birth in a lesbian relationship. As early childhood experiences are believed to have an important impact on future development, the study of these newly created families provides a challenge for existing psychological theories. Although many important research questions have yet to be addressed, the results of all reviewed studies were unanimous; none of the investigations could identify an adverse effect of lesbian motherhood on child development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

A community based study of HIV in women in rural Gutu District, Zimbabwe 1992 to 1993.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of HIV-1 infection and its relation to socio-economic and obstetric history factors. DESIGN: A cross sectional study. SETTING: 12 randomly selected villages in rural Gutu District, Zimbabwe. SUBJECTS: All women of fertile age (15 to 44 years) in the selected villages were invited to participate. In total 1,213 women were interviewed and examined. On average 75% and 81% of those eligible in 1992 and 1993 respectively participated (range for villages 57 to 87%). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: HIV sero-positivity. RESULTS: HIV prevalence was high, 21.9%. Single women below 20 years had the lowest prevalence (7.6%), while the highest (30.0%) was found in married women aged 20 to 29 years. Using a case-referent approach, women divorced, widowed or separated had twice as high a risk of being HIV positive as single women (Odds Ratio (OR) = 2.03; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.40 to 2.93). There was a huge difference in the prevalence of HIV between villages, from 8.4 to 32.8%, thus the risk of having HIV in the two villages with the highest prevalence was more than five times higher (OR = 5.21 and 5.31 respectively) than in the village with the lowest. The multivariate logistic regression confirmed the findings of an increased risk for women aged 20 to 39 years as compared with women 15 to 19 years, and for women that were divorced, widowed or separated as compared with single. It also confirmed that the huge difference in the prevalence found between wards was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Women contract HIV early in marriage. Young men's risk behaviour needs to be addressed and women must be aware of their risks before marriage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Exposure to alcoholism in the family: United States, 1988.

About 43 percent of U.S. adults--76 million people--have been exposed to alcoholism in the family: they grew up with or married an alcoholic or a problem drinker or had a blood relative who was ever an alcoholic or problem drinker. Exposure was higher among women (46.2 percent) than among men (38.9 percent) and declined with age. Exposure to alcoholism in the family was strongly related to marital status, independent of age: 55.5 percent of separated or divorced adults had been exposed to alcoholism in some family member, compared with 43.5 percent of married, 38.5 percent of never married, and 35.5 percent of widowed persons. Nearly 38 percent of separated or divorced women had been married to an alcoholic, but only about 12 percent of currently married women were married to an alcoholic. These findings are highlights of an analysis of the 1988 National Health Interview Survey on Alcohol that is presented in this report.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

The relationship between marital status and mental illness.

The relationship between marital status and mental illness was investigated in a relatively new psychiatric hospital in the Mid-Western State of Nigeria. The results showed a different pattern from what has been reported from other studies. In this study, it was found that single persons had the largest number of referrals, followed closely by married persons. The widowed and divorced had a relatively small number of referrals. There were more male than female patients and there were also sex and age variations in the type of mental disorders. The explanation for this could be related to the social structure of the population, and the legal and social definitions of the concepts of marriage and divorce. It was not possible, because of lack of relevant population data, to compare the hospital rates with those in the population at large. Future work along this line and for over a longer period is suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Differential indicators of loneliness among elderly. The importance of type of partner relationship, partner history, health, socioeconomic status and social relations].

Using data from the 1992 NESTOR-survey 'Living arrangements and social networks of older adults' (N = 4494), the aim of the present study is to identify specific categories of older adults who are most vulnerable to loneliness. By looking at different types of partner relationships (first, second, and third marriages; consensual unions; partners who are not household members) and at partner histories (never married, ever divorced, ever widowed, remarried), this study elaborates on previous research which has tended to look only at the presence versus the absence of partner relationships. Findings indicate that different types of partner relationships provide differential protection against loneliness. There appears to be a 'shadow of the past' of a previous divorce or widowhood in second and third partnerships, which accounts for generally higher levels of loneliness. Single men tend to be more lonely than single women. Moreover, there are no differences in loneliness between men who have always been single and those previously married. Among single women, differences in partner history are relevant: never married single women tend to be least vulnerable to loneliness. The differences in loneliness between older adults with different types of partner relationships and partner histories are only partially attributable to network and social participation differences. The latter independently contribute to the explanation of loneliness. The role of non-social determinants (health and socioeconomic position) is also examined. The results underscore the socially isolating effects of sensory impairments. Older adults with functional limitations, and those with visual or auditory problems tend to be more lonely, findings which are only partially attributable to differences in the number and quality of social relationships. Socioeconomic circumstances primarily have an indirect influence on loneliness. Those with higher levels of educational attainment and higher incomes tend to have more extensive social networks and are therefore less prone to loneliness.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

[Logistic regression analysis of female drug abusers' social-psychological factors].

OBJECTIVE: To study the social-psychological health status on female drug abusers. METHODS: Case-control study and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Results of simple logistic regression showed that factors with significant ORs were low education level, unemployment, marital status, senseless of life, self-killing, horror, madness, depression, insomnia, dizziness, perspiration, evil dream, divorce, setbacks of emotion, smoking, alcohol-abuse, playing truant, runaway from home, fighting, etc. The results of stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that factors entered the regression model were smoking, runaway from home, divorce, setbacks of emotion, marital status, hopeless toward life, level of education, dizziness, etc. CONCLUSION: Most female drug abusers' social-psychological status was poorer than controls preceding to their drug abuse, which contributed to the major causes of abuse drugs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Marital trajectories and mental health.

This study expands the marital status and mental health literature by examining several dimensions of marital trajectories, including the number and type of prior marital losses and duration in current status. Data are drawn from the Piedmont Health Survey of the National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study, collected in 1982-83 (n = 2,158). Results indicate that number of prior losses moderates the health-enhancing effect of being currently married; higher order marriages are associated with worse mental health. Although results vary across the mental illnesses examined (depression, anxiety, and substance use), the negative effect of multiple loss also is observed for the currently divorced and widowed. There is less evidence that the type of prior loss (i.e., divorce or widowhood) moderates the effect of current marital status on mental health; however, some support is found among the presently widowed. The analyses of duration in current status suggest that the rate of decline in symptoms of anxiety following one's most recent loss varies by marital history among the currently widowed.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Family therapy for conduct disorders.

Low levels of parental skill and cooperation are the prominent roots of arrested socialization, and a lack of appreciation for intimate and gratifying human relationships is evident in children with CD. The relational problems are exaggerated further by the child's observation of chronic parental discord and internalization of a family image constructed around intrafamilial conflict and isolation. Skills deficits in parental and marital communication and problem solving and conflicts in these relationships play significant roles in producing family dysfunction. The low level of parental differentiation and identity formation plays a fundamental role in family dysfunction by interfering with the development of an adequate self-image, self-esteem, and internal codes of behavior in the child. The transmission of parental antisocial tendencies to their children is facilitated by the low level of differentiation between parent and child. Family treatment should focus on enhancing cooperation between parents and children and between parents as co-parents and as a couple. Enhancing parent management skills can undermine the use of coercive, punitive, and impulsive interactions in the families. The higher divorce rate in parents of children with CD should be addressed with parents directly and early in treatment with the hope of mobilizing the rehabilitative and cooperative marital forces. In terms of future directions, family studies should address and incorporate the expanding knowledge of biologic and psychologic characteristics of children with CD and the possible impact of such characteristics in undermining family development and integrity. Such investigations should include the following information: The role of sustained and intense aggression in some children on family functioning and development. The possible role of diminished response to punishment and excessive search for gratification in children with CD. The role of the child with CD in promoting marital and family discord and divorce. The role of neurotransmitters (such as serotonin) in the production of irritability, provocativeness, coercive family processes, and subsequent depression in the caregiver or the child. Effective models of intervention with children with CD in hospitals and residential treatment centers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Socioathy and drug use in a young psychiatric population.

Recent studies have consistently demonstrated a higher-than-expected proportion of heavy drug users among young psychiatric patients. Careful reading of these reports fails to adduce what might account for this constant finding. In order to examine this question more closely, one hundred young psychiatric inpatients (aged 15 to 25 years) were studied in detail. The following extensive data were obtained for each patient: demography (sex, age, race, marital status occupation), clinical characteristics (prior psychiatric care, presenting complaint, duration of hospitalization, diagnosis, treatment, disposition), prior social problems (truancy, runaway, pregnancy out of wedlock, divorce or separation, vehicular accident while intoxicated, felony), and social resources on admission (employment, friends, family-of-origin). An extensive drug history consisted of types of drugs, duration and frequency of usage, and pattern of use over the previous twelve months. Based on specific criteria patients were divided into abstainers, occasional users, regular users, and heavy users. Forty-nine of the patients were tabulated as heavy users. Compared to the other patients, heavy users were found to have more unemployment, more divorce and separation, more characterological and fewer neurotic diagnoses, more problematic prior social events, and fewer social resources at the time of admission. Unexpectedly, the two groups did not differ significantly for all other demographic and clinical parameters. The implications of these findings for our psychopathologic categorization and for our management of young in-patients are noted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[[Changes in marital status in Taiwan during the twentieth century]].

"This study describes...changes in marital status during [the twentieth] century, by analyzing each census result conducted during the time of Japanese occupation and after the war in Taiwan. Taking the age specific statistics, which include sex ratio, proportion...ever married, the widowed, and the divorced, as well as rates of divorce and remarriage, this study presents the marriage patterns in terms of formation, dissolution and reformation in Taiwan of this century." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

Sexually transmitted diseases and medico-social factors associated with male infertility in Nigeria.

Medico-social factors such as type of infertility, sexually transmitted diseases (STD), drug abuse, erectile dysfunction, divorce, and polygamy were evaluated among 64 infertile men (i.e. 32 oligo-asthenozoospermic and 32 azoospermic) and 23 men of proven fertility in Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria. Of the 64 infertile men, 27 (42%) and 37 (58%) had primary and secondary infertility respectively. A history of STD, indicated by purulent urethral discharge, was recorded among 40 (63%) with 22 (55%) of this number having had repeated exposures to STD. While 17 (43%) of the infected infertile men were treated by qualified medical doctors, 23 (57%) either had self-medication or received treatment from quacks. Five (8%) of the 64 infertile men used hard drugs, 11 (17%) had erectile dysfunction, 15 (23%) were re-married due to broken marriage relationship or divorce, and 7 (11%) were polygamous. All the fertile men were monogamous with no history of either erectile dysfunction or usage of hard drugs. One (4%) of the fertile men had a history of a broken marriage relationships. Six (26%) had a history of STD with 5 (26%) of them having received treatment from qualified medical doctors. Although the study population is small, the results obtained in this study reveal higher incidences of STD, marital instability, and multiple marriage partnerships (polygamy) among infertile men than the fertile in Jos.

Africa↗
PubMed1985

[Population forecasts for the Netherlands after 1984].

The results of the most recent official population projections for the Netherlands are presented. The methods and assumptions used in preparing the projections are described, and three alternative projections are provided up to the year 2035. Projections by sex, age, and marital status are also discussed. "The population forecasting model applied belongs to the class of cohort-component models and its relevant components are fertility, mortality, external migration, administrative corrections, marriage of never-married persons, divorce, marriage of divorced persons, transition to widowhood and marriage of widowed persons...." (summary in ENG)

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1987

Judgment, 10 October 1986.

While married to the defendant wife, the plaintiff husband agreed to have a child by artificial insemination of the wife with the semen of another man. After the couple was divorced, the husband brought a successful action to disclaim paternity of the child born as a result of the artificial insemination. He then attempted to have support payments agreed to in the divorce settlement set aside since he was not the father of the child. The Court ruled against him, holding that the child was a third party beneficiary of the contract between the couple to have a child through artificial insemination; as such it was owed an obligation of support by the plaintiff, no matter what the status of the child's paternity.

Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Suicide attempts in Brittany (France). Distribution at the regional level].

UNLABELLED: A prospective study on para-suicide has been conducted in all 4 "départements" of a french region, Brittany. This paper analyses the distribution of the sociodemographic data collected in one of the "département" of the region, Ille-et-Vilaine. The comparison between urban and rural areas is presented. METHODS INCLUSION CRITERIA: Parasuicide was defined as any autoaggressive act which required to be taken in charge either medically or surgically, independently of the nature and seriousness of the somatic consequences. Patients included in the study were over ten years of age. ANALYSIS: Three types of ratios have been calculated: the crude incidence ratios obtained by dividing the total number of events of parasuicide (including repeated admissions for the same individual) by the number of individuals in the catchment area; the age-specific ratios, for which the denominator consists of all the persons of particular age-group in the area and the standardized ratios, for which the total number of parasuicide events in each "département" has been reported to the french population (general population census 1990) taken as a reference, in order to eliminate the influence of the age structure. Comparisons between the general population and the one of parasuicidal patients in the area, were done using a chi-square test. GEOGRAPHICAL COMPARISON: Crude incidence rates of parasuicides calculated for each "département" in Brittany are compared with recent figures published for other parts of France. RESULTS: 2,040 persons domiciled in the "département" were admitted in one of the emergency wards of Ille-et-Vilaine during the year 1990. The crude incidence rates of parasuicides in Ille-et-Villaine was of 2.4/1,000 for men and 3.8/1,000 for women, 3.7/1,000 for men and 5.4/1,000 for women residing in the town of Rennes. The sex ratio is 1.8 female/male in the "département" and 1.7 in town. DEMOGRAPHIC DATA: In the male group, the incidence ratio was maximum for the 25-34 years old (4.2/1,000). In the female group, there was no significant difference between the ratio for the 15-24 and the 25-34 years old (5.9/1,000). For each age group, the ratios are higher for the women. The specific rates of parasuicide calculated in the breton towns of more than 50,000 inhabitants are twice as high as those calculated for the whole region. MARITAL STATUS: The marital status is correlated to the incidence rates of parasuicide events for both sexes (p < 0.001). The incidence of parasuicide is higher for married, single and/or divorced women than for men. One notes the high impact of divorce on parasuicide events for men (10.1/1/1,000) and women (11.8/1,000). The correlation is significative (p < 0.001). In contrast, rates of parasuicides are higher for widows than for widowers. OCCUPATION: The incidence rate of parasuicide is 8 times higher for unemployed men and twice as high for unemployed women than for those having an occupation (regular or temporary). Unemployment is significatively linked with the occurrence of parasuicides (p < 0.001). PLACE OF ABODE: Comparative rates in towns (calculated for both sexes together) and twice as high as those observed in rural districts. GEOGRAPHICAL COMPARISON: The crude incidence rates in various french "département" vary from 0.8 to 2.4/1,000 for men and from 1.7 to 3.8/1,000 for women. The highest rates are observed for both sexes in Ille-et-Vilaine. In Rennes, the standardized ratios of parasuicide among men are maximum for the 35-44 years old (7.68/1,000) and decrease drastically after the age of 45. Among the women, the ratios are nearly identical for the 25-34 and the 35-44 years old (9.90 and 9.87/1,000). CONCLUSION: The survey conducted in 1990 confirms the overall conclusions drawn in previous surveys on parasuicide in France or in other countries. The distribution of the incidence rates of parasuicide among single and unemployed and the percentages of single or unemployed persons is weak but not at random. An increase of the incidence rates among single women and unemployed men is concomitant with higher percentages of single women and unemployed men in the general population. One cannot infer the existence of a cause effect relationship, and these indicators may only be confounding factors.

Adolescent↗