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PubMed1998

Validation of a short qualitative food frequency list used in several German large scale surveys.

Our study aimed to test the validity of a short, qualitative food frequency list (FFL) used in several German large scale surveys. In the surveys of the MONICA project Augsburg, the FFL was used in randomly selected adults. In 1984/85, a dietary survey with 7-day records (DR) was conducted within the subsample of men aged 45 to 64 (response 70%). The 899 DR were used to validate the FFL. Mean weekly food intake frequency and mean daily food intake were compared and Spearman rank order correlation coefficients and classification into tertiles with values of the statistic Kappa were calculated. Spearman correlations range between 0.15 for the item "Other sweets (candies, compote)" and 0.60 for the items "Curds, yoghurt, sour milk", "Milk including butter milk" and "Mineral water"; values for statistic Kappa vary between 0.04 ("White bread, brown bread, crispbread") and 0.41 ("Flaked oats, muesli, cornflakes" and "milk including butter milk"). With the exception of two items, FFL data can be used for analysis on group level. Analysis on individual level should be done with caution. It seems, as if some food groups are generally easier to ask for in FFL than others.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Television viewing and food consumption in Flemish adolescents in Belgium.

OBJECTIVES: To examine associations of television viewing with overall food consumption METHODS: A computerised 24-hour dietary recall and a questionnaire were completed by 1031 adolescents (+/- 12-14 years of age). RESULTS: Those who generally watched more television were more likely to consume frequently advertised items such as soft drinks and snacks. Not all frequently advertised food items (e.g. cereals) were associated with television viewing. An inverse association was found with fruit, water and milk. A negative association was found with brown bread; a positive association was found with white bread. The results indicate that high television viewing and a less nutrient dense food pattern are part of a lifestyle influenced by common underlying factors. CONCLUSIONS: Nutrition interventions aimed at improving adolescents' food habits should target high television-viewers. Our findings underline the importance of tackling socio-demographic differences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Isolation and characterization of five novel high molecular weight subunit of glutenin genes from Triticum timopheevi and Aegilops cylindrica.

Analysis by SDS-PAGE of total protein fractions from single seeds of Aegilops cylindrica (genomes C and D) and Triticum timopheevi (genomes A and G) showed the presence of three bands corresponding to high molecular weight subunits of glutenin (HMW subunits) in the former and two major bands and a minor band corresponding to HMW subunits in the latter. Three Ae. cylindrica and two T. timopheevi HMW subunit gene sequences, each comprising the entire coding region, were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and their complete nucleotide sequences determined. A combination of N-terminal amino acid sequencing of the proteins identified by SDS-PAGE and alignments of the derived amino acid sequences of the proteins encoded by the PCR products identified the Ae. cylindrica HMW subunits as 1Cx, 1Cy and 1Dy, and the T. timopheevi HMW subunits as 1Gx, 1Ax and 1Ay. It was not clear whether or not a 1Gy HMW subunit was present in T. timopheevi. The PCR products from Ae. cyclindrica were derived from 1Cy and 1Dy genes and a silent 1Dx gene containing an in-frame internal stop codon, while those from T. timopheevi were derived from 1Ax and 1Ay genes. The 1Cx, 1Gx and 1Gy sequences were not amplified successfully. The proteins encoded by the five novel genes had similar structures to previously characterized HMW subunits of bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum). Differences and similarities in sequence and structure, and in the distribution of cysteine residues (relevant to the ability of HMW subunits to form high M(r) polymers) distinguished the HMW subunits of x- and y-type and of each genome rather than those of the different species. There was no evidence of a change in HMW subunit expression or structure resulting from selective breeding of bread wheat. The novel 1Ax, 1Ay, 1Cy and 1Dy HMW subunits were expressed in Escherichia coli, and the expressed proteins were shown to have very similar mobilities to the endogenous HMW subunits on SDS-PAGE. The truncated 1Dx gene from Ae. cylindrica failed to express in E. coli, and no HMW subunit-related protein of the size predicted for the truncated 1Dx subunit could be identified by immunodetection in seed extracts.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Molecular characterization of wheat polyphenol oxidase (PPO).

It is well-established that the enzyme polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is involved in undesirable browning of noodles, chapattis, middle east flat breads and steamed breads. Methods for measuring PPO activity have been developed, and the variation of PPO activity among wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars has been well documented. However, there is no report on the identification and characterization of a wheat PPO gene. PCR performed on wheat genomic DNA with oligonucleotide primers designed from conserved copper binding regions of other PPO genes resulted in amplification of a 444-bp DNA fragment. Sequence analysis identified the conserved amino acids of PPO genes indicating that the PCR product was part of the wheat PPO gene. Screening genomic and cDNA libraries using 444- and 760-bp DNA fragments as probes failed to identify a PPO gene based on conserved sequence, even though there were very strong hybridization signals for some isolates. Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technique was used as an alternative to obtain the remaining DNA sequences in 5' and 3' directions based on the 444-bp partial wheat PPO gene sequence. With the use of ThermoScript Reverse Transcriptase (which functions at higher temperatures) and Advantage-GC cDNA kit, the complete DNA sequence in the 3' direction was obtained. A similar effort in the 5' direction resulted in amplification of a truncated 414-bp DNA sequence. Overall, 1,509-bp of putative wheat PPO DNA sequence was obtained. Alignment of deduced amino-acid sequences revealed similarity to the other PPO gene sequences, especially in the conserved copper binding regions. Southern-blot analysis performed with four different restriction enzymes revealed two to four DNA fragments, suggesting a limited number of PPO genes in wheat. Wheat genomic DNA restricted with HindIII and hybridized using a 760-bp wheat PPO probe revealed a clear distinction between wheat cultivars with high and low PPO activities. Northern-blot analysis indicated a transcript size of about 2.0-kb. PPO DNA fragment as well as RNA transcript was observed for the durum cultivar Renville which normally has very low PPO activity. Further study is needed to explain the relationship between PPO activity and the presence of PPO gene (s).

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Introgression of 1Dx5+1Dy10 into tritordeum.

The uses of hexaploid tritordeum as a crop for human consumption require improvement of its bread-making quality. For this purpose chromosome 1D of bread wheat with the Glu-D1 allele encoding for high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits Dx5+Dy10 was introgressed into tritordeum. Different primary tritordeums were crossed with wheats carrying subunits Dx5+Dy10. The hybrids were backcrossed to tritordeum and seeds for the next backcross (or selfing) were selected for the presence of chromosome 1D using SDS-PAGE. Forty two chromosome plants carrying subunits Dx5+Dy10 were obtained after two backcrosses and selfing. Chromosome characterization of these plants using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) proved that either chromosome substitution 1H(ch)/1D or 1A/1D had been obtained. A homozygous plant with a translocation of the entire 1DL arm to 1H(ch)S was also obtained. The complete chromosome substitution lines have better agronomic characteristics than the lines with translocations.

Alleles↗
PubMed2003

HMW and LMW glutenin alleles among putative tetraploid and hexaploid European spelt wheat (Triticum spelta L.) progenitors.

The allelic compositions of high- and low-molecular-weight subunits of glutenins (HMW-GS and LMW-GS) among European spelt ( Triticum spelta L.) and related hexaploid and tetraploid Triticum species were investigated by one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and capillary electrophoresis (CE). A total of seven novel glutenin alleles (designated A1a*, B1d*, B1g*, B1f*, B1j*, D1a* at Glu-1 and A3h at the Glu-3 loci, respectively) in European spelt wheat were detected by SDS-PAGE, which were confirmed further by employing A-PAGE and CE methods. Particularly, two HMW-GS alleles, Glu-B1d* coding the subunits 6.1 and 22.1, and Glu-B1f* coding the subunits 13 and 22*, were found to occur in European spelt with frequencies of 32.34% and 5.11%, respectively. These two alleles were present in cultivated emmer (Triticum dicoccum), but they were not observed in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The allele Glu-B1g* coding for 13* and 19* subunits found in spelt wheat was also detected in club wheat (Triticum compactum L.). Additionally, two alleles coding for LMW-GS, Glu-A3h and Glu-B3d, occurred with high frequencies in spelt, club and cultivated emmer wheat, whereas these were not found or present with very low frequencies in bread wheat. Our results strongly support the secondary origin hypothesis, namely European spelt wheat originated from hybridization between cultivated emmer and club wheat. This is also confirmed experimentally by the artificial synthesis of spelt through crossing between old European emmer wheat, T. dicoccum and club wheat, T. compactum.

Alleles↗
PubMed2004

Identification and genetic characterization of an Aegilops tauschii ortholog of the wheat leaf rust disease resistance gene Lr1.

Aegilops tauschii (goat grass) is the progenitor of the D genome in hexaploid bread wheat. We have screened more than 200 Ae. tauschii accessions for resistance against leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) isolates,which are avirulent on the leaf rust resistance gene Lrl. Approximately 3.5% of the Ae. tauschii accessions displayed the same low infection type as the tester line Thatcher Lrl. The accession Tr.t. 213, which showed resistance after artificial infection with Lrl isolates both in Mexico and in Switzerland, was chosen for further analysis. Genetic analysis showed that the resistance in this accession is controlled by a single dominant gene,which mapped at the same chromosomal position as Lrl in wheat. It was delimited in a 1.3-cM region between the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers ABC718 and PSR567 on chromosome 5DL of Ae.tauschii. The gene was more tightly linked to PSR567(0.47 cM) than to ABC718 (0.79 cM). These results indicate that the resistance gene in Ae. tauschii accession Tr.t. 213 is an ortholog of the leaf rust resistance gene Lrlof bread wheat, suggesting that Lrl originally evolved in diploid goat grass and was introgressed into the wheat D genome during or after domestication of hexaploidwheat. Compared to hexaploid wheat, higher marker polymorphism and recombination frequencies were ob-served in the region of the Lrl ortholog in Ae. tauschii. The identification of LrlAe, the orthologous gene of wheatLrl, in Ae. tauschii will allow map-based cloning of Lrlfrom this genetically simpler, diploid genome.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed2005

Wheat genetic diversity trends during domestication and breeding.

It has been claimed that plant breeding reduces genetic diversity in elite germplasm which could seriously jeopardize the continued ability to improve crops. The main objective of this study was to examine the loss of genetic diversity in spring bread wheat during (1) its domestication, (2) the change from traditional landrace cultivars (LCs) to modern breeding varieties, and (3) 50 years of international breeding. We studied 253 CIMMYT or CIMMYT-related modern wheat cultivars, LCs, and Triticum tauschii accessions, the D-genome donor of wheat, with 90 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers dispersed across the wheat genome. A loss of genetic diversity was observed from T. tauschii to the LCs, and from the LCs to the elite breeding germplasm. Wheat's genetic diversity was narrowed from 1950 to 1989, but was enhanced from 1990 to 1997. Our results indicate that breeders averted the narrowing of the wheat germplasm base and subsequently increased the genetic diversity through the introgression of novel materials. The LCs and T. tauschii contain numerous unique alleles that were absent in modern spring bread wheat cultivars. Consequently, both the LCs and T. tauschii represent useful sources for broadening the genetic base of elite wheat breeding germplasm.

Breeding↗
PubMed2005

A QTL located on chromosome 4A associated with dormancy in white- and red-grained wheats of diverse origin.

Improved resistance to preharvest sprouting in modern bread wheat (Triticum aestivum. L.) can be achieved via the introgression of grain dormancy and would reduce both the incidence and severity of damage due to unfavourable weather at harvest. The dormancy phenotype is strongly influenced by environmental factors making selection difficult and time consuming and this trait an obvious candidate for marker assisted selection. A highly significant Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) associated with grain dormancy and located on chromosome 4A was identified in three bread wheat genotypes, two white- and one red-grained, of diverse origin. Flanking SSR markers on either side of the putative dormancy gene were identified and validated in an additional population involving one of the dormant genotypes. Genotypes containing the 4A QTL varied in dormancy phenotype from dormant to intermediate dormant. Based on a comparison between dormant red- and white-grained genotypes, together with a white-grained mutant derived from the red-grained genotype, it is concluded that the 4A QTL is a critical component of dormancy; associated with at least an intermediate dormancy on its own and a dormant phenotype when combined with the R gene in the red-grained genotype and as yet unidentified gene(s) in the white-grained genotypes. These additional genes appeared to be different in AUS1408 and SW95-50213.

Australia↗
PubMed2006

Development of simple sequence repeat markers specific for the Lr34 resistance region of wheat using sequence information from rice and Aegilops tauschii.

Hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) originated about 8,000 years ago from the hybridization of tetraploid wheat with diploid Aegilops tauschii Coss. containing the D-genome. Thus, the bread wheat D-genome is evolutionary young and shows a low degree of polymorphism in the bread wheat gene pool. To increase marker density around the durable leaf rust resistance gene Lr34 located on chromosome 7DS, we used molecular information from the orthologous region in rice. Wheat expressed sequence tags (wESTs) were identified by homology with the rice genes in the interval of interest, but were monomorphic in the 'Arina' x 'Forno' mapping population. To derive new polymorphic markers, bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones representing a total physical size of approximately 1 Mb and belonging to four contigs were isolated from Ae. tauschii by hybridization screening with wheat ESTs. Several BAC clones were low-pass sequenced, resulting in a total of approximately 560 kb of sequence. Ten microsatellite sequences were found, and three of them were polymorphic in our population and were genetically mapped close to Lr34. Comparative analysis of marker order revealed a large inversion between the rice genome and the wheat D-genome. The SWM10 microsatellite is closely linked to Lr34 and has the same allele in the three independent sources of Lr34: 'Frontana', 'Chinese Spring', and 'Forno', as well in most of the genotypes containing Lr34. Therefore, SWM10 is a highly useful marker to assist selection for Lr34 in breeding programs worldwide.

Alleles↗
PubMed2006

Diversity arrays technology (DArT) for high-throughput profiling of the hexaploid wheat genome.

Despite a substantial investment in the development of panels of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, the simple sequence repeat (SSR) technology with a limited multiplexing capability remains a standard, even for applications requiring whole-genome information. Diversity arrays technology (DArT) types hundreds to thousands of genomic loci in parallel, as previously demonstrated in a number diploid plant species. Here we show that DArT performs similarly well for the hexaploid genome of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The methodology previously used to generate DArT fingerprints of barley also generated a large number of high-quality markers in wheat (99.8% allele-calling concordance and approximately 95% call rate). The genetic relationships among bread wheat cultivars revealed by DArT coincided with knowledge generated with other methods, and even closely related cultivars could be distinguished. To verify the Mendelian behaviour of DArT markers, we typed a set of 90 Cranbrook x Halberd doubled haploid lines for which a framework (FW) map comprising a total of 339 SSR, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers was available. We added an equal number of DArT markers to this data set and also incorporated 71 sequence tagged microsatellite (STM) markers. A comparison of logarithm of the odds (LOD) scores, call rates and the degree of genome coverage indicated that the quality and information content of the DArT data set was comparable to that of the combined SSR/RFLP/AFLP data set of the FW map.

Chromosomes, Plant↗
PubMed2005

A dietary pattern protective against type 2 diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)--Potsdam Study cohort.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The aim of this study was to identify a dietary pattern associated with diabetes-related biomarkers and to investigate whether this pattern is associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes. METHODS: A nested case-control study of 192 cases of incident type 2 diabetes and 382 control subjects matched for sex and age was conducted. All subjects were participants in the population-based European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study. Dietary pattern score was derived using intake data on 48 food groups as exposure variables and the biomarkers HbA1c, HDL cholesterol, C-reactive protein and adiponectin as response variables in reduced rank regression. The association of the score with diabetes risk was estimated by conditional logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A high score for the identified dietary pattern was characterised by a high intake of fresh fruit and a low intake of high-caloric soft drinks, beer, red meat, poultry, processed meat, legumes and bread (excluding wholegrain bread). Subjects with high scores had high plasma concentrations of HDL cholesterol and adiponectin and low plasma concentrations of HbA1c and C-reactive protein. After multivariate adjustment, the odds ratios for type 2 diabetes across increasing quintiles of the dietary pattern score were 1.0, 0.59, 0.51, 0.26 and 0.27, respectively (p = 0.0006 for trend). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: A high score for the identified dietary pattern is associated with a more favourable biomarker profile and a substantially reduced incidence of type 2 diabetes.

Adiponectin↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of the results from an inter-laboratory comparison study of the determination of acrylamide in crispbread and butter cookies.

Analytical methods currently employed for determination of acrylamide (AA) in two carbohydrate-rich food samples, crispbread and butter cookies, obtained commercially, and native and spiked bread extract samples have been evaluated in a collaborative study. The objective of the study was to obtain information about the performance of the participating laboratories when analysing samples with an AA content close to the limit of quantification ( LOQ) and at a higher AA level, and to investigate the influence of sample-preparation procedures on the results of the analysis. For this purpose an aqueous native extract of white bread crumb, a fortified extract, and AA standard solutions, the analyte content of which were not disclosed to the participants, were included in the study. A total of 62 laboratories, applying seven different measurement techniques and a broad spectrum of analyte extraction and sample-preparation procedures reported their analytical results. Because the measurement data were not normally distributed, they were evaluated by application of robust statistics. The relative performance of the laboratories was highlighted by calculation of z-scores. For the crispbread sample, especially, a large percentage of the calculated z-scores were outside the satisfactory range. From their distribution it became obvious that one of the analytical techniques might be biased, if not applied correctly. Consequently, the impact of the applied methods was examined in more detail. Information about the analytical technique, extraction solvent, quantity weighed, calibration method, clean-up, and the experience of the participating laboratories were extracted from the analytical protocols and transcribed into a data matrix which was evaluated by multifactor analysis of variance. The applied measurement technique seems to have a statistically significant influence on the analytical results.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Effects of cooking on radiocesium in fish from the Savannah River: exposure differences for the public.

Understanding the factors that contribute to the risk from fish consumption is an important public health concern because of potential adverse effects of radionuclides, organochlorines, other pesticides, and mercury. Risk from consumption is normally computed on the basis of contaminant levels in fish, meal frequency, and meal size, yet cooking practices may also affect risk. This study examines the effect of deep-frying on radiocesium (137Cs) levels and risk to people fishing along the Savannah River. South Carolina and Georgia have issued consumption advisories for the Savannah River, based partly on 137Cs. 137Cs levels were significantly higher in the cooked fish compared to the raw fish on a wet weight basis. Mean 137Cs levels were 0.61 pCi/g (wet weight basis) in raw fish, 0.81 pCi/g in cooked-breaded, and 0.99 pCi/g in cooked-unbreaded fish. Deep-frying with and without breading resulted in a weight loss of 25 and 39%, while 137Cs levels increased by 32 and 62%, respectively. Therefore, the differences were due mainly to weight loss during cooking. However, the data suggest that risk assessments should be based on cooked portion size for contaminant analysis, or the risk from 137Cs in fish will be underestimated. People are likely to estimate the amounts of fish they eat based on a meal size of the cooked portion, while risk assessors determine 137Cs levels in raw fish. A conversion factor of at least two for 137Cs increase during cooking is reasonable and conservative, given the variability in 137Cs levels. The data also suggest that surveys determining consumption should specifically ask about portion size before or after cooking and state which was used in their methods.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Effect of bolus consistency on swallowing--does altering consistency help?

The influence of food bolus consistency on the pharyngeal wave during swallowing was investigated using a four-sensor manometry probe in 22 healthy volunteers. Pharyngeal pressures were recorded for 5 ml boluses of water, pudding and buttered bread via a manometry probe placed transnasally. The distal sensor was sited within the upper oesophageal sphincter (UOS); the three proximal sensors were then located 2, 4 and 6 cm above the UOS. The amplitude and timing of the swallow waveforms for pudding and buttered bread were recorded and compared with those for water. Increased bolus viscosity led to increased amplitude of the bolus wave and clearing contraction within the pharynx. In the UOS, increased bolus viscosity was associated with a larger pressure nadir (sub-atmospheric pressure) on opening and intra bolus pressure during transit. Bolus consistency also influenced the coordination of the swallow response with delayed pharyngeal clearance. The putative relevance of these findings to dietary modification for patients with neurological and neuromuscular dysphagia is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Relationship of masseter electromyographic activity to mandible position in the freely-moving rat.

Simultaneous records of masseter-EMG activity and position of the mandible were made on 4 Wistar rats eating four food types: standard food pellets (large pellets), 45 mg precision food pellets (small pellets), bread and pudding. Masseter activity was recorded with chronic bipolar silver EMG electrodes placed within the muscle and led subcutaneously to a pedestal on the head. The transducer indicating jaw position consisted of two tiny inductance coils, placed on the head and under the mandibular symphysis. The lower coil acted as a receiving aerial for the carrier signal supplied via the upper coil, so that distance between the coils, and thus relative jaw position, was traced on the oscilloscope screen. A silent period was found in the masseter-EMG bursts similar to that found in man, where the silent period represents tooth contact and the occlusal phase of chewing (time during which teeth are in the intercuspal position) is defined as the interval between the silent period and the termination of the EMG activity in the muscle. Applying this to the rat data, opening represented 70-75 per cent of the total cycle while the combined closing and occlusion phases comprized 25-30 per cent when either type of pellet was eaten. With bread, closing and occlusal phases represented 56 per cent of the total cycle. For all three food types, muscular force, as indicated by the jaw-closing movement registered by the transducer, continued beyond the masseter EMG. Irregular jaw movements seen when the animals lapped pudding were not correlated directly with masseter activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Sustained slowing effect of lentils on gastric emptying of solids in humans and dogs.

The distal small intestine is an especially potent site for carbohydrate-triggered intestinal inhibition of gastric emptying of solids. Poorly digestible carbohydrates, such as lentils, may escape proximal absorption, travel over time to reach these inhibitory mechanisms, and slow the gastric emptying of a later meal. A slowing effect on gastric emptying may be associated with a lowering effect on postprandial glucose. The aims of this study were to determine (a) whether lentils (a poorly digestible carbohydrate) vs. bread (an easily digestible carbohydrate) eaten as a premeal (with equal amounts of carbohydrates) slow the gastric emptying of a second solid meal taken 4.0-4.5 hours later and (b) whether a slowing effect on the gastric emptying of the second meal is associated with a lower postprandial glucose response. We found that in 7 dogs and 10 humans, gastric emptying of the second meal was delayed after a lentil premeal compared with a bread premeal. However, there was no difference in the glucose response to the second meal under the two conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

The Tromsø Heart Study: the relationship between food habits and the body mass index.

Associations between food habits and body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) were explored in a cross-sectional study with 7410 men and 7257 women. High BMI was most strongly associated with low bread consumption and use of low-fat milk. Weaker positive associations were seen for coffee, fish and ground meat consumption, and with use of table fat with a low P/S-ratio. Negative associations were seen for use of fruits and vegetables and amount of table fat at each slice of bread. Inconsistent relationships were noted for use of alcohol. The results suggest that individuals to some extent have changed their food habits in order to keep the BMI within limits they consider to be normal, and underline the need for adjustment for BMI when e.g. relationships between the diet and blood lipids are studied.

Adult↗