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PubMed1992

Relaxation network for Gabor image decomposition.

The so-called "simple cells" in layer IV of feline primary visual cortex have been shown to have Gabor function spatial receptive field profiles (RFP's). Since Gabor functions are not mutually orthogonal, the decomposition of an image into Gabor function coefficients is usually performed by minimising some measure of the error between the original image and that reconstructed from the coefficients. A cortical relaxation model is proposed which performs this minimisation implicitly, and is used to examine the biological relevance and feasibility of reconstruction error minimisation.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

T cell regulation of the immune response to infection in periodontal diseases.

Although T cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis and are considered to be central both in progression and control of the chronic inflammatory periodontal diseases, the precise contribution of T cells to the regulation of tissue destruction has not been fully elucidated. Current dogma suggests that immunity to infection is controlled by distinct T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) subsets of T cells classified on the basis of their cytokine profile. Further, a subset of T cells with immunosuppressive function and cytokine profile distinct from Th1 or Th2 has been described and designated as regulatory T cells. Although these regulatory T cells have been considered to maintain self-tolerance resulting in the suppression of auto-immune responses, recent data suggest that these cells may also play a role in preventing infection-induced immunopathology. In this review, the role of functional and regulatory T cells in chronic inflammatory periodontal diseases will be summarized. This should not only provide an insight into the relationship between the immune response to periodontopathic bacteria and disease but should also highlight areas of development for potentially new therapeutic modalities.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Evidence that specific executive functions predict symptom variance among schizophrenia patients with a predominantly negative symptom profile.

INTRODUCTION: Although deficits in executive functioning in schizophrenia have been consistently reported, their precise relationship to symptomatology remains unclear. Recent approaches to executive functioning in nonschizophrenia studies have aimed to "fractionate" the individual cognitive processes involved. In this study, we hypothesised that if these processes are fractionable, then particular symptom syndromes may be selectively related to executive deficits. In particular, it was hoped that this approach could clarify whether negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia are differentially related to particular aspects of executive/attentional functions. METHODS: A total of 32 patients with schizophrenia and 16 matched controls were assessed on a series of tasks designed to tap the theoretically derived executive functions of Inhibition, Shifting set, Working memory, and Sustained attention. RESULTS: Negative symptoms were significantly predicted by performance on an "Inhibition" task (Stroop), and not by performance on any other task. Furthermore, for a subgroup of patients with predominantly negative symptoms variance in positive symptoms was only significantly predicted by performance on a set-shifting task (Visual Elevator), and not by performance on other tasks, including inhibition. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the contention that negative symptoms can, at least partly, be conceived of as cognitive behaviours expressing specific executive deficits. Specifically, we discuss the possibility that negative symptoms may, in part, express a failure in response monitoring. We further suggest that the disordered metacognition resulting in positive symptoms may be mediated by cognitive flexibility in patients with a predominantly negative symptom profile.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

A crossover study of triptorelin and leuprorelin acetate.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the potency, side effects, and duration of action of triptorelin and leuprorelin acetate after i.m. injections. DESIGN: Prospective, double-blind crossover clinical study. SETTING: A teaching hospital. PATIENT(S): Fifty-four patients with pelvic endometriosis. INTERVENTION(S): Twenty-seven patients had three doses of i.m. triptorelin (3.75 mg) followed by three doses of i.m. leuprorelin acetate at 4-week intervals. Twenty-one patients had three doses of i.m. leuprorelin acetate (3.75 mg) followed by three doses of i.m. triptorelin, also at 4-week intervals. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Menopausal symptoms, time taken for menstruation to return, serum E(2), FSH, LH levels, lipid profiles, and liver function tests. RESULT(S): The potencies of triptorelin and leuprorelin acetate in lowering the serum E(2), FSH, and LH levels were comparable. The severity of menopausal symptoms, changes in the lipid profile and liver function parameters were similar after triptorelin and leuprorelin acetate. The resurgence of ovarian activities and the spontaneous return of menstruation occurred significantly earlier after leuprorelin acetate than triptorelin. CONCLUSION(S): Both drugs are equally potent in down-regulating the pituitary-ovarian function, and their side effects are similar. Triptorelin has a longer duration of drug action and can be administered over a longer interval period.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Transitive functional annotation by shortest-path analysis of gene expression data.

Current methods for the functional analysis of microarray gene expression data make the implicit assumption that genes with similar expression profiles have similar functions in cells. However, among genes involved in the same biological pathway, not all gene pairs show high expression similarity. Here, we propose that transitive expression similarity among genes can be used as an important attribute to link genes of the same biological pathway. Based on large-scale yeast microarray expression data, we use the shortest-path analysis to identify transitive genes between two given genes from the same biological process. We find that not only functionally related genes with correlated expression profiles are identified but also those without. In the latter case, we compare our method to hierarchical clustering, and show that our method can reveal functional relationships among genes in a more precise manner. Finally, we show that our method can be used to reliably predict the function of unknown genes from known genes lying on the same shortest path. We assigned functions for 146 yeast genes that are considered as unknown by the Saccharomyces Genome Database and by the Yeast Proteome Database. These genes constitute around 5% of the unknown yeast ORFome.

Cell Nucleus↗

PubMed2005

The implications of memory profiles in schizophrenia on vocational and neuropsychological functioning.

Studies in schizophrenia suggest that verbal learning and memory may distinguish three subgroups of patients: an unimpaired memory profile group and two groups that have memory profiles similar to those seen in cortical and subcortical dementias. Using the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test, Revised edition (HVLT-R), this study attempted to differentiate patients into three memory profile groups and to examine the validity of these groups with respect to vocational outcomes and neuropsychological functioning. Results from this study replicated previous findings and extended them by demonstrating a link to vocational outcome. In addition, the proportion of patients in each group closely resembled that obtained in previous studies. Specifically, the relatively unimpaired memory group (42%) showed overall better memory and neuropsychological performance than the two impaired groups, the subcortical group (38%) showed impaired recall but intact recognition and deficits in visuospatial functioning, and the cortical group (20%) showed deficits in recall, recognition, and sustained attention/executive functioning. There were no clinical differences between the three groups, but both the unimpaired and subcortical groups increased the number of hours worked following a vocational rehabilitation program. Given these differences, more research is warranted to explore the effect of memory impairment subtypes on vocational outcome measures.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Comparison of echocardiographic markers of right ventricular function in determining prognosis in chronic pulmonary disease.

Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction determines prognosis in patients with chronic pulmonary disease. We examined the relative prognostic potential of measures of systolic, diastolic, and global RV function in 87 patients with chronic pulmonary disease. Systolic function was evaluated by measuring RV dimensions, diastolic function by pulsed wave Doppler of the tricuspid flow profile, and global function by the Tei index. After 15.5 months follow-up, 47 patients had died. Univariate analysis demonstrated that both clinical and echocardiographic variables predicted survival. In the multivariate model both RV end-diastolic diameter index and velocity of late diastolic filling were independent predictors of survival. Receiver operator characteristic analysis demonstrated that a composite model combining these 2 measures provided the most powerful prognostic information. Echocardiographic indices of RV function identify patients with pulmonary disease at high risk and provide incremental prognostic information over and above that supplied by clinical data.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

The mind does matter: Psychological and physical recovery after musculoskeletal trauma.

BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic psychopathology (PTP) is important to the orthopedic surgeon because it appears to be much more common than might have been suspected and may complicate the recovery from musculoskeletal injury. We have investigated the relationship between physical and psychological recovery in victims of musculoskeletal trauma. METHODS: A prospective cohort of 200 patients with musculoskeletal injuries were studied, correlating development of psychopathology (measured by the General Health Questionnaire) and functional outcome (measured by Short Form-36, Sickness Impact Profile, and Musculoskeletal Function Assessment) 2 and 6 months after their injuries. RESULTS: Pre-existing psychological disturbance was found in 11% of our patients; this figure rose to 46% of patients at 2 months but fell to 22% at 6 months. The posttraumatic disturbance correlated strongly with impaired functional outcome as measured by all three outcomes measures (total and category scores) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The strong correlation of PTP with impaired functional outcome after musculoskeletal trauma stresses that it is a significant problem. Further research is required to determine whether an approach that combines physical and psychological treatment can improve patient outcomes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Application of comparative genomics to narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) using sequence information from soybean and Arabidopsis.

The completion of genome-sequencing initiatives for model plants and EST databases for major crop species provides a large resource for gaining fundamental knowledge of complex gene interactions and the functional significance of proteins. There are increasingly numerous opportunities to transfer this information to other plant species with uncharacterized genomes and make advances in genome analysis, gene expression, and predicted protein function. In this study, we have used DNA sequences from soybean and Arabidopsis to determine the feasibility of applying comparative genomics to narrow-leafed lupin. We have used transcribed sequences from soybean and showed that a high proportion cross hybridize to lupin DNA, identifying similar genes and providing landmarks for estimating the degree of chromosomal synteny between species. To further investigate comparative relationships in this study, a detailed analysis of three lupin genes and comparison of orthologs from soybean and Arabidopsis shows that, in some cases, gene structure and expression are highly conserved and their proteins may have similar function. In other cases, genes show variation in expression profiles indicating alternative functions across species. The advantages and limitation of using soybean and Arabidopsis sequences for comparative genomics in lupins are discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1997

Slope-based eccentric photorefraction: theoretical analysis of different light source configurations and effects of ocular aberrations.

A geometrical-optical technique is used to predict the changes in the slope of the eccentric-photorefraction intensity profiles as a function of refractive state. We investigate how the intensity profiles vary with refractive state for different light source configurations and monochromatic aberrations in the eye. The best possible light source configuration extends from zero eccentricity (to increase sensitivity and reduce the dead zone) to a high eccentricity (to increase the working range). An advantage of using the extended light source is that the intensity profile of the eccentric-photorefraction reflex is more linear for extended sources than for point light sources. It is also shown that the change in slope with refractive state is dependent on pupil size. Furthermore, when asymmetric aberrations are present, the change in intensity profile slope with refractive state is dependent on the circumferential position of the light source, but this dependence can be resolved by averaging slope values obtained by using two sources placed on opposite sides of the pupil. The importance of this study to existing eccentric-photorefractor designs is discussed, and recommendations for improved eccentric photorefractors are suggested.

Color Vision Defects↗

PubMed1994

[Assessment of social disability of patients suffering from chronic mental illness with the role play test].

UNLABELLED: Among the chronic mentally ill patients, disabilities invade most parts of their social functioning, and influences their long term course profoundly. It is important clinical issue to improve disability. Social skills training is assumed to be effective method to improve disability, and it has been disseminated over Japan recently. The assessment system to evaluate disabilities objectively at the viewpoint of social skills must be required to verify effects of social skills training, and to develop further effective therapeutic method. A role play test is the assessment tool for social skills through role plays under specific social conditions. It was reported to be useful as the method of functional assessment before treatment, and as the tool to evaluate effects of treatment to improve disability. PURPOSE: We created the Role Play Test (RPT) which was adapted to Japanese cultural background, and we tried to verify feasibility, reliability, and validity of the RPT. SUBJECTS: Thirty out-patients attending in the Day Hospital attached to Tokyo University Hospital. Twenty-six were schizophrenia, and 4 were other diagnoses. METHOD: Subjects were assessed with the RPT, BPRS, SANS, four rating scales for social functioning, and self-efficacy rating scale. The RPT was designed to assess components of social skills--social perception, role play behavior, and self-efficacy. Role play behaviors were recorded with video tapes for analysis of interrater reliability. The RPT is consisted of 12 scenes to evaluate social skills which are required in daily life. Statistical analyses were done with SAS (Statistical Analysis System). RESULTS: (1) The RPT was presumed to be feasible clinically, because the RPT could be practiced easily and responsibilities of both subjects and testers were not so much. (2) Interrater reliabilities assessed with ANOVA-ICC on 12 items was sufficiently high except one item. (3) Construct validity was certified through factor analysis, and criterion-related validity was certified through correlation analysis with other rating scales of social functioning. (4) Individual profile of the RPT should be useful instrument for functional analysis before social skills training. We also discussed on some hypotheses on the causal relationship between positive and negative symptoms and social skills. The RPT could be used as a tool to research causes of disabilities, and to evaluate improvement of social functioning after psycho-social intervention including social skills training, because the RPT can assess social skills quantitatively according to the cognitive-behavioral model.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Relating anatomy to function in Alzheimer's disease: neuropsychological profiles predict regional neuropathology 5 years later.

Neuropsychological profiles were assessed in a large group of nondemented control subjects (n = 261) and individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) (n = 407) by subjecting their psychometric test results to a factor analysis. Nondemented control subjects were functionally homogeneous with only one factor accounting for the results. The results of the factor analysis on the very mild DAT and mild DAT groups, however, yielded a mental control/frontal factor, a memory-verbal/temporal factor, and a visuospatial/parietal factor. Forty-one of the original set of participants came to autopsy an average of 5.1 years after psychometric testing and had neurofibrillary tangles, total senile plaques, and cored senile plaques estimated from frontal, temporal, and parietal regions. The results of correlations indicated that the relative burden of cored senile plaques was systematically related to the three psychometric factors. These results suggest a connection between the specific functions as defined by neuropsychological measures and specific neuropathology occurring in associated areas of cortex.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Recovery of intellectual function after a brain injury: a comparison of longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches.

The goal of this study was to investigate recovery of intellectual function as a function of age at the time of a brain lesion. Participants with unilateral cortical lesions were selected from an initial data base of 685 patients. Ninety-six participants formed a longitudinal cohort for a first study and 314 participants formed a cross-sectional cohort for a second study. Participants of each study were split into two age groups according to the age at the time of the lesion: (1) before 7 years, (2) 7 years or more. Results showed a significantly different recovery profile as a function of age in the longitudinal study. Older participants manifested recovery on VIQ and PIQ, while younger participants presented stable profiles. The longitudinal and cross-sectional studies revealed differing recovery profiles as a function of age. Results are discussed in the context of the Kennard principle and with regard to the methodological approaches.

Brain Injuries↗

PubMed2004

Mycobacterium tuberculosis functional network analysis by global subcellular protein profiling.

Trends in increased tuberculosis infection and a fatality rate of approximately 23% have necessitated the search for alternative biomarkers using newly developed postgenomic approaches. Here we provide a systematic analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) by directly profiling its gene products. This analysis combines high-throughput proteomics and computational approaches to elucidate the globally expressed complements of the three subcellular compartments (the cell wall, membrane, and cytosol) of Mtb. We report the identifications of 1044 proteins and their corresponding localizations in these compartments. Genome-based computational and metabolic pathways analyses were performed and integrated with proteomics data to reconstruct response networks. From the reconstructed response networks for fatty acid degradation and lipid biosynthesis pathways in Mtb, we identified proteins whose involvements in these pathways were not previously suspected. Furthermore, the subcellular localizations of these expressed proteins provide interesting insights into the compartmentalization of these pathways, which appear to traverse from cell wall to cytoplasm. Results of this large-scale subcellular proteome profile of Mtb have confirmed and validated the computational network hypothesis that functionally related proteins work together in larger organizational structures.

Automation↗

PubMed1984

Antidepressant drugs with varying pharmacological profiles alter rat pineal beta adrenergic-mediated function.

The effects of acute and chronic administrations of two antidepressant drugs with differing pharmacological profiles on pineal beta adrenergic receptor-mediated functions were examined in the rat. Animals were treated with control powdered food or with either imipramine or iprindole-containing diets (0.067%, w/w) for various time intervals. Animals were sacrificed during different phases of the light/dark cycle and pineal [3H]dihydroalprenolol (DHA) binding, N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity, N-acetylserotonin (NAS) and melatonin levels were measured. Plasma drugs and metabolite concentrations were also assessed. A 3-day treatment with imipramine resulted in an unchanged pineal [3H] DHA binding and an increase in pineal serotonin (5-HT), NAS and melatonin. A comparable treatment with iprindole did not alter any pineal measures. Three weeks of imipramine treatment resulted in therapeutic plasma drug and metabolite concentrations and elicited a reduction (31%) in the density of pineal [3H] DHA binding. This treatment, in addition, suppressed the dark-induced activation of the intracellular enzyme NAT (38%) and the concentrations of NAS (25%) and melatonin (23%) without altering pineal 5-HT rhythm. No apparent shift was observed in the NAT, NAS and melatonin rhythms. Chronic treatment with the atypical antidepressant iprindole for 3 weeks resulted in-plasma iprindole concentrations of 76 ng/ml and a significant reduction (24%) in pineal 5-HT levels 5 hr into the dark phase of the light/dark cycle. Pineal NAT activity and NAS and melatonin content were not significantly reduced by this treatment. However, 4 weeks of iprindole ingestion produced plasma drug concentrations of 141 ng/ml and significantly reduced pineal [3H] DHA binding density (18%) without changing binding affinity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acetyltransferases↗

PubMed1981

Comparison of the profile structures of isolated and reconstituted sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes.

The profile structures of functional reconstituted sarcoplasmic reticulum (RSR) membranes were investigated as a function of the lipid/protein (L/P) ratio via x-ray diffraction studies of hydrated oriented multilayers of these membranes to a resolution of 10-15 A, and neutron diffraction studies on these multilayers to lower resolutions. Our results at this stage of investigation indicate that reconstitution of SR with variable amounts of Ca2+ pump protein for L/P ratios greater than 88 results in closed membraneous vesicles in which the Ca2+ pump protein is distributed asymmetrically in the membrane profile; a majority of the protein density is contained primarily in the extravesicular half of the membrane profile whereas a relatively lesser portion of the protein spans the hydrocarbon core of the RSR membranes. These RSR membranes are functionally similar and resemble isolated light sarcoplasmic reticulum in both profile structure and function at a comparable L/P ratio. Reconstitution with greater amounts of Ca2+ pump protein (e. g. L/P approximately 50-60) resulted in substantially less functional membranes with a dramatically thicker profile structure.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Comparative study of early childhood high-function autism and developmental mixed receptive-expressive language disorder.

Verbal cognitive profile and general social functioning were compared between two groups of children aged 5 to 7 years, one with high-function autism and the other with developmental mixed receptive-expressive language disorders. The two groups, totaling 50 children, were matched for age and non-verbal IQ (mean, 90). Both groups had impaired verbal cognitive profile and social adaptive functioning, with no statistically significant differences between the two groups. The implications of our findings are discussed. Current preschool and early childhood medical-educational intervention programs in Taiwan must design and implement curricula in which children with language delay, whether autistic or/not, can develop essential social skills.

Autistic Disorder↗

PubMed2001

A comparison of WAIS-R profiles in adults with high-functioning autism or differing subtypes of learning disability.

To examine cognitive differences among adults with differing developmental disorders, a comparison of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revisedprofiles was made with samples of 35 individuals with high-functioning autism (HFA) and 102 individuals with adult learning disability (LD). All participants had Verbal andPerformance IQ scores of 70 or higher. The LD group was divided into 3 subtypes based on relative achievement levels in mechanical reading and arithmetic. The group with HFA had a profile characterized by a high score on Block Design with a low Comprehension score. The HFA group most resembled the LD subtype that had superior achievement in reading relative to arithmetic, with the exception of their poor performance on measures of social perception and judgment. Results are discussed in terms of the substantial differences in cognitive structure between these 2 neurodevelopmental disorders and are considered in the context of the learning deficits reported for Asperger 's Disorder and nonverbal learning disability.

Achievement↗