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PubMedDate not supplied

Problem-solving communication in foster families and birthfamilies.

This study assessed child behavior problems and parent-child communication behaviors during problem solving in three groups of families with adolescent children: foster families, birthfamilies with a child at risk for behavior problems, and birthfamilies with a child not at risk. Levels of positive and negative communication behaviors in the foster families were similar to those in the lower-risk families and were significantly related to foster child behavior problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Oral health in dementia patients].

Dementia shares multiple clinical symptoms characterized by cognitive deficits that interfere with daily activities but differentiated by etiology. Advanced age is a major risk factor for dementia especially in more developed countries where older adults are most evident and growing rapidly. Since the prevalence of edentulism is decreasing, greater efforts will be necessary in the future to maintain oral health in dementia patients. Meeting the oral care needs of these individuals can be very challenging and should include prevention, maintenance of oral function and improved access for emergencies as well as regular dental care. Dental professionals should provide complex treatment utilizing appropriate behavioral and communication techniques. At the national level there is also a need for oral disease prevention programs directed towards staff, family members, and other caregivers of dementia patients.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2000

Pediatric human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: an overview.

This article covers the epidemiological manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in children, demographic statistics, and information on the three modes of virus transmission. The various opportunistic diseases and neurological dysfunction that characterize pediatric HIV are described. The Center for Disease Control pediatric HIV classification system is presented, and the developmental disorders often found in children with HIV are discussed. The Universal Disease Precautions of the American Speech and Hearing Association (ASHA) for clinicians is also presented.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1978

Affective communication differences between distressed and nondistressed mother--adolescent dyads.

An assessment technique of having mothers and young adolescents describe in brief written form what they like and dislike about each other was evaluated. Distressed dyads (N = 38) produced responses that were rated significantly more negative (Demanding, Personal Attack, Anger and Hostility, Complaining About Unfairness or Disrespect) and less positive (Good Relationship, Appreciation of Other, Complimentary, and Enjoyment) than nondistressed dyads (N = 40). Evidence of reliability was reported. Ratings of the written responses correlated significantly with independently obtained codings of tape-recorded interactions, thus offering support for validity of the method.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Cognitive dysfunction in spinal cord injury patients: sensitivity of the Functional Independence Measure subscales vs neuropsychologic assessment.

The Functional Independence Measure (FIM) has been developed to provide an objective measure of functional gains during acute and chronic rehabilitation of disabled individuals, including those with spinal cord injury (SCI). A unique characteristic of the FIM, as compared with other functional scales, is that it reflects abilities in the areas of communication and social cognition. In order to examine the external validity of these subscales, 41 acute SCI patients were evaluated with the FIM just before discharge from acute rehabilitation. The subscale scores were compared to the results of a comprehensive, predominantly motor-free, neuropsychologic battery administered 74.8 +/- 5.3 days postinjury. Evaluation of scatter plots indicated that there were no relationships between any neuropsychologic test results and the discharge FIM social cognition or communication subscale scores. This was attributed to a ceiling effect in the FIM ratings. The results of this study suggest that the FIM cannot be a substitute for comprehensive neuropsychologic assessment in SCI patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Clinico-psychological study of children at high risk for the development of behavior disorders].

The earlier detected factor determining the disadaptive behaviour of mental patients formed a basis for grouping children with a high risk of pathological behavioural disorders. The authors conducted a clinico-psychological and sociological study of one such high risk group composed of young children with ante-and perinatal damage to the brain who came from socially disadaptive families. Thirty children and their parents were studied. A pathoplastic effect of a disharmonic familial setting and a distorted nature of the interaction in the mother-child system on the clinical picture including manifestations of encephalopathy, retardation of mental development, specific disorders of communication and the first signs of behavioural disturbances was elucidated. A conclusion was drawn about the advisability of psychotherapeutic, psychocorrective and therapeutic-pedagogical work with such children in a special children institution.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗
PubMed1995

Reducing escape behavior and increasing task completion with functional communication training, extinction, and response chaining.

The effects of functional communication training, extinction, and response chaining on 3 subjects' escape-maintained aberrant behavior were evaluated using a multielement design. Functional communication training consisted of teaching subjects a verbal response that was functionally equivalent to their aberrant behavior. Subjects initially were allowed to escape from a task contingent on the trained verbal response. In subsequent treatment phases, escape was contingent on the trained verbal response plus the completion of the specified number of steps in the task (response chaining). The number of steps was increased until a subject completed the task to obtain a break. Results showed that the treatment reduced rates of aberrant behavior and that the chaining procedure was effective in decreasing the availability of escape.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1964

THE LISTER LECTURE, 1964: WOUND SEPSIS-FROM CARBOLIC ACID TO HYPERBARIC OXYGEN.

The history of Lister's introduction of the antiseptic system is recalled and the circumstances surrounding the original use of carbolic acid for wound treatment, which took place in the Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, on August 12, 1865, are reviewed. The fact that wound sepsis is still prevalent is emphasized, and recent researches on bacterial inhibition under hyperbaric oxygen are described.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed2000

Conducting geriatric dental research with cognitively impaired adults.

A growth in research focusing on the oral health of older adults has been evident in recent years. However, there are new and complex challenges for geriatric dental researchers studying the increasingly functionally dependent and cognitively impaired older adult population. Many geriatric dental studies have under-reported oral disease prevalence and incidence by excluding adults who are cognitively impaired and/or behaviourally difficult. To ensure representative samples of older adult populations are studied, traditional oral epidemiological protocols in studies with cognitively impaired adults, require additional components detailing: (1) communication and behaviour management strategies for cognitively impaired adults; and (2) methodologies to facilitate the completion of dental examinations. A description of such additional protocol components is presented, along with a discussion of the use of cognitive testing tools by dental researchers.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Context and comprehension: a neurolinguistic and interactional approach to the understanding of semantic-pragmatic disorder.

In the present study we provide thorough descriptions of two children with a semantic-pragmatic disorder, a subgroup within the group of specific and severe developmental language disorders, from a neurolinguistic and interactional perspective. We argue that the pragmatic problems, at least in these two girls, are most probably secondary to their semantic/conceptual deficit. If sufficient contextual cues are provided comprehension is improved and, as a consequence, the pragmatic problems are reduced.

Child↗
PubMed1995

Hygiene, maintenance, and prosthodontic concerns for the infirm implant patient: clinical report and discussion.

Hygiene techniques and prosthetic maintenance procedures are illustrated for an infirm implant patient who is unable to communicate verbally or in written modes. Potential problems are discussed as they pertain to long-term patients who are in nursing homes, domiciles, or hospital wards. The issue of modifying a prosthesis to enhance the ease of providing oral hygiene care is examined.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Practitioner review: psychological and educational treatments for autism.

The review discusses various interventions that have been used in the treatment of children with autism. It concludes that no single mode of treatment is ever likely to be effective for all children and all families. Instead, intervention will need to be adapted to individual needs and the value of approaches that involve a functional analysis of problems is explored. It is suggested that many so called "challenging" behaviours result from the child's fundamental difficulties in communication and social understanding, or from the ritualistic and obsessional tendencies that are also characteristic of autism. Possible ways in which parents and teachers might deal with problems in these areas are discussed. The importance of early diagnosis, and with it early, practical advice for families is stressed.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed2002

[Masked depression: the rise and fall of a diagnosis].

OBJECTIVE: The diagnosis of "masked depression" was very common in the 70'es and 80'es for patients with somatic complaints without an organic counterpart, when a psychic illness was assumed. Today this diagnosis does not play an important role any more - neither clinically nor scientifically. This article examines the background of the enormous initial importance of this diagnostic concept and of its final abandonment. METHODS: Critical reflection of the literature. RESULTS: The main reason for the immense success of that diagnosis was the tempting possibility of subsuming patients with a multitude of only unsatisfactorily explicable and treatable somatic symptoms under one single concept. In addition, this concept allowed to derive a uniform treatment, i.e. pharmacotherapy with antidepressants. Several problems inherent in the diagnosis of masked depression finally led to the dropping of that concept: the expansion of that diagnosis onto a vast number of disorders, the continuing lack of clarity of the concept (disorder of recognition vs. disorder of communication; the positive proof of psychic symptoms as a prerequisite vs. the positive proof of psychic symptoms as an exclusion criterion for that diagnosis). Last but not least, the introduction of DSM-III and ICD-10 as operationalized, purely descriptive and rather theory-free systems of diagnostic classification supported that development. CONCLUSIONS: The present diagnoses for those patients re-emphasize the somatic symptomatology. Formerly "masked depressed" patients are now diagnosed as suffering from somatization disorder, somatoform disorder, psychosomatic disorder, conversion disorder, neurasthenia or hypochondriasis.

Antidepressive Agents↗
PubMed1986

Observations on the prevalence of ear disease in the Inuit and Cree Indian school population of Kuujjuaraapik.

In the last twenty years it has been recognized that hearing loss as the result of middle ear infection and/or noise exposure is a major problem among Canadian Inuit. In the past ten years in the Eastern Canadian Arctic attempts have been made to alleviate the problem and physicians, audiologists and educators have been involved in treatment, training programs and research with varying degrees of success. In the last few years the Quebec Inuit have become more aware of these problems and have asked for assistance. Whatever evolves, Inuit co-operation and advice is essential; their cultural identity must be respected if any project is to be successful. In February, 1984, a program outline working paper entitled "Program for Combatting Hearing Disorders in the Inuit Population of Nouveau Quebec" was circulated by Project Nord-Laval University. The goal of the program was "to ensure the integrity of hearing for the Inuit by preventing hearing loss, identifying hearing loss and minimizing the effects of hearing loss." In October, 1984 a Pilot Project involving the school population at Kuujjuaraapik was carried out involving personnel from the Project Nord-Laval University, the Department of Otolaryngology and the School of Human Communication Disorders-McGill University.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Vaccination and risk communication: summary of a workshop, Arlington Virginia, USA, 5-6 October 2000.

The declining incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases has led to an increased public focus on the issue of vaccine safety. In an environment of increased consumerism, interest in alternative health practices and anti-vaccination lobbying, media reports that call into question the safety of scheduled vaccines can significantly raise parents' concerns. Recent media coverage of a suggested but unproved link between the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and autism has highlighted the challenges of providing a consistent and co-ordinated response. For those concerned about effectively communicating the benefits and risks of vaccination, the field of risk communication can provide helpful insights. This paper summarizes the Workshop on Vaccine Communication held in the USA during October 2000. It highlights the perspectives given by consumers, providers, journalists and risk-communication experts and discusses implications for Australia. These centre around how government and health professionals might respond to vaccine safety scares in the public arena, and to parental concerns raised in clinical encounters. Finally, the potential risks and benefits of engaging with the anti-vaccination lobby are outlined.

Australia↗
PubMed2001

[Telemedicine in phoniatrics and pediatric audiology--possible applications, technical implementation, economic aspects].

BACKGROUND: Phoniatrics and Paedaudiology investigate and treat disorders of communication more than other medical specialties and are indicated by a distinctive interdisciplinary character. The methods of diagnosis and therapy are concentrated on a few specialists and produce a large quantity of multi-media data from daily clinical practice and research. For the cooperation between the specialists of these and neighboring branches and to reduce the costs for a second opinion these data must be available anywhere and any time using modern telecommunication and information technologies. METHODS: Following applications for a bi- or multidirectional data transmission are possible: Teleconsulting (second opinion of a far located specialist). Teleteaching (use of different data sources for education) and Teleroboting (remote control of medical equipment). Data sources can be: speaking and singing voice, sound, pictures (X-ray, CT, MR, ultrasound, voice range profile, audiogramm), video signals (stroboscopy, cinematography, intraoperative pictures) and written information (computer presentations) in all combinations. The transmission can be carried out synchronously or asynchronously, i.e. at the time for their generation or independent of this. This paper discusses the basics and the advantages and disadvantages of the available technologies and compares it for phoniatric/paedaudiologic applications in an experimental transmission. RESULTS: Use of the different technologies should be carried out depending upon the required quality, the availability and the costs considering medico-legal aspects. Relatively cheap and always available technologies are suitable for many applications in Phoniatrics and Paedaudiology. High costs for acquisition of the equipments could lowered by a common use of different medical branches. Expensive procedures with excellent communication quality are confined to special applications at the moment. CONCLUSION: Telemedicine can optimize quality and extend of the medical care and education in Phoniatrics and Paedaudiology with a simultaneous cost reduction and should increasingly be used in this branch.

Child↗