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PubMed1983

Personality changes in the aged. A longitudinal study with the MNT-scale.

The three personality dimensions validity, solidity and stability according to Sjöbring were measured by means of the MNT scales in representative samples of 70-year-old men and women in Gothenburg, Sweden. They were followed up when 75 and 79. A longitudinal study was performed with regard to changes in means, standard deviations and sex differences. The means at 70 of the surviving subjects were compared with those of subjects who had died before the age of 79. The personality dimensions were, on the whole, unchanged between 70 and 79 except for a small increase in stability in men, implying a decrease in personal involvement, and a small decrease in validity in women implying lower levels of mental energy. There was also a decrease in solidity in men between 75 and 79 implying an increased tendency to dissociation. Variability and sex differences did not change. Men with low validity at 70 had an increased mortality. Cross-sectional studies would have given misleading results of the personality development in these age groups.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

A multicentre longitudinal observational study of changes in self reported health status in people with Parkinson's disease left untreated at diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: The issue of when to start treatment in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains controversial. Some favour treatment at diagnosis while others opt for a "wait and watch" policy. The effect of the latter policy on the self reported health status of people with PD is unknown. AIMS: To record self reported health status through longitudinal use of a validated PD specific questionnaire (PDQ-39) in untreated PD patients in multiple centres in the UK. To compare patients who were left untreated with those who were offered treatment during follow-up. METHODS: A multicentre, prospective, "real life" observational audit based study addressing patient reported outcomes in relation to self reported health status and other sociodemographic details. RESULTS: 198 untreated PD were assessed over a mean period of 18 months. During two follow-up assessments, the self reported health status scores in all eight domains of the PDQ-39 and the overall PDQ-39 summary index worsened significantly (p<0.01) in patients left untreated. In a comparative group in whom treatment was initiated at or soon after diagnosis, there was a trend towards improvement in self reported health status scores after treatment was started. CONCLUSIONS: This study addresses for the first time self reported health status, an indicator of health related quality of life, in untreated PD. The findings may strengthen the call for re-evaluation of the policy to delay treatment in newly diagnosed patients with PD.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Validity of subjective assessment of changes in respiratory health status: a 30 year epidemiological study of workers in Paris.

The validity of scales used for subjective assessment of health, particularly transitional indices, is under discussion. The aim of the present study was to assess the concurrent and predictive validity of a simple estimate of long-term subjective assessment of respiratory health changes. A longitudinal study of 915 workers was conducted over 30 yrs, with both retrospective self-assessment of respiratory health changes and objective measurements of spirometric values 12 yrs apart. An assessment of the reason for death during the subsequent 20 yrs was performed. Subjective assessment of respiratory deterioration over 12 yrs was significantly related to both cross-sectional lung function values and longitudinal lung function changes (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) decline), an association which remained after adjustment for FEV1 level. It was also related to the same risk factors as decline in FEV1 (smoking, occupational exposure). Self-evaluation of respiratory deterioration was significantly predictive of death from all causes, with the highest (but nonsignificant) rate ratio for respiratory causes. Asthmatics exhibited greater long-term variability (objective and subjective) than nonasthmatics. Independent of dyspnoea, self-assessment of respiratory health deterioration was significantly related to FEV1. Subjective assessment of long-term changes in respiratory health provides valid information.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Studying the relationship between change and initial value in longitudinal studies.

Blomqvist's problem of studying the relationship between change and initial value in a linear growth curve setting is reformulated from a random effects model perspective. First, a maximum likelihood estimate of the between-individual covariance matrix for a simple linear regression model with stochastic parameters is obtained via an EM algorithm as discussed by Laird and Ware. Second, the regression coefficient of the individual-specific slopes on the individual-specific intercepts is estimated as a ratio of elements of the between-individual covariance matrix as discussed by Zucker et al. Then a Fieller's type confidence interval for this ratio is proposed. Discussion is facilitated by recognizing the Laird-Ware model as a special case of a more general model discussed by Hocking.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1983

A longitudinal study of the changes in lymphocyte populations and their relationship to plasma cortisol levels in the perinatal sow.

The total leucocyte count and proportion of lymphocytes, B lymphocytes and IgM-bearing (mu) lymphocytes and plasma cortisol were measured in 6 sows over the peripartum period. From these measurements the total lymphocyte, B and mu lymphocyte and non-mu lymphocyte counts were calculated. There was a significant rise in cortisol on day -1, 0 and 1 relative to parturition and a significant fall in the proportion and absolute count of the lymphocytes on days 0 and 1. There was a significant correlation between both the proportion (P less than 0.02, r = -0.39) and number (P less than 0.02, r = -0.37) of lymphocytes and plasma cortisol. The changes in sow leucocytes over the peripartum period were related to changes in plasma cortisol rather than to parturition. Furthermore, there was no significant change in either the proportion of B and mu lymphocytes or the minor immunoglobulin-bearing subpopulations over the peripartum period.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Physical activity as a determinant of change in mobility performance: the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the association of (change in) physical activity and decline in mobility performance in older men and women. DESIGN: A 3-year prospective study using data of the Longitudinal Aging Study. SETTING: Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand one hundred nine men and women aged 55 to 85. MEASUREMENTS: Total physical activity (expressed as hours per day and kilocalories per day) and sports participation were measured using a validated, interviewer-administered questionnaire. Mobility performance was assessed using two timed tests: 6-meter walk and repeated chair stands. RESULTS: Mobility performance declined for 45.6% of the sample. At baseline, the mean time +/- standard deviation spent on total physical activity was 3.0 +/- 2.1 h/d or 719 +/- 543 kcal/d, and 56.6% of the sample participated in sports. Sports participation and a higher level of total physical activity, walking, or household activity were associated with a smaller mobility decline. After 3 years, total physical activity declined, and only 53.4% of those reporting sports at baseline continued doing so. Continuation of physical activity over time was associated with the smallest decline in mobility. The observed associations were similar for those with and without chronic disease (P> 0.3). The conclusions did not change after adjustment for potential confounders, including demographic and lifestyle variables, depression, and cognitive status. CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity, and especially a regularly active lifestyle, may slow the decline in mobility performance. A beneficial effect was observed for sports and nonsports activities, independent of the presence of chronic disease.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Secular changes in relative leg length in post-war Japan.

Longitudinal secular changes of height and estimated leg length (ELL) or subischial leg length of Japanese boys and girls were investigated using data published in "The Statistical Report of the School Health Survey" of the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, Japan. A significant trend towards greater relative leg length (long-leggedness) among Japanese children and youth has occurred during the period of about four decades covered by this study. After showing a strikingly consistent trend at all age levels between 6 and 17 years and a dramatic trend during the birth-year age period 1943-1963, the relative growth in leg length has been rapidly slowing or has stopped in both sexes. The relative growth of ELL seemed to be fixed after 11 years in boys and 9 years in girls. Maximum increment ages (MIA), both in height and ELL, were used as estimates of the timing of maximum growth during the adolescent spurt. Regression analysis was used to demonstrate the overall trend patterns of MIA in height and ELL. After removing autocorrelation effects, MIA for height is accelerated by 0.03 year in both sexes, while the MIA in ELL is accelerated by 0.03 year in boys and 0.01 year in girls. Thus, MIA in ELL in girls is occurring earlier but to a smaller extent than in boys. The average maturity difference between boys and girls is 2.07 years in height, but 2.83 years in lower extremity length. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 12:405-416, 2000. Copyright 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

A longitudinal study of functional change and mortality in the United States.

Studies of functional impairments in the U.S. elderly population have tended to rely on prevalence estimates from nationally representative health and institutional surveys. These prevalence estimates generally show higher rates of disability for females than males. Unfortunately, prevalence estimates can be misleading when one attempts to assess the risks of certain types of health event transitions for individuals. This study directly examined the individual transitions both into and out of functionally impaired states using longitudinal data from the 1982 and 1984 National Long Term Care Surveys (NLTCS). The data show that, even at very high levels of impairment, there are significant numbers of community residents who apparently manifest long-term improvement in functioning. The longitudinal data also show that the risks of becoming disabled are roughly the same for males and females. This suggests that sex differences in the national prevalence of disabilities arise from the greater longevity of females at any given level of age and functional impairment.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2006

Stereotactic radiosurgery of the rete mirabile in swine: a longitudinal study of histopathological changes.

OBJECTIVE: Stereotactic radiosurgery is an established, effective treatment for brain arteriovenous malformations. The mechanisms of vessel occlusion in arteriovenous malformations has not been extensively evaluated. To better understand these mechanisms, we report histopathological changes in the swine rete mirabile after stereotactic radiosurgery. METHODS: Thirty-five swine were used, 15 as nonradiated controls and 20 as radiated. Two in the control group and five in the radiated group were sacrificed before the study endpoint. Tissue was obtained from 13 nonradiated (4 at 3 mo, 5 at 6 mo, 4 at 9 mo) and 15 radiated swine (2 at 3 mo, 3 at 6 mo, 10 at 9 mo) for histological, immunohistochemical, and morphometric analysis. RESULTS: Radiated vessels showed increasing intimal hyperplasia over the follow-up period. Histometrical analysis confirmed this with evidence of progressive luminal narrowing over the follow-up period. Immunohistochemical analysis showed intimal cells to be proliferating smooth muscle cells with surrounding extracellular collagen Type IV. Adventitial fibrosis composed of collagen Type IV was also seen with smooth muscle cells interspersed within the collagen matrix. The nonradiated animals showed no intimal hyperplasia or change in the appearance or size of the vessels over the same follow-up period. Adventitial fibrosis was minimal in the nonradiated animals. CONCLUSION: The vessels show an intimal response to radiation with progressive occlusion caused by migrating, proliferating smooth muscle cells, a likely source of the extracellular collagen in the intima. Cytokine mediated pathways likely produce these morphological changes. Future studies will be directed toward elucidating these underlying molecular mechanisms.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Osteoporotic changes in rheumatoid arthritis--longitudinal bone mass study and effect of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3].

Serial measurements of bone mass were carried out by single photon absorptiometry and/or X-ray microdensitometry of the second metacarpus in 29 rheumatoid arthritis patients not treated by corticosteroids. The effect of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 on rheumatoid arthritis was also investigated by longitudinal bone mass study. In premenopausal females and also males, the rate of radial diaphyseal bone loss was less than 1%/year and bone loss was seen only in the periarticular region of affected joints. On the other hand, bone loss was much more rapid in both the periarticular and diaphyseal regions in postmenopausal patients. 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 administration for more than 1 year produced no significant change of blood biochemical examination and Lansbury's index, but resulted in a significant attenuation of bone loss rate.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1995

Growth changes in the cranial base and the face: a longitudinal cephalometric study of linear and angular changes in adult Norwegians.

The purpose of this study was to examine the natural growth changes which occur between 22 and 33 years of age. The material consisted of two series of cephalograms of 74 females and 90 males with approximately 11 years between the two series. None of the subjects had orthodontic retainers when the first exposure was undertaken, or orthodontic treatment, or surgery during the observation period. The measurements were carried out by using a modified Dentofacial Planner program SHORT, and both linear and angular measurements were made. The overall changes were an increase in anterior facial height which mostly occurred in the lower face, and an increase in the length of the mandible. These changes were statistically significant in both genders. The females also had a significant posterior rotation of the mandible. There was a significant decrease in the thickness of the upper lip both in females and males, and the males had a significant increase in thickness of the soft tissue on the mandibular profile. Although there were some statistical changes in the observation period, none of the linear changes exceeded 1.35 mm. The largest angular change was a 1.44 degrees retroclination of the upper incisors in females. The differences between the genders were statistically significant only in three angular and two soft tissue measurements.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

A new method for investigating the relation between change and initial value in longitudinal blood pressure data. I. Description and application of the method.

The relation between change and initial value is of great interest in longitudinal studies. With variables containing random errors (short-term intra-individual variations and measurement errors) the directly computed relation is however, biased by the regression towards the mean phenomenon. Earlier proposed solutions of the problem are unsatisfactory. In this paper the regression towards the mean phenomenon is described and a new method is proposed by which the error caused by the regression towards the mean is avoided. The method is applied to a set of longitudinal blood pressure data. It is shown that the observed, biased relation in this case is significantly negative, while the correct relation obtained with this method is significantly positive. Since random errors are present in most biological variables, similar erroneous conclusions may easily be drawn also in other cases if the regression towards the mean phenomenon is not corrected for. In this analysis, random errors constitute 65--80% of the observed blood pressure change. To reduce this dominance, recommendations about study design for future studies of change/initial value relationships are given.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed2000

A longitudinal study of psychosocial changes among Thai adolescents participating in a Buddhist ordination program for novices.

Little is known about the effects of intense spiritual practice among teenage youth. In the present study, 170 adolescent males in Thailand were assessed regarding the immediate and long-term behavioral, emotional, and devotional consequences of participation in a six-week Buddhist monastic program. An additional 114 males of equivalent age, who were assessed in regard to changes following a demanding extracurricular English language course, served as controls. Their parents' perceptions were also examined. The results indicated that the changes reported by the youths in the ordination group were highly positive, enduring, and of a different pattern from that of the controls. The ratings of the two parent groups were also significantly different from each other, and analogous to those of their children. The practical and theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Monthly measurements of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein-3 in healthy prepubertal children: characterization and relationship with growth: the 1-year growth study.

The usefulness of measurements of IGF-I or IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in the clinical management of growth disorders is dependent on the extent of physiologic variation in their concentrations. Our purpose was therefore to investigate the longitudinal intraindividual variation in serum concentration of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in healthy prepubertal children. Monthly serum samples and auxologic measurements were taken over a period of 1 y from 65 prepubertal children (38 boys, 27 girls; mean age 9.1 y, range 7.8-10.8). Concentrations of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were measured by RIA. The mean (+/-SD) serum concentration of IGF-I in the children was 165 +/- 42.0 microg/L, with a mean coefficient of variation (CV) of 13.9% around the annual mean serum concentration for each child. The corresponding mean concentration of IGFBP-3 was 3273 +/- 604.5 microg/L, and the mean CV for each child was 9.7%. These monthly longitudinal variations in IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were parallel to changes in longitudinal growth. Short-term changes (1 mo) in IGF-I were positively correlated with changes in weight (r(s) = 0.42, p < 0.0005) and body mass index (r(s) = 0.45, p < 0.0005), and negatively correlated with minor intercurrent illnesses (-0.32; p < 0.05). Seasonal fluctuations also occurred, with short term changes in IGF-I (1 mo) and IGFBP-3 (3 mo), increasing with increasing outdoor temperatures (r(s) = 0.30, p < 0.05 and r(s) = 0.39, p < 0.005, respectively). We conclude, that there are significant changes in both IGF-I and IGFBP-3 that occur in association with growth, and that IGF-I is more sensitive than IGFBP-3 to short-term changes in weight, body mass index, and intercurrent illnesses. Physiologic short-term changes must therefore be taken into consideration when using serum levels of IGF-I or IGFBP-3 in the evaluation of the short or slowly growing child.

Child↗
PubMed2001

Age-related changes in vestibular function: a longitudinal study.

The objective of this study was to identify age-related changes in the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in normal older subjects and patients complaining of disequilibrium followed serially over time. Cross-sectional studies have found decreases in vestibular function in older subjects compared to younger subjects, but no prior longitudinal studies have been made following the same older subjects over time. We measured VOR responses using step and sinusoidal stimuli in 110 normal subjects and 51 patients with disequilibrium of unknown cause. This report focuses on 57 normal subjects who were able to return for five yearly examinations and 7 patients who were found to have severe bilateral vestibulopathy on the initial examination. In the normal subjects, there was a significant shortening of the VOR time constant to step changes in angular velocity and an amplitude-dependent decrease in gain and increase in phase lead of low-frequency sinusoidal responses over the five examinations. There was also a decrease in the gain of visual-vestibular responses at low frequencies of sinusoidal stimulation over the five examinations. The patients with bilateral vestibulopathy showed relatively little change in vestibular function over the five years of follow-up. This is the first longitudinal study to show age-related decreases in vestibular responses in normal older subjects. The VOR changes identified were not associated with symptoms or signs of disequilibrium. A small subgroup of patients with disequilibrium of unknown cause had profound bilateral vestibulopathy that remained stable during follow-up. These patients likely had an underlying disease even though in most cases the disease process could not be identified.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

A new method for investigating the relation between change and initial value in longitudinal blood pressure data. II. Comparison with other methods.

Whether initial value affects blood pressure change or not is of interest in longitudinal blood pressure studies. The change/initial value relationship is, however, biased by the regression towards the mean phenomenon, as blood pressure measurements contain random errors (short-term intra-individual variation and measurement errors). Two methods (here called C and D) of avoiding this bias have earlier been proposed and used in population studies in South Wales and Framingham, with conflicting results. In the preceding paper a new method of avoiding the bias has been presented. In the present paper a comparison of the new method with the two earlier is made by applying them to the same data set. Method C indicates, as in South Wales, a highly significant positive relationship, while method D (as in Framingham) and the new method give a regression coefficient close to zero. The structure of the three methods is analysed. Method C is shown to be valid only under very restricted conditions and is best avoided. Method D gives a fairly accurate result, but underestimates the coefficient by approximately 30% in this case. The new method proposed seems to be the best method hitherto for this kind of analysis.

Blood Pressure Determination↗
PubMed1984

Longitudinal evaluation of hemodynamic changes in eclampsia.

Eight primigravid women with eclampsia underwent invasive hemodynamic monitoring shortly after admission and showed initial low right and left ventricular filling pressures, hyperdynamic left ventricular function, and elevated systemic vascular resistance. These findings persisted throughout 12 postpartum hours, with management that consisted of restriction of fluid, magnesium sulfate, and intermittent hydralazine for severe hypertension. Thereafter, those women without spontaneous diuresis had elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressures despite hyperdynamic ventricular function. We hypothesize that this phenomenon was due to mobilization of extracellular extravascular fluid prior to diuresis. Comparison of these women with those with severe preeclampsia previously reported by others suggests that their hemodynamic status is significantly influenced by differences in fluid management.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Longitudinal modeling of adiposity in periadolescent Greek schoolchildren.

PURPOSE: Obesity has an etiology that is multidimensional in nature. Given the dearth of longitudinal data, we examined changes in adipose tissue (Ad) in relation to physical activity levels (PA), aerobic fitness (AF), and energy intake (EI) in Greek schoolchildren, as they progressed from age 12 to 14 yr. METHODS: This was a 2-yr and three-time-point (TP) study. Participants (N=210 (TP1); =204 (TP2); =198 (TP3)) were assessed for anthropometry, maturity status, Ad, PA, AF, and EI. Mean values were used for exploratory analyses, whereas two generalized estimating equations (GEE) models examined for longitudinal associations between the studied parameters. The first (GEE1) aimed to extract inherent associations between the dependent (Ad) and independent (PA, AF, EI) variables for the entire study period. For further evidence of association, the second analysis (GEE2) used the independent variables at TP1 and TP2 to predict the dependent variables at TP3. RESULTS: Levels of Ad in boys decreased significantly (P<0.05) from TP1 to TP3, whereas the same variable demonstrated a nonsignificant increase (P>0.05) in girls. GEE1 revealed that longitudinal changes in Ad were significantly associated only with PA (beta=-0.16; P<0.001) and AF (beta=-0.09; P<0.05) for all schoolchildren. Similarly, GEE2 revealed that the main factors (at TP1 and TP2) predicting the development of Ad (at TP3) were PA (beta=-0.14; P<0.001) followed by AF (beta=-0.10; P<0.05). CONCLUSION: With respect to data presented, we established that longitudinal changes in Ad are mainly accompanied by changes in PA and, to a lesser extent, AF levels.

Adiposity↗