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PubMed1991

Parallel line bioassay in a coagulation laboratory. A program for personal computer use and an example application to Ristocetin Cofactor assay.

The authors review the statistical principles of parallel line bioassay and describe a computer program written to facilitate a correct approach to most coagulation assays. This program should be especially useful for those assays in which linearization of dose-response curves may prove difficult, or in which careful analysis of assay validity is required. How the knowledge of bioassay theory can be applied to von Willebrand factor Ristocetin Cofactor activity measurement is shown as a general example.

Biological Assay↗
PubMed1999

AppleTree: a multinomial processing tree modeling program for Macintosh computers.

Multinomial processing tree (MPT) models are statistical models that allow for the prediction of categorical frequency data by sets of unobservable (cognitive) states. In MPT models, the probability that an event belongs to a certain category is a sum of products of state probabilities. AppleTree is a computer program for Macintosh for testing user-defined MPT models. It can fit model parameters to empirical frequency data, provide confidence intervals for the parameters, generate tree graphs for the models, and perform identifiability checks. In this article, the algorithms used by AppleTree and the handling of the program are described.

Cognition↗
PubMed1990

Interpretation of short ECGs with a personal computer: the Porto program.

A computer program for ECG analysis and interpretation developed at the University of Porto, Portugal is presented. The program runs on a microcomputer and employs the three-lead Frank VCG. The signals are sampled at 250 Hz with 8-bit precision during 5.5 s. Details on signal conditioning and wave recognition and measurement techniques are given. The diagnostic part of the program uses decision-tree logic. The decision rules are mainly derived from the Washington Code. The diagnostic accuracy of four classes (normal, left and right ventricular hypertrophies and myocardial infarction), evaluated in a sample of 1,075 pediatric and adult patients and classified by ECG-independent means was 76%. The program is currently being evaluated on the CSE database.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Image processing for femoral endosteal anatomy detection: description and testing of a computed tomography based program.

A computed tomography (CT)-based image processing computer program was developed for three-dimensional (3D) femoral endosteal cavity shape modelling. For the examinations 50 cadaver femora were used. In the CT imaging 30 axial slices were taken above and below the lesser trochanter area from each femur. Different image analysis methods were used for femoral cavity detection depending on the structure of the processed slice. In the femoral shaft area simple thresholding methods succeeded, but in the problem areas of the metaphyseal femur edge, detection operators and local thresholding were required. In contour tracking several criteria were used to check the validity of the border pixels. The results were saved as four output data files: (i) a file for the longest anteroposterior (ap), mediolateral (ml) and oblique diameters computed by a Euclidian method, (ii) and (iii) files for 2D and 3D data respectively, and (iv) a file for centre points of each slice. Finally, testing of the results and dimensions obtained from the image analysis were carried out manually by sawing the femora into 10 stipulated horizontal slices. The ap and ml dimensions were measured with a caliper ruler. The CT-based image processing yielded a peak distribution of dimensions with a negative difference to those obtained in manual measurements. The mean difference between the image processing and the manual measurements was 1.1 mm (+/-0.7 mm, +/-1 SD). The difference was highest in the proximal slices of the femora of group I (with lowest cortical thickness), i.e. 1.3 mm (+/-0.8 mm) and lowest in the distal slices of the femora from group III (with highest cortical thickness), i.e. 0.9 mm (+/-0.6 mm). The results are acceptable for further use of the program to study endosteal anatomy for individual femoral component selection and designing basis.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1987

Epidemiologic programs for computers and calculators. Inferences on odds ratios, relative risks, and risk differences based on standard regression programs.

Statistical analyses of the joint effects of several factors (covariates) on the risk of disease, death, or other dichotomous outcomes, are frequently based on a model that relates the effect of the covariates to some function of the probability of the outcome. The odds ratio, relative risk, and the difference in risks are among the simplest candidates for the outcome function. Each can be specified as a special case of the generalized linear model, but their use has been limited to researchers with access to specialized computer programs that are not yet generally available in standard computer packages. The purpose of this communication is to describe how to implement the maximum likelihood estimation procedures and hypothesis testing associated with the generalized linear model using any computer program that can perform weighted least squares analyses. The procedure is applied specifically to models for relative risks, risk differences, and odds ratios. The techniques are illustrated with SAS and SPSSx programs for data sets previously presented.

Computers↗
PubMed1989

Reversed-phase chromatographic method development for peptide separations using the computer simulation program ProDigest-LC.

A computer program, ProDigest-LC, has been developed that assists scientists in devising methods of size-exclusion, cation-exchange and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for the analytical separation and purification of biologically active peptides and peptide fragments from enzymatic and chemical digests of proteins. ProDigest-LC accurately predicts the retention behaviour of peptides of known composition, containing 2-50 amino acid residues, and simulates the elution profiles in all three modes of chromatography. In addition, ProDigest-LC is a user-friendly program, designed as a teaching aid for both students and researchers in selecting the correct conditions for chromatography, that is, the mode of chromatography, column selection and mobile-phase selection, and has the ability to examine the effects of gradient-rate, flow-rate and sample size on the separation. The simulation capabilities of ProDigest-LC as they apply to the reversed-phase chromatography of peptides were examined. The development of the reversed-phase simulation features of the program is described, stressing the importance of peptide standards in the development, testing and practical use of ProDigest-LC. The ease of use of the program is clearly demonstrated by presenting a step-by-step procedure to produce several of the simulations illustrated in the paper. The predictive accuracy of the program was rigorously tested by its application to retention time prediction, at different gradient-rates and flow-rates, for a sample mixture containing peptides exhibiting a wide range of size (11-50 residues), charge (+1 to +8 net charge), hydrophobicity and conformation (random coil to considerable alpha-helical structure). The excellent accuracy of these peptide retention time predictions complemented the successful simulation (in terms of peptide retention times, peptide resolution, peak heights and peak widths) of the effects of gradient-rate and flow-rate on the elution profile of a mixture of closely related peptide analogues.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of a computer tracking program for resident-patient encounters.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effectiveness of a formal tracking system for residents' clinical experiences. DESIGN: We examined three shifts, selected at random, for each resident (without residents' knowledge) during emergency rotations. Information from patient charts was compared with residents' computerized records for rotation (location and preceptor) and patient (age, sex, diagnosis, and procedure) information. SETTING: The Northeastern Ontario Family Medicine Program, a program designed to provide remote, rural, and northern resident experience. PARTICIPANTS: First-, second-, and third-year residents on emergency rotations in the academic years 1992 to 1994. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Compliance, reliability, and validity of tracking records. RESULTS: Residents recorded patient encounters 88% of the time. Compliance with rotation information was high (100% rotation, 94% preceptor). Agreement on patient age and sex was high. Procedure compliance was somewhat lower (83%). Intrarater reliability (91%) and inter-rater reliability (78%) are acceptably high, as is validity when compared with a gold standard entry (88%). CONCLUSIONS: Regular entry of reliable and valid data is facilitated by the computerized resident-patient encounter tracking program. This computer tool should prove useful for multilevel program evaluation in the future.

Cooperative Behavior↗
PubMed1993

[The integration of a computer learning program for x-ray cephalometric analysis into student training].

A computer program was written for teaching undergraduate students definitions and localizations of reference points on cephalometric X-rays. The efficacy of the program as a teaching method was tested by comparing two junior/sophomore groups. While one group attended a conventional lecture for an hour, the other worked with the computer program for the same length of time. Prior to and immediately after instruction by the two methods each group marked reference points on various cephalometric tracings, which were then compared for accuracy. The result was that the students who worked with the computer marked significantly more reference points correctly than their counterparts who attended the lecture. 80% of the students belonging to the group which used the computer judged the program to be a positive educational experience. Such computer training proved to be an efficient tool for teaching students simple facts which require memorization and, equally important, the use of such educational aids. At the same time frees the instructors to dedicate more of their time to teaching more complicated and complex subject matters. A further benefit of the training program described in this article is that it can also be used to train chairside orthodontic assistants in private orthodontic practices.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1993

Rigid lens fitting made easier using a modified keratometer.

After simple modification, a keratometer can measure both the central and peripheral regions of the cornea. The apical radius and p-value of the cornea can be determined with this information using a computer program. This computer program suggests lens parameters similar to those chosen by conventional methods in rigid lens fitting. The computerized fitting method is also applicable to Chinese subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Sample size calculation, power analysis and randomization: research project design in Windows.

Single estimates of sample size for a study may be easily obtained by use of a hand calculator or from published tables. In contrast, performing multiple calculations is a tedious and time-consuming task, which is greatly simplified by a computer program. The computer program presented here assists the investigator in calculating sample size estimates, determining statistical power and creating randomization tables for a study. The program is designed primarily for clinical trials and thus includes some features not found in other software packages performing similar tasks. Sample size calculation and power analysis are performed for dichotomous, continuous (parametric and non-parametric tests) and time-to-failure (exponential distribution and log-rank test) response variables, and for correlation coefficients. Sample size estimates and significance levels may be adjusted for multiple participating centers, non-compliance, interim analyses and.multiple testing. The randomization subroutine generates tables for studies with up to nine treatment arms and with any valid block size. As a Windows application, the program runs in a multitasking environment, allowing switching between programs and easy pasting of results into word-processing documents and other applications. It is very simple to use, with a completely menudriven interface and sufficient built-in help to obviate the use of a manual.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1976

[2-year analysis of the results of a screening program on computer basis for the detection of pre- and early stages of cervix carcinoma (model Rostock) (II)].

Two years experiences with a computer-assisted program for early detection of prestages and early cervical cancer in Rostock-city are reported. 65% = 27028 women finally cooperated. Pathological papsmears were found in 0,52%. 9 cases of severe dysplasia, 30 carcinomata in situ, 3 cases of early invasion, 3 micro- and 5 macrocarcinomas were observed. Accessory findings were seen in 10,2%.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Monte Carlo estimates of absorbed dose rate in various tissues and organs.

A computer program based on the Monte Carlo technique was developed for calculation of absorbed dose rate in various tissues and organs. The accuracy of the program was tested by reproducing Berger's values of the specific absorbed fractions for point isotropic sources in water, and a good agreement with those obtained by the moments method was found within an error of several percent. In comparing with experiment and other Monte Carlo results, good agreement was also obtained within the range of statistical error. The absorbed dose rate for an 123I, 124I, 125I, 126I and 99mTc point source and their specific dose constants in various tissues and organs were calculated using this program. This computer program has the mass energy absorption and attenuation coefficients for 69 tissues and organs as a database file, and can be extended to various radionuclides used in nuclear medicine by adding their nuclear data to the program.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

Energy content of diets of variable amino acid composition.

Variation in the distribution of dietary nitrogen among the different amino acids is one factor that can modify the calorie equivalent per weight of amino acid or protein. This is important to consider when experimental diets with different amino acid compositions are compared and when indirect calorimetry is used to determine substrate oxidation rates. We developed a computer program to compute the energy content, oxygen equivalent, and respiratory quotient for arbitrary mixtures of amino acids and representative carbohydrates and fats. The calorie content of individual free amino acids was calculated by correction of the heat of combustion for the incomplete oxidation of amino acids characteristic of humans. Although these computations were presented before, we not report the limit of applicability of published values and the availability of the computer program to do these calculations.

Amino Acids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The nursing case management computerized system: meeting the challenge of health care delivery through technology.

Does nursing case management compute? In this article, the author attempts to explain how computerizing the team plan of care and critical pathways decreases paperwork, makes it easier to develop standardized team care plans, enhances quality improvement trending, and is flexible enough to update the plan of care according to the patient's changing needs. The Nurse Case Management Computerized System puts the patient care team plan into an interactive computer program. The computer does the work of presenting the nurse with care plan options and printing a hard copy ready to implement. Use of the computer program enhances the health care team's ability to individualize the team plan of care while maintaining patient care standards. The system is also used to collect patient care data automatically and to trend for quality improvement.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

Efficient screening of p53 mutations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis in colorectal tumors.

Alterations in exons 5-8 of the p53 gene have been found in the vast majority of human tumors. Although some specific codons have been revealed as preferential mutational sites in defined tumor types, mutations are generally so scattered within this region that various screening methods for their detection have been widely used. However, the capacity of these techniques to detect exhaustively all mutations has not been evaluated. In this report, conditions for analysing exons 5-8 of the p53 gene by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) have been elaborated using the Melt87 and SQHTX computer programs. The procedure requires five different amplifications. The screening of 90 colorectal tumors revealed 56 amplification products demonstrating abnormal DGGE behavior. Direct sequencing of these amplification products after asymmetric polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed, besides polymorphism, 49 somatically mutated DNA samples (54.4%) corresponding to 38 different p53 variants. Moreover, 25 additional p53 variants identified in other tumor types were also detectable with our conditions. Thus, altogether the procedure has been successfully used in the detection of 63 different p53 variants. The experimental differences in migration between the wild-type homoduplex DNA molecule and the heteroduplex(es) containing one mismatch were systematically compared with those calculated by the SQHTX program. The computer program was found to be reliably predictive. This DGGE procedure appears thus to be effective and reliable for detecting mutations in exons 5-8 of the p53 gene.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1984

Molecular weight determination program.

A computer program is described that will determine the molecular weight of DNA, RNA or protein molecules separated according to size by gel electrophoresis. It uses the sizes and migration distances of known molecules in a reference lane to compute a second or third order equation whose curve best fits the data points. It then computes the sizes of all molecules from this equation. Migration distances are measured and entered using an analog tablet. The program is written in Apple Pascal and designed to run on an Apple II Plus computer.

Computers↗
PubMed1982

A DNA sequence handling program.

A computer program that aids in recording, editing, and analysis of the base sequences of DNA and RNA is presented. A tape containing copies of the program and the user manual for it are available at cost.

Base Sequence↗