Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “sampling design”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,567 records · Page 87Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Seroprevalence of six infectious diseases among adults in the United States by race/ethnicity: data from the third national health and nutrition examination survey, 1988--94.

OBJECTIVE: To provide seroprevalence estimates for six selected infectious agents by various sociodemographic and risk behavior variables stratified by race/ethnicity for adults age 20 years or more. METHODS: Seroprevalence estimates for hepatitis A, B, and C, Toxoplasma gondii, Helicobacter pylori, and Herpes simplex-2 were calculated from data in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-94 utilizing weights to account for differential oversampling by race/ethnicity and nonresponse to the interview and examination. Standard errors and 95% confidence intervals were calculated taking into account the complex sample design. RESULTS: Age-adjusted prevalence estimates and 95% confidence intervals are presented for three enteric infectious diseases hepatitis A, Toxoplasma gondii, Helicobacter pylori, as well as three blood-borne/sexually transmitted diseases, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and Herpes simplex-2 stratified by race/ethnicity and by various demographic factors including gender, poverty index, population size of area of residence, country of birth, household crowding, and years of education. In addition, estimates are presented for the three blood-borne/sexually transmitted diseases by various risk behaviors that include marital status, age at first sexual intercourse, number of lifetime sexual partners, cocaine use, and marijuana use.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Usefulness of the third-hour plasma glucose measurement of the oral glucose tolerance test for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus].

OBJECTIVES: To value the utility of the third-hour plasma glucose measurement of the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). To analyse the relation of rate insulin therapy, type of delivery and morbidity and mortality perinatal with the third-hour plasma glucose measurement or not for diagnosis of GDM. METHODS: Historic cohort study. SUBJECTS: Women diagnosed of GDM from 1993 to March of 2002 in Pregnancy Consultation in periurban Primary Care Center in Camas (Seville, Spain) by consecutive sampling design (n=112). INTERVENTION: To apply the screening and diagnosis criteria from Third International Conference of GDM. To value obstetric outcome history, anthropometric parameter before, treatment and delivery type and perinatal complications. Statistic analysis: A chi2 test, with Fisher's correction was used. RESULTS: A 63% of women were diagnosed of GDM with normal third-hour plasma glucose measurement (Group 1). In 21.4% this value was increase (> 145 mg/dL) but it was not necessary to diagnosis (Group 2). In 15.1%, the third-hour plasma glucose measurement was essential to diagnose GDM (Group 3). Insulin therapy was recommended in 17% (Group 3) and 5% (Group 1 and 2). There are not significant difference between groups about perinatal complications and cesarean delivery incidence. DISCUSSION: We suggest it is not recommended the omission of the third-hour plasma glucose measurement of OGTT because a 15.1% were undiagnosed and would be a substantial decrease in sensitivity. In addition, that group was higher rate insulin therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Treatment of funguria.

We evaluated the use of antifungal agents in the treatment of uncomplicated funguria by reviewing all case reports and studies regarding the treatment of funguria published in the English language from 1960 to 1991 (MEDLINE). Adult patients treated for uncomplicated funguria were included. Patients with fungal pyelonephritis and/or other systemic fungal manifestations were excluded from our analysis. All investigations were assessed for study design, sample size, definition of significant funguria, treatment regimen, inclusion of predisposing risk factors in outcome analysis, end points of therapy, and patient follow-up. Direct comparison of the studies on the use of antifungals in the treatment of uncomplicated funguria was not possible given the differing definitions of significant funguria, inconsistent reporting of risk factors, varying treatment regimens, end points of therapy, and duration of follow-up. Case reports and studies involving antifungals such as amphotericin B bladder irrigation, miconazole nitrate bladder irrigation, ketoconazole, and flucytosine were reviewed. Amphotericin B bladder irrigation appeared to be most effective and ketoconazole the least effective treatment of uncomplicated funguria. Predisposing risk factors, such as the presence of an indwelling urinary catheter, appear to play an important role in the persistence of positive cultures and failure of pharmacologic interventions. Until prospective, well-controlled studies are performed, no recommendation can be made for the treatment of uncomplicated funguria. In symptomatic patients therapy is indicated; however, the best regimen is unknown.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2005

DNA ploidy and immunomarking of bladder urothelial tumors before and after intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate DNA ploidy and immunoexpression of Ki-67 and p53 as predictivefactors in cases of superficial urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) treated with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). STUDY DESIGN: Samples were obtained from 66 patients with UCC (pTa grade 3 or high grade and pT1 independent of grade or with concomitant carcinoma in situ) before and after intravesical BCG treatment. DNA ploidy analysis (ploidy balance, degree of hyperploidy and aneuploidy, proliferation index) was done by static cytometry. Ki-67 and p53 were analyzed immunohistochemically in paraffin-embedded tissue, and their quantification was carried out using an image analysis system. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 63.8 months, 31 of the 66 patients developed recurrent tumors (46.9%). DNA ploidy analysis showed that ploidy balance as well as degree of hyperploidy and aneuploidy were not statistically different between recurrent and nonrecurrent tumors. Only proliferation index was statistically significant between recurrent and nonrecurrent tumors. No statistically significant difference was observed in the percentage of Ki-67- and p53-positive cells between primary tumors that recurred and those that did not. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that only proliferation index has predictive value for recurrence and progression in UCC treated with BCG.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Barriers to up take cataract surgery in Gandaki Zone, Nepal.

OBJECTIVE: Cataract though avoidable remains as leading cause of blindness in Nepal. Though, Himalaya Eye Hospital rendering high quality surgical service through its base hospital and out reach service in Gandaki Zone having cataract surgical rate is below 1500 per million. Therefore, it is mater of interest to investigate the reason and the finding would be helpful to plan the future cataract programme to CSR to desirable level, if we know the reason(s) that forced them living as blind in community and not seeking available surgical services. METHOD: All person with cataract affecting their visual acuity to <6/60 (corrected) in either eye found in stratified cluster design sampling were enrolled in the study. They were interviewed with structured questionnaire investigating their knowledge and attitude of their visual impairment and barriers for not seeking cataract surgical service to date. RESULTS: A total of 303 eligible subjects were enrolled in the study. Out of them 57.8% of people knew about the cataract and they also think their vision impairment is due to cataract. But 56.11% of people were not aware their vision will improve. Surgical camp attendant or operated patients were found to be effective media to spread the message that the cataract is curable. Among the barriers: fear for surgery 31.1%, lack of attendant and geographical distance 32.8%, financial 24.1% and other clinical reason were found to be 12% as a reason for not seeking available surgical service. CONCLUSION: The cataract service marketing, eye health education disseminating the information on cataract and its curability is not found to be adequate. Therefore, the future cataract programme should give more concentration on creating awareness on cataract and subsidizing the available surgical service and service need to be brought to more proximity for the needy poor people.

Blindness↗
PubMed2004

Inappropriate weight management among Thai women consuming anorectics prescribed by private clinics in Bangkok.

This cross-sectional survey was conducted by a 2-stage sampling design. A total of 250 women, aged > or = 18 years, were recruited from 10 randomly chosen private clinics located around Bangkok with a license for possession and utilization of anorectic drugs, the psychotropic substances in category II. Body mass index was calculated at the time of survey. The prevalence of obesity, based on the proposed classification by body mass index in Asian adults, among the participants was 23.2% (95% CI: 18.0%-28.4%). Only 79 (31.6%) and 72 (28.8%) reported having low-calorie diets and increasing physical activities, respectively, both of which were recommended as the main part of comprehensive weight control. Cosmetic purpose was the main reason given by most participants (84.0%) to enter current weight-control treatments. Interestingly, most of the non-obese individuals (82.8%) misperceived themselves as being obese. These findings suggested that the inappropriate use of anorectic drugs among Thai women was a significant public health concern. Misperception of bodyweight status may contribute to the misuse of such anorectic drugs. The result would alarm the Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Public Health to evaluate and revise the measures of the anorectic drug disposal. Further qualitative methods are recommended to investigate for body-image misconception, weight-control behavior among various populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Computations of confidence intervals for estimates in the United States National Hospital Discharge Survey, 1979-2000.

INTRODUCTION: The National Hospital Discharge Survey is a primary data source for epidemiology research in the United States. To ensure that estimates are reliable, confidence intervals need to be calculated. The original survey data source is not available to the public, and the usual statistical methods are unsuitable for calculating confidence intervals. Instead, calculating confidence intervals requires using the statistical methods and relative standard errors that the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics has provided. However, the relative standard error parameters differ by hospital, patient category, and group. They also change yearly with sampling and are expressed differently before and during or after 1988. Consequently, manual computations of confidence intervals with multiple groups, diseases, and years are inefficient and prone to error. We developed a SAS program to compute confidence intervals for National Hospital Discharge Survey data from 1979 through 2000, newborns excluded. METHODS: We transposed 22 tables of relative standard error parameters (one for each year) into two new parameter tables that maintain the sampling designs before 1988 and during and after 1988 but are similar in overall structure. We unified all values to make each set of relative standard error parameters unique. We developed a program, COMPURSE, to search for relative standard error parameters for inputted estimates and to calculate confidence intervals. We set up an interface program for users to enter data, time period, confidence interval level, and output location; to read the relative standard error parameter tables; and to run the COMPURSE program. RESULTS: For different sets of National Hospital Discharge Survey data, COMPURSE efficiently and correctly retrieved relevant relative standard error parameters for estimates and accurately calculated relative standard errors, standard errors, and confidence intervals for annual estimates, multiple-year summaries, and average annual estimates. CONCLUSION: The program COMPURSE helps users analyze National Hospital Discharge Survey data efficiently.

Confidence Intervals↗
PubMed2005

Effects of form length and item format on response patterns and estimates of physician office and hospital outpatient department visits. National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 2001.

OBJECTIVES: This report describes effects due to form length and/or item formats on respondent cooperation and survey estimates. METHODS: Two formats were used for the Patient Record form for the 2001 NAMCS and OPD component of the NHAMCS: a short form with 70 subitems and a long form with 140 subitems. The short form also contained many write-in items and fit on a one-sided page. The long form contained more check boxes and other unique items and required a two-sided page. The NAMCS sample of physicians and NHAMCS sample of hospitals were randomly divided into two half samples and randomly assigned to either the short or long form. Unit and item nonresponse rates, as well as survey estimates from the two forms, were compared using SUDAAN software, which takes into account the complex sample design of the surveys. RESULTS: Physician unit response was lower for the long form overall and in certain geographic regions. Overall OPD unit response was not affected by form length, although there were some differences in favor of the long form for some types of hospitals. Despite having twice the number of check boxes on the long form as the short form, there was no difference in the percentage of visits with any diagnostic or screening services ordered or provided. However, visit estimates were usually higher for services collected with long form check-boxes than with (recoded) short form write-in entries. Finally, the study confirmed the feasibility of collecting certain items found only on the long form. CONCLUSION: Overall, physician cooperation was more sensitive to form length than was OPD cooperation. The quality of the data was not affected by form length. Visit estimates were influenced by both content and item format.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed2005

Application of constructed wetlands to the treatment of leachates from a municipal solid waste landfill in Ibadan, Nigeria.

Leachates are wastewater generated principally from landfills and solid waste disposal sites. Leachates emanating from municipal wastes are a major source of surface and groundwater pollution worldwide. Globally, leachates have been implicated in low yield of farm produce, developmental anomalies, low birth weights, leukemia incidence, and other cancers in communities around the site. They have also been implicated in hazards to the environment, loss of biodiversity, and contamination of water sources. At Aba-Eku in Nigeria, leachates are being discharged into the Omi Stream without treatment. A study was conducted on a method of leachate treatment that passes the leachate through constructed wetlands using Ipomoea aquatica (Forsk), a locally available plant found close to the landfill site. The aim of the study was to evolve a sustainable and cost-effective method of treatment whose effluents can be discharged into the Omi Stream with no or minimal impact. The study was descriptive and analytical in design. Samples were collected and analyzed with standard methods for pH, suspended solids (SS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia, nitrate, and trace metals. Raw leachates were turbid and amber in color and contained suspended solids (197.5 mg/L), ammonia (610.9 mg/L), lead (1.64 mg/L), iron (198.10 mg/L), and manganese (23.20 mg/L). When the leachates were passed through the constructed wetland with eight hours' detention time, effluents showed significant reductions in suspended solids (81.01 percent), BOD (86.03 percent), and ammonia (97.77 percent). The study shows that a constructed wetland is a feasible tool for the treatment of leachates before their disposal into the environment in Nigeria and can help safeguard environmental quality.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2005

Acculturation and cardiovascular disease screening practices among Mexican Americans living in Chicago.

OBJECTIVE: To examine acculturation as a correlate of cardiovascular disease screening practices among Mexican Americans. METHODS: A modified Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey was administered to adults age 18 and older in four Chicago neighborhoods during the winter of 2000 (N=435). RESULTS: Regression analyses that accounted for complex sampling design found that Mexican Americans who were acculturated, were female, and had healthcare coverage were more likely to have been screened after controlling for age, healthcare coverage, education, and marital status. Acculturated Mexican Americans were 4.97 times more likely to have had blood cholesterol screening, 3.4 times more likely to have had blood pressure screening, and 7.99 times more likely to have had a routine checkup in the preceding two years when compared to unacculturated Mexican Americans. Mexican Americans with healthcare coverage were more likely to have had their blood pressure checked and to have obtained a routine check-up than did those without coverage. Women were more likely to have had a blood pressure screening and have obtained a routine check-up in the past two years. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that more acculturated Mexican Americans, as well as those who are female and who have healthcare coverage, are more likely to obtain cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related screenings. The findings indicate a need for promoting CVD-related screenings among Mexican Americans and underscores the need for Spanish-speaking health professionals.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2005

Community-based participatory research in the California Health Interview Survey.

INTRODUCTION: The California Health Interview Survey, the largest state health survey in the United States, uses community-based participatory research principles to develop each cycle. Other large-scale health surveys rarely include participatory research approaches. Every 2 years, the California Health Interview Survey generates state and local population-based data on health insurance coverage, access to health care, chronic disease prevalence and management, health behaviors and disease prevention, and other health issues in California. The survey is used for policy and program development, advocacy, and research. METHODS: The development of the California Health Interview Survey involves more than 145 people from more than 60 state and local policymaking bodies, public health agencies, advocacy groups, research organizations, and health care organizations. They participate as volunteers in an advisory board, on technical advisory committees, and in work groups that interact with California Health Interview Survey research staff in an accountable advisory process that shapes survey topics, measures, and sample design and determines languages selected for translation. Survey results and data are provided to the communities involved in the survey. RESULTS: California Health Interview Survey data have been widely used by local, state, and national public health leaders, policymakers, advocates, and researchers to improve access to health insurance and health care services and to develop and target prevention programs for obesity and chronic illnesses. CONCLUSION: The California Health Interview Survey participatory research model has been an effective approach to planning and implementing a health survey and should be considered by developers of other large health surveys.

California↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A multicentric study on epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its relationship with tobacco smoking and environmental tobacco smoke exposure.

INTRODUCTION: Population prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and its relationship with tobacco smoking, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and other variables were studied in adult subjects of 35 years and above at four different centres in India. Question-items for the diagnosis of COPD were included in the questionnaire used for the field study on asthma epidemiology. METHODS: Field surveys were conducted in both the urban and the rural populations at Bangalore, Chandigarh, Delhi and Kanpur with the help of a structured and validated questionnaire for diagnosis of asthma and COPD. Separate sets of questions were used for the diagnoses of the two diseases. A two-stage stratified sample design was employed where a village or an urban locality formed the first stage unit and a household formed the second stage unit. A uniform methodology was used at all the four centres and the analyses were done at the central coordinating centre--Chandigarh. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, defined by chronic bronchitis (CB) criteria, was diagnosed from the presence of cough and expectoration on most of the days for at least three months in a year for two consecutive years or more. RESULTS: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was diagnosed in 4.1% of 35295 subjects, with a male to female ratio of 1.56:1 and a smoker to nonsmoker ratio of 2.65: 1. Prevalence among bidi and cigarette smokers was 8.2% and 5.9%, respectively. Odds ratio (OR) for COPD was higher for men, elderly individuals, lower socio-economic status and urban (or mixed) residence. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure among nonsmokers had an OR of 1.4(95% CI 1.21-1.61). Combined exposure to both ETS and solid fuel combustion had higher OR than for ETS exposure alone. CONCLUSIONS: Population prevalence of COPD is very high in India with some centre to centre differences. Smoking of both bidis and cigarettes, and ETS exposure among nonsmokers, were two important risk factors at all centres. It is important to employ uniform methodology for assessment of national burden and disease-surveillance programme.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Physical and mental health characteristics of U.S.- and foreign-born adults: United States, 1998-2003.

OBJECTIVE: This report presents national prevalence estimates of selected measures of physical health status and limitations, health care access and utilization, and mental health status among the civilian noninstitutionalized population of U.S.- and foreign-born adults aged 18 years and over in four race-ethnicity groups in the United States. METHODS: The estimates in this report were derived from the Family Core and Sample Adult components of the 1998-2003 National Health Interview Surveys, conducted annually by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Estimates were generated and comparisons conducted using the SUDAAN statistical package to account for the complex survey sample design. Data were age adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population. RESULTS: In general, the foreign-born population was younger, less likely to have a high school diploma, more likely to be poor, heavily concentrated in the central cities of metropolitan areas, and more likely to live in large families, compared with their U.S.-born counterparts. Hispanic immigrants were the least likely to have health insurance or to have a usual source of health care compared with other immigrant groups. Non-Hispanic black and Hispanic adults, regardless of nativity, were more likely to be obese than non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic Asian adults. However, non-Hispanic black and Hispanic immigrant adults were significantly less likely to be obese than their U.S.-born counterparts. Hispanic immigrants were more likely to be obese the longer they lived in the United States. Foreign-born nonHispanic black and Hispanic immigrant adults experienced fewer symptoms of serious psychological distress compared with their U.S.-born counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: There are significant differences in physical health status and mental health status among U.S.-born and foreign-born adults. Foreign-born adults enjoy considerable advantages over their U.S.-born counterparts for many health measures despite limited access to health care and unfavorable sociodemographic characteristics. Differences in the impact of length of stay in the United States on immigrant health suggest that the role of acculturation in understanding immigrant health is complex and may differ for various race/ethnicity groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Seasonal dynamics of four potential West Nile vector species in north-central Texas.

A population survey was conducted from April through September 2002 on mosquito species occurring on the Ray Roberts Greenbelt, a riparian corridor used for public recreation on the Elm Fork of the Trinity River, in Denton County, TX. Geographic information system software was used to set up a stratified random sampling design based on habitat parameters. Mosquitoes were collected using light traps, gravid traps, and resting boxes. A total of 29 species was collected during this study belonging to the following genera: Aedes, Anopheles, Coquillettidia, Culex, Mansonia, Ochlerotatus, Orthopodomyia, Psorophora, and Uranotaenia. The four most common species collected during this study were Aedes vexans, Culex erraticus, Culex salinarius, and Psorophora columbiae. West Nile virus (WNV) has been detected in these species in the United States, and they may serve as important vector species in Denton County. Collections were analyzed by the Texas Department of Health for arboviruses. One pool consisting of both Cx. erraticus and Cx. salinarius, collected in August 2002, tested positive for WNV, making it the first mosquito pool to test positive for WNV in Denton County. Canonical correspondence analysis was performed using abundance data of dominant species with selected weather variables and habitat parameters. Important factors for determining dominant species abundance were temperature, precipitation, dew point, and canopy coverage. Spatial and temporal patterns of these species are discussed.

Aedes↗
PubMed2006

An intervention-control study of corralling of free-ranging chickens to control Campylobacter infections among children in a Peruvian periurban shantytown.

Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of diarrhea among children in developing countries. Since free-ranging chickens are a major source of Campylobacter infections, we hypothesized that corralling of these chickens would result in decreased rates of Campylobacter infections and Campylobacter-related diarrhea. We tested this hypothesis in Peruvian families in a periruban shantytown with free-ranging chickens and randomized by household using a (corralling) intervention versus control study design. Samples from participants and chickens were cultured for Campylobacter at the start of surveillance, and samples from children less than six years of age with diarrhea episodes and two sentinel chickens were cultured for Campylobacter monthly. Overall, 4,257 human stool specimens and 3,950 avian stool specimens were cultured over a 17-month period. Rates of Campylobacter-related diarrhea in children were significantly higher in the corral group, which demonstrated twice the incidence of Campylobacter diarrhea compared with controls overall, and seven times the rate of Campylobacter diarrhea versus controls in the subset with more than 20 household chickens. Rates of asymptomatic infection with Campylobacter were similar. Although corralling may be useful if corrals are distant from living quarters, it is not advisable as a control measure for Campylobacter in communities such as this.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A longitudinal study of the relationship between health behavior risk factors and dependence in activities of daily living.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to shed further light on the effect of modifiable health behavior risk factors on dependence in activities of daily living, defined in a multidimensional fashion. METHODS: The study participants were 10,278 middle aged Americans in a longitudinal health study, the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS). A multi-stage probability sampling design incorporating the effect of population sizes (Metropolitan and non-metropolitan), ethnicity (the non-Hispanic White, the Hispanic, and the Black), and age (age 51-61) was utilized. Basic Activities of Daily Living (ADL) were measured using five activities necessary for survival (impairment in dressing, eating, bathing, sleeping, and moving across indoor spaces). Explanatory variables were four health behavior risk factors included smoking, exercise, Body Mass Index (BMI), and alcohol consumption. RESULTS: Most participants at baseline were ADL independent (1992). 97.8% of participants were independent in all ADL's at baseline and 78.2% were married. Approximately 27.5% were current smokers at baseline, and the subjects reported moderate or heavy exercise were 74.8%. All demographic characteristics and behavioral risk factors were significantly associated with the ADL status at Wave 4 except alcohol consumption. Risk behaviors such as current smoking, sedentary life style and high BMI at Wave 1 were associated with ADL status deterioration; however, moderate alcohol consumption tended to be more related to better ADL status than abstaining at Wave 4. ADL status at Wave 1 was the strongest factor and the next was exercise and smoking affecting ADL status at Wave 4. People who were in ADL dependent at Wave 1 were 15.17 times more likely to be ADL dependent at Wave 4 than people who were in ADL independent at Wave 1. Concerning smoking cigarettes, people who kept only light exercise or sedentary life style at Wave 1 were 1.70 times more likely to be died at Wave 4 than the people who did not smoke at Wave 1. CONCLUSIONS: All demographics and health behaviors at wave 1 had consistently similar OR trends for ADL status to each other except alcohol consumption. Smoking and exercise in health behaviors, and age and gender in demographics at Wave 1 were significant factors associated with ADL group separation at Wave 4.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2006

Factors associated with overweight and obesity among Mexican Americans and Central Americans: results from the 2001 California Health Interview Survey.

INTRODUCTION: Hispanics are the fastest growing demographic group in the United States; however, "Hispanic" is a broad term that describes people who are from or whose ancestors are from multiple countries of origin. This study examines, separately, the social, cultural, and behavioral factors associated with overweight and obesity among Mexican American adults and among Central American adults. METHODS: To estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Mexican and Central Americans living in California, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from the 2001 California Health Interview Survey using SUDAAN software to account for the survey's multistage sampling design. RESULTS: Of the 8304 Mexican Americans participating in the survey, 36.8% were overweight and 26.2% were obese. Of the 1019 Central Americans, 39.2% were overweight and 22.2% were obese. Among Mexican American men, age and marital status were associated with overweight and obesity; and education, acculturation, health insurance status, health status, and use of vitamins were associated with obesity only. Among Mexican American women, age, education, number of children, health status, and health behavior were associated with overweight and obesity. Among Central American men, age, education, and access to health care were associated with overweight, whereas marital status, acculturation, health care, and binge drinking were associated with obesity. Among Central American women, number of children was associated with overweight and obesity; and age and education were associated with obesity only. CONCLUSION: Our findings of high rates of overweight and obesity among Mexican and Central Americans in California indicate the need for a wide variety of effective weight-loss interventions targeting these populations, and the differences we found in the factors associated with overweight and obesity may suggest the need for unique intervention strategies for different Hispanic subgroups.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Maternal mortality in seven districts of Uttar Pradesh--an ICMR task force study.

Maternal mortality is a major health and development concern. The available information on maternal mortality in rural India is inadequate and scanty. This study presented maternal mortality data from the demographically and developmentally (including for health) poor performing state of Uttar Pradesh. A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted utilizing a stratified cluster sampling design between 1989-90 in eight districts of Uttar Pradesh. Four good performing districts namely, Agra, Farrukhabad, Ghaziabad and Badaun from the western region and four poor performing districts from the eastern region namely, Gorakhpur, Basti, Varanasi and Pratapgarh were chosen. A door-to-door household interview survey was carried out in the selected villages covering a population of 11.67 lakhs in 889 villages. Maternal mortality rates during 1989 ranged between 533745 per 100,000 live births except in Ghaziabad district where the rate was as low as 101 per 100,000 live births. The rate in Eastern U.P. was higher (573 per 100,000 live births) as compared to that in Western U.P. (472 per 100,000 live births). A total of 286 maternal deaths were reported during the study period. The direct obstetric causes accounted for 55.7% of maternal deaths with haemorrhage (26.4%) being the most prevalent. Anaemia and jaundice (17.4%) were the most prevalent indirect causes of maternal deaths. Most of the maternal deaths could have been prevented if timely medical care was available.

Adolescent↗