Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “fecal sample”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,567 records · Page 87Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Study of adhesion and survival of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria on table olives with the aim of formulating a new probiotic food.

With the aim of developing new functional foods, a traditional product, the table olive, was used as a vehicle for incorporating probiotic bacterial species. Survival on table olives of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (three strains), Lactobacillus paracasei (two strains), Bifidobacterium bifidum (one strain), and Bifidobacterium longum (one strain) at room temperature was investigated. The results obtained using a selected olive sample demonstrated that bifidobacteria and one strain of L. rhamnosus (Lactobacillus GG) showed a good survival rate, with a recovery of about 10(6) CFU g(-1) after 30 days. The Lactobacillus GG population remained unvaried until the end of the experiment, while a slight decline (to about 10(5) CFU g(-1)) was observed for bifidobacteria. High viability, with more than 10(7) CFU g(-1), was observed throughout the 3-month experiment for L. paracasei IMPC2.1. This strain, selected for its potential probiotic characteristics and for its lengthy survival on olives, was used to validate table olives as a carrier for transporting bacterial cells into the human gastrointestinal tract. L. paracasei IMPC2.1 was recovered from fecal samples in four out of five volunteers fed 10 to 15 olives per day carrying about 10(9) to 10(10) viable cells for 10 days.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Schistosomiasis control in Puerto Rico: twenty-five years of operational experience.

A program to control schistosomiasis in Puerto Rico was initiated in 1953, using limited chemotherapy and snail control by environmental, biological and chemical means. At the same time, extensive programs of water supply, health education, and free latrine distribution were underway throughout the island. The impact of the program was evaluated initially by examinations of fecal samples from first-grade children until 1966, and subsequently by island-wide surveys using adult worm antigen for skin test on fifth-graders in 1963, 1969, and 1976. There was a decrease in the proportion of children reacting positively to the skin test from 24% in 1963 to 5% in 1976. The decrease in the proportion of positive skin test reactions was one and a half times as great in the area under snail control as in the rest of the endemic area, and most of the decrease outside the snail control program was due to improved water supply. Calibration tests indicated a decrease in prevalence among the entire population, if determined by multiple fecal exams, from 15% in 1963 to less than 4% in 1976. Thus the estimated number of persons passing eggs in Puerto Rico was about 100,000 in 1976, in a population of 3 million. The cost of snail control was minimized by emphasizing environmental and biological methods, showing that the disease can be controlled on a large scale with simple techniques. Eradication of the parasite from Puerto Rico is quite likely in the next few years with the advent of the new drug, oxamniquine, and would be a cheaper strategy than continued snail control.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1998

Detection of Norwalk virus and other genogroup 1 human caliciviruses by a monoclonal antibody, recombinant-antigen-based immunoglobulin M capture enzyme immunoassay.

Sera obtained from two groups of adult volunteers infected with Norwalk virus (NV) and two groups of patients involved in two natural outbreaks were tested for NV-reactive immunoglobulin M (IgM) by use of a monoclonal antibody, recombinant-antigen-based IgM capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA). No NV-reactive IgM was detected in the preinoculation sera of 15 volunteers, and 14 of 15 showed NV-reactive antibodies postinfection with NV. All of the volunteers showed IgG seroconversion to NV. In the outbreak studies, all 9 persons in one outbreak and 19 of 24 in another outbreak had NV-reactive IgM. In the first outbreak, only three of nine seroconverted to NV, which was likely due to late collection of acute-phase sera. In the second outbreak, 21 of 24 showed IgG seroconversion to NV. Sequencing of viruses isolated from five stool samples selected from those in the second outbreak showed that they were human calicivirus (HuCV) genogroup 1 viruses related, but not identical, to NV. In the volunteer studies, NV-reactive IgM was first detected 8 days postinoculation. The time of development of NV-reactive IgM antibodies in natural outbreaks was estimated to be similar to that found in the volunteer studies. Sera from three Hawaii virus-infected volunteers, four Snow Mountain virus patients, and 80 healthy individuals were negative for NV-reactive IgM, indicating test specificity for HuCV genogroup I infections. This capture IgM EIA is suitable for diagnosis of NV and other HuCV genogroup I infections and is especially useful when sera and fecal samples have not been collected early in the course of an outbreak.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed2003

Effects of sex and time of day on metabolism and excretion of corticosterone in urine and feces of mice.

Non-invasive techniques to monitor stress hormones in small animals like mice offer several advantages and are highly demanded in laboratory as well as in field research. Since knowledge about the species-specific metabolism and excretion of glucocorticoids is essential to develop such a technique, we conducted radiometabolism studies in mice (Mus musculus f. domesticus, strain C57BL/6J). Each mouse was injected intraperitoneally with 740 kBq of 3H-labelled corticosterone and all voided urine and fecal samples were collected for five days. In a first experiment 16 animals (eight of each sex) received the injection at 9 a.m., while eight mice (four of each sex) were injected at 9 p.m. in a second experiment. In both experiments radioactive metabolites were recovered predominantly in the feces, although males excreted significantly higher proportions via the feces (about 73%) than females (about 53%). Peak radioactivity in the urine was detected within about 2h after injection, while in the feces peak concentrations were observed later (depending on the time of injection: about 10h postinjection in experiment 1 and about 4h postinjection in experiment 2, thus proving an effect of the time of day). The number and relative abundance of fecal [3H]corticosterone metabolites was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC separations revealed that corticosterone was extensively metabolized mainly to more polar substances. Regarding the types of metabolites formed, significant differences were found between males and females, but not between the experiments. Additionally, the immunoreactivity of these metabolites was assessed by screening the HPLC fractions with four enzyme immunoassays (EIA). However, only a newly established EIA for 5alpha-pregnane-3beta,11beta,21-triol-20-one (measuring corticosterone metabolites with a 5alpha-3beta,11beta-diol structure) detected several peaks of radioactive metabolites with high intensity in both sexes, while the other EIAs showed only minor immunoreactivity. Thus, our study for the first time provides substantial information about metabolism and excretion of corticosterone in urine and feces of mice and is the first demonstrating a significant impact of the animals' sex and the time of day. Based on these data it should be possible to monitor adrenocortical activity non-invasively in this species by measuring fecal corticosterone metabolites with the newly developed EIA. Since mice are extensively used in research world-wide, this could open new perspectives in various fields from ecology to behavioral endocrinology.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Fecal excretion of hepatitis A virus in humans.

To define more completely the period of fecal excretion of virus during hepatitis A virus infection, we studied 24 fecal samples from six children with clinical illness during an epidemic of type A hepatitis. As determined by immune electron microscopy, the six patients had detectable viral excretion before or by the time of the first abnormality in serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (alanine aminotransferase). Viral excretion reached a peak early and declined to undetectable levels before levels of serum enzyme reached a peak. These data accord with epidemiologic evidence that the person who already has symptoms and signs of type A hepatitis is unlikely to transmit the infection to others. Immune electron microscopy, therefore, may be a better index to the period of communicability than studies of experimental infection in human subjects. This conclusion would imply that precautions against fecal contamination are not usually necessary for patients hospitalized with type A hepatitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The relationship between poliovirus multiplication, the sIgA antibody response and the serum neutralizing antibody titers after trivalent oral polio vaccination.

The time kinetics of poliovirus and secretory IgA (sIgA) antibody titers were examined in fecal samples from four vaccinees immunized with two doses of trivalent oral polio vaccine (TOPV) from 1996 to 2000. Poliovirus types 1 and 2 multiplied in the human intestine after the first vaccination, and poliovirus type 3 multiplied after the second vaccination. Additionally, poliovirus type 3 multiplied for several days in two cases after the first vaccination, and poliovirus types 1 and 2 multiplied for before and after a week in one case after the second vaccination. Poliovirus type 2 multiplied most efficiently in the human intestine and stimulated the sIgA antibody response. The sIgA antibody titers are required to be > or = 1:4 for poliovirus types 1 and 3, and > or = 1:8 for poliovirus type 2 in 10% fecal suspension for adequate TOPV protection against reinfection. Serum neutralizing antibody titers against poliovirus type 3 were 1:6 and 1:8 for the shorter periods of 16 and 13 days, respectively, and 1:60 and 1:45 for 36 days in multiplication of poliovirus type 3 after the second vaccination. For double infection of poliovirus types 1 and 2, only the higher titers were obtained. These results suggest that poliovirus multiplication induces the sIgA antibody in the human intestine and the induced sIgA antibody defends the subject from poliovirus infection, and that the duration and the amount of virus multiplication tend to correlate with the levels of the serum neutralizing antibody titers.

Autoantibodies↗
PubMed2002

Rapid and improved method for the determination of bile acids in human feces using MS.

A simple method for the determination of bile acids in adult human fecal samples using GC-MS is described. Bile acids are directly extracted from feces by ethanol (95%) containing 0.1 N NaOH. Extracts are purified by passage through a reversed-phase C18 silica cartridge and then analyzed by GC-MS. The present study has shown that lyophilized human feces contain mainly free bile acids, with lithocholic acid (LCA) and deoxycholic acid (DCA) as the major bile acids; however, isomers of LCA and DCA, keto-bile acids, and cholic acid are also present. Any traces of conjugated bile acids are hydrolyzed before the C18 extraction by deconjugating enzymes, which are present in feces and are activated by the addition of water during the homogenization step. Thus, the analysis of fecal bile acids can be performed without the hydrolysis step in less than 4 h in comparison to traditional techniques, which usually require at least 48 h.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of Duddingtonia flagrans in reducing infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus in feces of sheep.

Consequences of nematode infections due to Haemonchus contortus are a serious constraint for the sheep industry worldwide. Development of anthelmintic resistance and increasing concern about the impact of anthelmintic use dictate the need of alternative control. Such an alternative is using the nematode trapping fungus Duddingtonia flagrans to reduce infective larvae levels on pasture. Two trials were conducted to determine the effect of D. flagrans in reducing infective larvae (predominantly H. contortus) in feces. The first trial determined the dose effect of D. flagrans in reducing infective larvae in feces. Eighteen ewes were dewormed to remove existing infections and randomly assigned to six treatment groups: 5 x 10(4), 1 x 10(5), 2.5 x 10(5), 5 x 10(5), 1 x 10(6) or no (control) spores of D. flagrans per kg of body weight mixed in their feed for 7 days. Fecal samples were collected daily from these and from infected donor ewes. Feces from individual-treated ewes were mixed with equal amounts of donor ewe feces, theoretically approximating oral dose spore concentrations of 2.5 x 10(4), 5 x 10(4), 1.25 x 10(5), 2.5 x 10(5), 5 x 10(5) and no spores, and were cultured. Across dosages and during the 7 days of fungus feeding, percent reduction of infective larvae ranged from 76.6 to 100.0%. The second trial determined the effect of D. flagrans at the dose of 10(5) spores per kg body weight on reducing infective larvae in feces from naturally infected lambs. Twenty lambs were randomly assigned to either treatment or control groups based on fecal egg count. Treatment lambs were fed spores mixed in feed for 7 days. Feces were collected daily and cultured. During the 7 days of fungus feeding, the percent reduction of infective larvae ranged from 82.8 to 99.7%. Results of these trials demonstrated that the nematode trapping fungus D. flagrans was highly effective in reducing infective larvae in sheep feces and should be considered as a biological control agent for integrated nematode control programs.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1975

[Occurrence and species of Coccidia in the district of Velikot'rnovski].

The study of a total of 1444 fecal samples from calves aged 20 to 90 days and 8 cadavers of coccidiosis-affected calves on 50 dairy farms on the territory of the district revealed coccidiosis on 46 of the farms (92 per cent) and stationary coccidiosis on 13 of them (26 per cent). The percentage of the animals involved on the farms where the disease was stationary was from 50 to 80, and on individual farms it reached up to 100. The parasite burden with the calves showing the acute form of coccidiosis accounted for 20,000 to 32,000 oocysts; calves showing chronical course had 5,000 to 15,000, and the clinically normal calves in the stationary foci had up to 1,000 oocysts per gram of fecal mass. Eight species of coccidia, unknown so far to this country, are described: E. elipsoidalis, E. cilindrika, E. alabamensis, E. auburnensis, E. canadensis, E. Wyomingensis, E. subspherika, and Isospora. The localization of most of these species was determined.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Effects of season, sex, and sample collection on concentrations of fecal cortisol metabolites in red deer (Cervus elaphus).

Seasonal variation, sex differences, and invasive sample collection may confound glucocorticoid measures as indices of stress. We investigated the effects of sex and season on glucocorticoid production on a non-invasive basis by measuring concentrations of cortisol metabolites in feces of undisturbed red deer (Cervus elaphus). Although feces can be collected easily, assignment to individuals is difficult. Anonymous fecal samples may cause overrepresentation of particular individuals thus introducing a source of error when estimating mean hormone levels within a population. We therefore examined the effects of collecting anonymous fecal samples on mean fecal cortisol metabolite levels. Neither sex nor sample collection mode significantly affected mean fecal cortisol metabolite concentrations in the studied population of red deer. Fecal glucocorticoid excretion varied seasonally with a peak during December and January. Out of several potential predictor variables investigated, minimum ambient temperature and snow proved to be the only factors exerting a significant effect on fecal glucocorticoid excretion. We suggest that high winter glucocorticoid levels may act via catabolic function during adaptation of deer to cold winter month when resources are limited.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Ecological impact of the des-F(6)-quinolone, BMS-284756, on the normal intestinal microflora.

OBJECTIVE: BMS-284756 (T-3811ME) is a novel des-F(6)-quinolone effective against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic pathogens. The aim of this study was to investigate the ecological effect of BMS-284756 on the intestinal microflora. METHODS: Forty healthy subjects participated in the trial. Eight subjects were assigned to each of five dose panels (100, 200, 400, 800 and 1200 mg BMS-284756) and received daily oral dosing with either BMS-284756 (n = 6) or placebo (n = 2) for 14 days. Fecal samples were collected before (days -2 and -1), during (days 7 and 14), and after (days 21, 28, and 45) completion of the administration period. RESULTS: In subjects receiving 100 or 200 mg BMS-284756, no significant changes in the intestinal aerobic and anaerobic microflora occurred. The number of enterococci, bacilli, corynebacteria, bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, clostridia and bacteroides decreased in subjects receiving 400 or 800 mg BMS-284756, whereas the number of eubacteria increased. Subjects who received 1200 mg BMS-284756 had significant changes in the microflora: enterococci, bacilli, corynebacteria, enterobacteria, bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, clostridia and bacteroides were suppressed, whereas eubacteria and yeasts were increased. Regardless of dose, the microflora returned to normal levels at day 28 (2 weeks after the administration of BMS-284756 was discontinued). Fecal concentrations of BMS-284756 increased with the higher doses, from 35.7 mg/kg (100 mg) to 262.8 mg/kg (1200 mg). These ecological findings should be considered if 800- or 1200-mg doses of BMS-284756 are to be used for longer periods than 14 days. CONCLUSION: The ecological impact of BMS-284756 is selective, with results similar to those described for other quinolones.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2001

Ruminococcin A, a new lantibiotic produced by a Ruminococcus gnavus strain isolated from human feces.

When cultivated in the presence of trypsin, the Ruminococcus gnavus E1 strain, isolated from a human fecal sample, was able to produce an antibacterial substance that accumulated in the supernatant. This substance, called ruminococcin A, was purified to homogeneity by reverse-phase chromatography. It was shown to be a 2,675-Da bacteriocin harboring a lanthionine structure. The utilization of Edman degradation and tandem mass spectrometry techniques, followed by DNA sequencing of part of the structural gene, allowed the identification of 21 amino acid residues. Similarity to other bacteriocins present in sequence libraries strongly suggested that ruminococcin A belonged to class IIA of the lantibiotics. The purified ruminococcin A was active against various pathogenic clostridia and bacteria phylogenetically related to R. gnavus. This is the first report on the characterization of a bacteriocin produced by a strictly anaerobic bacterium from human fecal microbiota.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Simultaneous detection of four human pathogenic microsporidian species from clinical samples by oligonucleotide microarray.

Microsporidian species have been rapidly emerging as human enteric pathogens in immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals in recent years. Routine diagnostic techniques for microsporidia in clinical laboratories are laborious and insensitive and tend to underestimate their presence. In most instances, they are unable to differentiate species of spores due to their small sizes and similar morphologies. In this study, we report the development of another protozoan oligonucleotide microarray assay for the simultaneous detection and identification to the species level of four major microsporidian species: Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Encephalitozoon hellem, and Encephalitozoon intestinalis. The 18S small-subunit rRNA gene was chosen as the amplification target, labeled with fluorescence dye, and hybridized to a series of species-specific oligonucleotide probes immobilized on a microchip. The specificity and sensitivity of the microarray were clearly demonstrated by the unique hybridization profiles exhibited by each species of microsporidian tested and its ability to detect as few as 10 spores. In order to assess the applicability of this microarray in a clinical setting, we conducted microarray assays of 20 fecal samples from AIDS patients. Twelve of these samples were positive for the presence of microsporidia and could be confidently identified; 11 of them were positive for more than one species. Our results suggested that this microarray-based approach represents an attractive diagnostic tool for high-throughput detection and identification of microsporidian species in clinical and epidemiological investigations.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2001

Clonal dissemination of a toxin-A-negative/toxin-B-positive Clostridium difficile strain from patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea in Poland.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of toxin-A-negative/toxin-B-positive Clostridium difficile strains and their genetic relatedness in the feces of patients suffering from antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) in Polish hospitals. METHODS: C. difficile strains were cultured from patients' stool samples. The present study characterises these strains with respect to their cytopathogenicity on McCoy cells and the absence of toxin A despite a functional toxin B as determined with commercial test kits (Culturette Brand Toxin CD-TCD toxin A test and C. difficile Tox A/B test). In addition, PCR using different primer pairs aiming at non-repeating or repeating regions of the toxin A and B genes were used to confirm the findings. All toxin A(-)B(+) strains were genetically characterised by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, PCR ribotyping and, in part, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of DNA macrorestriction fragments. RESULTS: We here present the presence of 17 toxin A(-)B(+) strains among 159 C. difficile strains (11%) isolated from fecal samples from 413 patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. All 17 strains possessed the toxin B gene, demonstrated a cytopathogenic effect on the McCoy cells, and were positive in the Tox A/B test. Molecular typing of these 17 C. difficile strains revealed that 7 of 17 (41%) toxin A(-)/B(+) C. difficile strains could not be discriminated. It appeared that these strains had a genotype that could not be distinguished from that of a Japanese control strain. CONCLUSION: Our observations imply that a particular genotype of toxin A(-)B(+) C. difficile has spread extensively, not only in Poland but possibly even worldwide.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1983

Evaluation of transport media for Campylobacter jejuni in human fecal specimens.

It is not always possible to culture feces immediately, and appropriate methods for transport of human specimens, unlike those from animals, have not been fully evaluated. Therefore, we took serial subcultures in two phases from six transport media inoculated with human diarrheal stools known to be positive for Campylobacter jejuni. In phase 1, Cary-Blair medium and buffered glycerol saline did not preserve C. jejuni as well as did alkaline peptone-water (APW), modified Cary-Blair medium, thioglycolate broth (Thio), and Campy-Thio. The four best media (APW, Cary-Blair medium, Thio, and Campy-Thio) preserved 20 fecal samples with C. jejuni better at 4 degrees C (90% survival for 5 to 8 days) than at 25 degrees C (90% survival for 1.7 to 2 days). In phase 2, APW and Thio, along with four modifications of the best media in phase 1, were tested with 23 positive strains. The ranges of survival times with modified media at 25 degrees C were 1.3 to 2.2 days (90%) and 4.7 to 6.8 days (50%). APW with reducing agents preserved C. jejuni better than did APW alone, Thio plus ox bile, or Campy-Thio plus ox bile (P less than 0.05). Thio at pH 8.5 was better at preserving C. jejuni than was APW or Thio plus ox bile (P less than 0.05). If human fecal specimens cannot be refrigerated during transport or storage, we recommend the use of Thio at pH 8.5 or APW with reducing agents for preservation of C. jejuni at 25 degrees C.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The prevalence of Aeromonas species in feces of horses with diarrhea.

Feces collected from 40 horses with diarrhea and 34 horses without diarrhea were examined to determine if an association existed between isolation of Aeromonas spp. and diarrhea. Samples were also examined for Salmonella spp., and identification of viruses and parasite ova. Neither Salmonella spp. nor Aeromonas spp. were isolated from the feces of 34 control horses. Aeromonas spp. were isolated from feces of 22 of 40 (55%) horses with diarrhea. Salmonella spp. were isolated from feces of 8 (20%) horses, and of these, 5 (12.5%) were also positive for Aeromonas spp. Twenty-nine isolates of Aeromonas spp. were recovered from the feces of 22 diarrheic horses. Of these isolates, more than 80% were susceptible on in vitro testing to amikacin, ceftiofur, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin. All isolates were susceptible to enrofloxacin. Diarrheic horses positive for Aeromonas were significantly (P = .04) older than diarrheic horses negative for Aeromonas spp. A significantly greater number of fecal samples were positive for Aeromonas spp. during March through August than samples examined in other months (P = .014). Results of this study indicate that Aeromonas spp. should be considered as a cause of diarrhea in horses.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed1994

Isolation of Helicobacter pylori from feces of patients with dyspepsia in the United Kingdom.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Epidemiological studies suggest that fecal-oral spread of Helicobacter pylori potentially represents an important route of infection. However, the bacterium has never been isolated from feces of adults in the developed world. This study attempted to isolate H. pylori from stool specimens donated by 36 adults from the United Kingdom who had dyspepsia. METHODS: Fresh fecal samples were obtained and, after centrifugation to harvest bacteria, cultured onto H. pylori selective growth media. Pure colonies of H. pylori were obtained by subculture and were then analyzed using polymerase chain reaction to confirm genotypic identity. RESULTS: H. pylori was isolated from feces in 12 of 25 subjects with dyspepsia proven to be H. pylori-positive at endoscopy and/or 14C urea breath test. Initial bacterial identification was made on the basis of various phenotypic methods. Genotypic confirmation that the bacterium was indeed H. pylori was also made. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to conclusively show that H. pylori can be isolated from feces obtained from adults in the United Kingdom. The implication of this finding is that transmission of H. pylori infection by the fecal-oral route is feasible.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Effect of hospitalization on the antibiotic resistance of fecal Enterococcus faecalis of surgical patients over time.

The prevalence of antibiotic resistant Enterococcus faecalis was determined in fecal samples of 263 patients admitted to the surgical wards of three university-affiliated hospitals on admission, at discharge, and at 1 and 6 months after discharge. A slight increase in the prevalence of antibiotic resistance of E. faecalis was found at discharge for the antibiotics tested compared to those on admission, vancomycin excepted. At 6 months after discharge, the prevalence of resistance for amoxicillin (0%), ciprofloxacin (3%), erythromycin (47%), and oxytetracycline (60%) decreased to the level on admission (respectively 0%, 8%, 45%, and 64%). Gentamicin resistance was the same at discharge (10%) as 1 month later (12%), but decreased 6 months after discharge (8%) to the level on admission (7%). In conclusion, hospitalization resulted in the study population in a slight increase in the prevalence of resistant fecal E. faecalis isolates at discharge, which decreased again (slowly) to the level on admission 6 months after discharge. Thus, the influence of hospitalization on the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in the extramural situation disappears between 1 and 6 months after discharge in this population.

Adult↗