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PubMed1988

The pontocerebellar efferents from the pontine reticular tegmental nucleus in the rabbit: differential projections to the paramedian sublobules as revealed with tracing of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase.

Projections from the nucleus reticularis tegmenti (NRTP) pontis to the cerebellar paramedian lobule were studied using a horseradish peroxidase retrograde transport technique. The rabbit's NRTP consists of a medial principal part (the nucleus papillioformis: PLF) and smaller lateral part (the processus tegmentosus lateralis: PTL). The PLF can be subdivided into a dorsomedial part--zone A, a ventrolateral part--zone C, and a main part--zone B. Zone B is furthermore divisible into the subzones: B1, B2, and B3. In addition, some cells of zone B3 invade the fiber bundles of the medial lemniscus. Experimental data have indicated a topographically organized bilateral projection from the NRTP to the anterior, the middle and the posterior folia of the paramedian lobule with some degree of contralateral dominance. In contrast to an earlier report in cats we find that not only the ventral, but also the dorsal region of the NRTP send projections onto the paramedian lobule. The neurons sending axons to the paramedian lobule are localized mainly in the middle and to a some degree in the posterior thirds of the NRTP. Zones A, B1 and B3 project onto all of sublobules of the paramedian lobule. While zone A projects primarily onto the anterior sublobules (e, f), zone B1 emanates to the middle paramedian sublobules (c, d), Zone B3 sends fibers mainly into the posterior sublobules (a, b) and to a some degree to the middle paramedian sublobules. Zone B2 distributes a few axons exclusively to the middle folia of the paramedian lobule, while the middle part of the PTL gives rise to small bilateral projection to sublobules c and d of the paramedian lobule. Neurons of zone C send projections into the middle folia of the paramedian lobule. These findings are discussed in relationship to other morphological and physiological data on neurons of the pontine reticular tegmental nucleus.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Somatostatinergic neurons in the insular cortex project to the spinal cord: combined retrograde axonal transport and immunohistochemical study.

A double-labeling method combining immunohistochemistry and a retrograde tracer technique using biotin-horseradish peroxidase (B-HRP) was employed to identify a descending somatostatinergic fiber system from the insular cortex to the spinal cord. Injection of B-HRP into the spinal cord at cervical or lumbar levels resulted in the labeling of a number of neurons in the insular cortex. Simultaneous immunostaining revealed the existence of double-labeled neurons in the insular cortex. The result provides direct evidence for the presence of a descending somatostatinergic pathway from the insular cortex to lumbar levels of the spinal cord.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Altered cellular distribution of phospho-tau proteins coincides with impaired retrograde axonal transport in neurons of aged rats.

We hypothesize that the age-related degeneration of cytoskeleton in basal forebrain cholinergic neurons renders the NGF-TrkA signaling system non-functional and thereby impairs trophic support. Comparing young (4 months) and aged (28 months) rat brain, we examined immunohistochemically the compartmentalization of phosphorylated Tau protein using antibodies phospho-Tau404 and phospho-Tau231 of the GSK3beta kinase, known to phosphorylate Tau, the neurotrophin NGF, and its receptor P-TrkA. Retrograde labeling of basal forebrain cholinergic cells after injection of fluorogold into multiple sites in cortex and hippocampus revealed a significantly lower number of fluorogold-positive cells in aged brain. Despite a lower density of P-TrkA immunoreactivity in cortex and hippocampus of aged rats, there was no difference in NGF expression. In young animals phospho-Tau404, phospho-Tau231, and GSK3 immunoreactivity was observed mainly in neuronal fibers with lower staining in somata both in cortex and hippocampus. By contrast, Tau and GSK3 labeling were confined to the cell bodies in aged rats. This is confirmation that aging leads to a redistribution of cytoskeletal proteins. Since a somatic localization of phospho-Tau is indicative of cytoskeletal breakdown, we suggest that failure of axonal trafficking may be responsible for the lack of trophic support in aged cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain.

Aging↗
PubMed1991

Characterization of axonally transported [125I]PYY binding sites in rat vagus nerve.

Quantitative receptor autoradiography was used to characterize [125I]PYY binding to slide-mounted sections of rat cervical vagus nerve which had been ligated 24 h prior to extraction. Saturation and competitive binding characteristics were determined for the accumulation of binding sites detected in the segment of the nerve proximal to the ligature. High and low affinity binding components were resolved (Kd = 93 pM and 2.1 nM). The rank order of potency for competing ligands was PYY greater than NPY much greater than PYY13-36 much greater than [Pro34]NPY suggesting that vagal PYY/NPY binding sites are PYY-preferring and of the Y2 type.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The peripheral distribution of trigeminal nerve fibres in the rat temporomandibular joint studied by an anterograde axonal transport method with wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase.

Wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase was injected into the trigeminal ganglion to trace the peripheral distribution of the nerve fibres in the temporomandibular joint. It was transported anterogradely along trigeminal nerve fibres. Horseradish-peroxidase-labelled nerve fibres were found in the anterior and posterior bands of the articular disc, and terminated as nerve endings near the intermediate zone of the disc. However, the intermediate zone itself did not contain any nerve endings. Other nerve fibres penetrated from the subsynovial layer into the synovial membrane and also terminated as nerve endings close to the articular cavity. Thus, this method is suitable for tracing peripheral nerve fibres and nerve endings originating in the trigeminal ganglion.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

A comparison of the effects of acrylamide and experimental diabetes on the retrograde axonal transport of proteins in the rat sciatic nerve: analysis by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Retrogradely transported proteins that accumulated for 18 h distal to a ligature on the sciatic nerve of rats were separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and visualised with silver stain. A total of 14 proteins were detectable in this way as being retrogradely transported. In rats rendered diabetic 14 days previously by a single intravenous dose of streptozotocin, the accumulation of four of those proteins was noticeably decreased. Administration of acrylamide to a cumulative dose of 150 mg.kg-1 or 350 mg.kg-1 decreased the accumulation of four and eight proteins, respectively. Three of the four protein changes were common to the diabetic and acrylamide-treated animals, and were present before signs of neuropathy could be detected. The results suggest that those alterations may play a causal role in the development of neuropathy.

Acrylamide↗
PubMed1986

A calcium-activated neutral protease in the frog nervous system which degrades rapidly transported axonal proteins.

A Ca2+-activated protease (CANP) was prepared from a soluble extract of the frog nervous system and separated from an endogenous high-molecular weight inhibitor by ion exchange chromatography. Its proteolytic action was tested on rapidly transported [3H]leucine-labelled proteins from sensory axons of the sciatic nerve. The enzyme was activated at neutral pH by Ca2+ at millimolar level, and was inhibited by leupeptin and the endogenous inhibitor. Its most pronounced degradative action was exerted towards two prominent rapidly transported peaks corresponding to 82 kDa and 90 kDa proteins. Proteolysis was accompanied by the appearance of mainly 16 kDa degradation products. When newly synthesized soluble proteins of the spinal dorsal ganglia were used as substrates, the presence of CANP resulted in degradation of proteins in a broad molecular-weight range (40-200 kDa).

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Neural connections in the septum of lizards studied by the method of horseradish peroxidase axonal transport].

Septal connections in lizards (Ophisaurus apodus) were studied by means of the massive iontophoretic HRP injection into the septum. Reciprocal connections between the septum and both dorsal and mediodorsal cortex, projections of the nucleus of Broca diagonal band and anterior thalamic nuclei (mainly dorsolateral) to the septum were revealed. Reciprocal connections of the septum with the preoptic area, periventricular hypothalamic structures containing dopaminergic neurons, as well as with the nuclei of the mammillary complex were shown to be the most massive. HRP injection into the mammillary complex revealed mainly anterolateral location of neurons projecting to the mammillary nuclei and dorsolateral terminal field of mammillo-septal projections. Some peculiarities and common features in hodological organization of the septum in reptiles and mammals are considered.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Axonal transport of Borna disease virus along olfactory pathways in spontaneously and experimentally infected rats.

In this study it has been shown that infection of mother rats by Borna disease virus (BDV) from infected newborns led to a fatal disease. This differed both in clinical symptoms and in histological alterations from the form of the disease which occurred after intracerebral (i.c.) infection. Both parameters were, however, similar to those seen after experimental intranasal (i.n.) infection of adult rats. Detailed immunohistological studies showed clearly that after experimental i.n. infection, the infecting virus migrates intraaxonally from the neuroreceptors in the olfactory epithelium into the brain. It is therefore suggested that i.n. transmission is an important route of natural BDV infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Time-dependent alterations in NOS1 immunoreactivity in feline pudendal motoneurons following retrograde axonal transport of diphtheria toxin.

Neuronal nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity (NOS1-ir) in sacral somatic motor neurons of normal adult cats was compared with NOS1-ir in cats surviving 1 to 10 weeks after injection of the ADP-ribosylating protein diphtheria toxin (DTX) into one-half of the external anal sphincter. Levels of immunostaining were measured by microdensitometry. In non-operated cats, 60% of motor neurons in the ventrolateral (VL) and Onuf's nucleus (ON) showed high levels of NOS1-ir with lower NOS1-ir in 40%. Intramuscular injection of DTX caused cytopathology in motoneurons in ON, but not in VL with onset at 1 week, and regression by 10 weeks. Immunocytochemistry and microdensitometry disclosed an associated rise in levels of NOS1-ir in both the ipsilateral and contralateral ON at 1 week, which persisted up to 4 weeks, but reduced to normality by 10 weeks. Simultaneous neuronal swelling in ON precluded raised staining intensity being an artifact of neuronal atrophy. Despite restriction of cytopathology to ON, motoneurons in VL also exhibited acute elevation with subsequent normalisation of NOS1-ir over an identical time-course. Conclusions. Since DTX inhibits protein synthesis, (i) activation of NOS1 in acute toxicity probably reflects raised intracellular calcium due to loss of calcium homeostasis; (ii) the bilateral response in ON may indicate uptake of DTX by contralateral pudendal axons crossing the sphincter midline; and (iii) raised NOS1-ir in VL indicates a wider response in nuclei synaptically coupled to ON. Recovery of neuronal morphology and normalisation of NOS1-ir in sublethal toxicity contrast with the protracted elevation of NOS1-ir reported by others following axonal lesions associated with neuronal death and muscle target deprivation.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effect of neonatal capsaicin treatment on cholecystokinin-(CCK8) satiety and axonal transport of CCK binding sites in the rat vagus nerve.

Cholecystokinin (CCK) binding sites which accumulate at ligatures placed on the rat vagus nerve may mediate the satiety actions of CCK. Treatment of neonatal rats with capsaicin attenuated the satiety effect of injected CCK in adult life. Capsaicin pretreatment also reduced, but did not eliminate, the accumulation of CCK binding sites proximal and distal to ligatures on either cervical trunk. A similar effect was observed following ligation of subdiaphragmatic vagal trunks. The CCK receptor antagonists, MK-329 and L-365,260, inhibited binding to capsaicin- and vehicle-treated nerves to a similar degree. Densities of CCK binding sites in the nucleus tractus solitarius and area postrema were also markedly affected by neonatal capsaicin treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Fast axonal transport by neurons from the jellyfish Cyanea capillata.

Neurons of the motor nerve net of Cyanea capillata were examined using video-enhanced DIC optics. A variety of organelles were visible within the axons and many were mobile. To quantify the movement organelles were divided into three classes (large, medium, and small) and the rates, direction, and types of movement displayed by the different particle types examined. The overall behavior and rates of movement of transported particles were comparable with those in axons from other species. The largest particles, mainly mitochondria were the slowest moving but were the only particles to reverse their direction of movement or to undergo interactions with other particles. The fastest movement was by the small particles, but both they and medium sized particles were transported continuously. In addition, the linear elements in these axons underwent considerable lateral movement.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Interneuronal transfer of axonally transported proteins: studies with HRP and HRP conjugates of wheat germ agglutinin, cholera toxin and the B subunit of cholera toxin.

Experiments in the visual system and the tongue-hypoglossal nucleus pathway of the rat with HRP and HRP conjugates of wheat germ agglutinin (WGHRP), cholera toxin (CTHRP) and the B subunit of cholera toxin (BHRP) were conducted to study the interneuronal transfer of proteins. Native HRP did not undergo such transfer. Intravitreal injections of WGHRP, CTHRP or BHRP all resulted in interneuronal transfer in the visual system, but there was no evidence for this in the tongue-hypoglossal nucleus pathway. Interneuronal transfer may: (1) require a ligand-cell surface interaction; and (2) occur only after the endocytosis and/or exocytosis of these conjugates at specific sites along the neuronal plasma membrane.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Study of the pathways of the cat spinal cord using the method of experimental retrograde axon transport of horseradish peroxidase].

Funicular trajectories of descending brain stem pathways in the cat were identified by means of retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HPR) transport. In sixteen cats TH1 HRP injections preceded by a large C6-C7 lesion sparing the ventral or ventrolateral funiculi and by such a lesion sparing the dorsolateral funiculus were made. It was found that the descending fibres from the nucleus locus coeruleus and the nucleus subcoeruleus are distributed ipsilaterally through the ventrolateral funiculus. The fibres from the hypothalamus which descend throughout the spinal cord are located mainly in the lateral funiculus, but some of them also descend through the ventral and dorsolateral funiculi. A diagram summarizing the distribution of the descending fibres from the various brain stem cell groups over the different C6-C7 funiculi is presented.

Animals↗