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PubMed2003

Identification and brief treatment of alcohol problems with medical patients: an international perspective.

This article summarizes the proceedings of a symposium at the 2002 RSA meeting in San Francisco, California. The chair was Peter Monti and co-chair was Nancy Barnett. The aim of the symposium was to bring together researchers from the United States, Sweden, and Mexico to present current findings on the development and implementation of screening and intervention research in Emergency Departments (ED). Cheryl Cherpitel presented findings on the performance of the Rapid Alcohol Problems Screen (RAPS4), a 4-item instrument used for screening for alcohol dependence and harmful drinking in the ED. Dr. Cherpitel also presented for her collaborator, Guilherme Borges, their research on the performance of a number of screening measures including the RAPS among Mexicans and Mexican-Americans with alcohol-related disorders in the ED. Preben Bendtsen described the implementation of an alcohol screening and intervention procedure delivered by ordinary ED staff in Sweden. Nancy Barnett presented data on characteristics related to readiness to change alcohol use in a sample of young adults who were treated in an ED for injury or intoxication.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1993

Premature gestures: a speculative dialogue on Asian Pacific Islander lesbian and gay writing.

A collaborative exploration of the political realities and implications faced by self-identified Asian Pacific Islander lesbian and gay writers. Mixed-genre piece combining the essay and dialogue form, it contains sections co-written as well as individual pieces by the authors. The issues touched upon through this discussion are: available community-based and mainstream publishing venues, development of community-based writing, relation between grassroots political organizing and writing, API and lesbian/gay identity issues, internalized racism and homophobia, and other barriers for API lesbian and gay writers.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1999

[A thyroid function study in subjects with Down's syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: The main objective is to know the application degree of Spanish Health Program for Down Syndrome People respect to thyroid function. The secondary objective is to know the thyroid pathology in our population. DESIGN: Observational, descriptive and crossover study. SETTING: Primary care teams in collaboration with endocrinology services. PARTICIPANTS: Down syndrome people who lived in Albacete in 1993. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Survey to Down syndrome parents. Determination of thyroid hormones: T3, T4 and TSH, and thyroid autoantibodies (thyroglobulin and microsomal autoantibodies). RESULTS: 15.5% of our population had been done thyroid analysis before this study. The prevalence of thyroid pathology is 50.6% of the studied population. CONCLUSIONS: Due to low application of this program and its usefulness in thyroid pathology detection, we think that its should be used in primary care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Adventurism in biomedical science: Washington University-Monsanto program in biotechnology.

The Washington University-Monsanto relationship has supported innovation in the biological sciences. It has done so in part by making the fence between an industrial and an academic institution more transparent and more easy to cross. A unique means of promoting intellectual adventurism may be lost, however, if this type of relationship is not structured to maximize the likelihood of obtaining products or if products are the only financial benefit that the industrial partner can derive from such interactions (for example other benefits could include governmental R&D tax credits for those relationships that satisfy some minimal criteria for size and/or length of commitment). I hope that this and other forms of industrial-university relationships that encourage discovery by providing institutional support for new ideas will flourish. Whatever their fate, the responsibility for promoting dreams must be shared by all of us: by those who are privileged to have students in their labs, by academic institutions as they seek to define their roles in the next century, by peer review boards, by national science policymakers, and perhaps by industry. I have presented the Washington University-Monsanto collaboration not as a complete answer to the question of how to promote intellectual adventurism in the biomedical sciences but rather as a concrete response to a problem that must be clearly articulated, thoroughly examined, and creatively addressed.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMed1989

An epidemiologic investigation of marijuana- and cocaine-related palpitations.

Laboratory studies and anecdotal reports by users suggest that palpitations often follow the administration of marijuana or cocaine. Epidemiologic strategies are used to detect this association using interview data from 6702 household residents sampled and followed prospectively for a collaborative multi-site study of mental disorders in five U.S. communities. The lifetime data indicated that those who used marijuana and/or cocaine were much more likely to report an occurrence of palpitations than non-users. These relationships remained strong after statistical adjustment for cardiovascular disease risk factors such as gender, race and the use of sympathomimetic drugs other than cocaine. The greater risk was found among those who reported use of cocaine but not marijuana (estimated relative risk = 3.41, 95% confidence interval = 1.60-7.29, P less than 0.001).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Protein transport by purified yeast Sec complex and Kar2p without membranes.

Posttranslational protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane of yeast requires a seven-component transmembrane complex (the Sec complex) in collaboration with the lumenal Kar2 protein (Kar2p). A translocation substrate was initially bound to the cytosolic face of the purified Sec complex in a signal-sequence-dependent but Kar2p- and nucleotide-independent manner. In a subsequent reaction, in which Kar2p interacted with the lumenal face of the Sec complex and hydrolyzed adenosine triphosphate, the substrate moved through a channel formed by the Sec complex and was released at the lumenal end. Movement through the channel occurred in detergent solution in the absence of a lipid bilayer.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1990

Complexity at the mouse minor histocompatibility locus H-4.

The fine immunogenetics of the chromosome 7 mouse minor histocompatibility (H) locus H-4 was investigated. Both class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and class II MHC-restricted "helper" T cells (TH) specifically reactive with H-4 antigens were isolated as clones and were used as genetic probes for classical backcross segregation analysis. Results of a four point cross indicated that the H-4 locus was actually comprised of two genes, that have been designated H-46 and H-47. The former encodes antigens recognized by the TH and the latter encodes antigens recognized by the CTL. Moreover, these two genes could be separated from the gene pink-eyed dilution (p) which was found to be "sandwiched" between them. The functional significance of a minor H congenic strain differing by both TH-defined H-46 and CTL-defined H-47 was addressed using F1 complementation tests. Such studies indicated that immune responses against H-46 antigens was required for generation of H-47-specific CTL. Altogether, these results suggest selective presentation of different minor H gene products by class I or class II MHC proteins and that the minor H "locus" H-4 may have necessarily included both TH and CTL-defined genes because of requisite TH-CTL collaboration.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Aromatherapy practice in nursing: literature review.

BACKGROUND: The use of aromatherapy in nursing care continues to be popular in many settings. Most of the nursing literature relates to the use of essential oils in low doses for massage or use of the oils as environmental fragrances. Information from the wider literature may add to the evidence base for use of this therapy in nursing. AIM: This paper reports a literature relating to the use of aromatherapy by nurses and critically evaluates the evidence to support this practice. METHOD: Medline, CINAHL, MANTIS and EBSCO Host databases were searched for papers related to use of essential oils and/or aromatherapy. Papers were also obtained through cross-checking of reference lists. A total of 165 articles have been included in this review. Nursing papers were published since 1990 were included, but some references from 1971 onwards relating to scientific research conducted on essential oils were also included. These remain valuable as they are probably the only reference available for a specific oil or property, or show the development of knowledge in this area. Papers were excluded if they consisted only of brief case studies presented in abstract form. The review covers key professional issues and the principal areas of clinical practice where aromatherapy is used. FINDINGS: Despite calls for more research in the 1980s and 1990s, there is still little empirical evidence to support the use of aromatherapy in nursing practice beyond enhancing relaxation. Its popularity needs to be balanced against the potential risks related to allergies, safety and inappropriate use by inexperienced users. CONCLUSIONS: There is great potential for more collaborative research by nurses to explore the clinical applications in greater detail and to move beyond the low dose paradigm of application of essential oils.

Aromatherapy↗
PubMed1990

Pathogenesis of disease caused by Aleutian mink disease parvovirus.

A review of the pathogenesis of Aleutian mink disease parvovirus (ADV) infection based on recent knowledge gained by the author and collaborators is given. The review focuses mainly on the following topics. 1) Development of an easy, sensitive and fast assay for detection of ADV antigens and antibodies directed against these antigens. A highly sensitive rocket line immunoelectrophoretic assay (RLIE) was developed. This assay turned out to be 32 times more sensitive than the counter current electrophoresis assay routinely used to detect anti-ADV antibodies in ADV eradication programs, and moreover, ADV associated antigens could simultaneously be quantitatively detected in the same electrophoretic run. Later, the assay was improved to make it more economical and easy to use and finally the assay, now termed the counter current line absorption immunoelectrophoresis (CCLAIE) assay, was slightly modified to adapt the test to screening programs. 2) Examination of surface properties of the virus and the antigens expressed during in vivo infection. In this chapter studies on the surface charge properties of ADV are described. Using charge-shift crossed immunoelectrophoresis the occurrence of amphiphilic proteins associated with ADV is shown and the significance of these findings in regard to biological properties are discussed. The first demonstration of intact ADV structural and nonstructural proteins in mink tissues is described and it is shown that the structural proteins of the cell culture adapted strain of ADV (ADV-G) also in vivo is 2-3000 dalton smaller than those of other ADVs, i.e. 75,000 and 85,000 dalton in ADV-G as opposed to 78,000 and 88,000 dalton in the other ADVs. 3) Studies on the pathogenesis of interstitial pneumonia caused by ADV in newborn mink kits. The features of ADV-induced interstitial pneumonia are described. Using Southern blot and in situ hybridization techniques it is shown that ADV replicates to high levels in alveolar type II cells and it is suggested that the permissive replication of the virus in these cells causes direct cytopathology, followed by decreased surfactant production and development of the characteristic clinical and pathological features of respiratory distress and hyaline membrane disease. 4) Comparison of the pathogenesis of acute versus chronic disease caused by ADV infection. The data obtained by in situ hybridization analysis of ADV infected adult mink, mink kits, and mink kits treated with anti-ADV antibodies are compared. The accumulated data suggested that the development of severe acute ADV-induced disease is linked to low or absent antibody titers paired with high levels of viral replication.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Aleutian Mink Disease↗
PubMed1985

Standardization of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus: assessment of potency and allergen content in ten coded extracts.

As part of the studies to establish an international reference preparation of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergens, ten coded extracts of this mite were assessed in four laboratories. The extracts were compared for total potency using direct RAST, RAST inhibition and quantitative skin tests, and also for composition and major allergen content using crossed immunoelectrophoresis, crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis, rocket immunoelectrophoresis and radioimmunoassay. In addition, the source materials were examined by light microscopy, and the extracts were examined for the presence of proteins/allergens derived from the culture media. To help with standardization, a new reference pool of sera from patients allergic to D. pteronyssinus was also established (National Institute of Biological Standards and Control, NIBSC, 82/528). The results showed that techniques are available for measurements of potency and allergen content. In several of the extracts, culture medium derived allergens and antigens were demonstrated. It also became clear that extracts varied not only in their total potency but also in the distribution of the identifiable allergens. In particular, extracts derived from isolated mites contained more AgX and/or Ag 23 relative to their content of antigen P1 (= Ag42). These studies lead to the choice of an extract for an international reference preparation (NIBSC 82/518) and helped to establish the methods used subsequently in the international collaborative study.

Allergens↗
PubMed1993

Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detection of Persons with Harmful Alcohol Consumption--II.

The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) has been developed from a six-country WHO collaborative project as a screening instrument for hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption. It is a 10-item questionnaire which covers the domains of alcohol consumption, drinking behaviour, and alcohol-related problems. Questions were selected from a 150-item assessment schedule (which was administered to 1888 persons attending representative primary health care facilities) on the basis of their representativeness for these conceptual domains and their perceived usefulness for intervention. Responses to each question are scored from 0 to 4, giving a maximum possible score of 40. Among those diagnosed as having hazardous or harmful alcohol use, 92% had an AUDIT score of 8 or more, and 94% of those with non-hazardous consumption had a score of less than 8. AUDIT provides a simple method of early detection of hazardous and harmful alcohol use in primary health care settings and is the first instrument of its type to be derived on the basis of a cross-national study.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2001

A specialized crisis response site as a core element of police-based diversion programs.

Transporting an individual in psychiatric crisis to an emergency department is often frustrating for both law enforcement and mental health professionals. To facilitate collaboration between police and mental heath professionals in crisis cases, some communities have developed prebooking diversion programs that rely on specialized crisis response sites where police can drop off individuals in psychiatric crisis and return to their regular patrol duties. These programs identify detainees with mental disorders and work with diversion staff, community-based providers, and the courts to produce a mental health disposition in lieu of jail. This paper describes three of the diversion programs participating in the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration jail diversion knowledge development application initiative that demonstrate the importance of specialized crisis response sites. The three programs are in Memphis, Tennessee; Montgomery County, Pennsylvania; and Multnomah County, Oregon. The authors describe important principles in the operation of these programs: being a highly visible, single point of entry; having a no-refusal policy and streamlined intake for police cases; establishing legal foundations to detain certain individuals; ensuring innovative, intensive cross-training; and linking clients to community services.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed2005

Update on the development of virus-resistant papaya: virus-resistant transgenic papaya for people in rural communities of Thailand.

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is one of the most important and preferred crops in rural communities in Thailand. Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is a serious disease of papaya throughout Thailand. Efforts to control the virus by various methods either have not been successful or have not resulted in sustainable control. In 1995, collaborative research by the Department of Agriculture of Thailand and Cornell University to develop transgenic papaya resistant to PRSV was initiated. Two local Thai cultivars were transformed by microprojectile bombardment with the use of a nontranslatable coat protein gene of PRSV from Khon Kaen. Numerous kanamycin-resistantplants were regenerated and were inoculated with the PRSV Khon Kaen isolate for selection of resistant lines. Since 1997, promising RO transgenic lines have been transferred to the research station at Thapra for subsequent screenhouse tests and selection of the most PRSV-resistant lines. In selection set 1, three R3 lines initially derived from Khaknuan papaya showed excellent resistance to PRSV (97% to 100%) and had a yield of fruit 70 times higher than nontransgenic Khaknuan papaya. In selection set 2, one R3 line initially derived from Khakdam papaya showed 100% resistance. Safety assessments of these transgenic papayas have so far found no impact on the surrounding ecology. No natural crossing between transgenic and nonmodified papaya was observed beyond a distance of 10 m from the test plots. Analysis of the nutritional composition found no differences in nutrient levels in comparison with the nonmodified counterparts. Molecular characterization by Southern blotting revealed three copies of the transgene presented; however, no coat protein product was expressed. Data on additional topics, such as the effects offeeding the transgenic papaya to rats and the stability of the gene inserts, are currently being gathered.

Capsid Proteins↗
PubMed1996

3-D coculture of hepatic sinusoidal cells with primary hepatocytes-design of an organotypical model.

Models for cocultures of parenchymal (PC) and nonparenchymal cells (NPC) of the liver relied on mixing the cells in a two-dimensional configuration or on establishing spheroidal aggregates. In vivo hepatic nonparenchymal cells, such as endothelial cells and Kupffer cells, are separated from parenchymal cells by extracellular matrix (ECM). Due to their location outside of the space of Disse they can form a barrier toward the sinusoid. Hepatocytes are attached to ECM of the space of Disse via two opposing sinusoidal surfaces. No three-dimensional coculture model reflecting this specific microenvironment of the liver cell plates in vivo has been available to date. We designed a three-dimensional model by positioning NPC on top of PC enclosed as a monolayer within a collagen sandwich. A gas-permeable membrane support can be used to allow the supply of oxygen to the resulting cell plate also from underneath the cell layers. Morphological analysis was performed by inverse and cross-sectional studies by light microscopy, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy of the coculture model. Cuboidal hepatocytes formed confluent layers below the NPC layer. They regularly expressed bile canaliculi at intercellular contact zones. Both sinusoidal surfaces expressed microprojections. Characteristic NPC including endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, and Ito cells completely covered the second matrix layer within a week. Kupffer cells were located on top of endothelial cells. Ito cells were intermingled and could be identified by their intracytoplasmic lipid droplets. LPS stimulation of cocultures resulted in a depression of albumin secretion. Phase I and phase II metabolites of the cytochrome P-450 1A1 substrate ethoxyresorufin were generated independently from the presence of cocultured NPC. This study describes the development of a novel three-dimensional coculture model, which intends to mimic more closely the microenvironment of the hepatic sinusoid by respecting the specific plate structure of the liver parenchyma. The model could serve as a complex tool to study potential collaborations between PC and NPC of the liver.

Albumins↗
PubMed2006

Characteristics of drug resistant HBV in an international collaborative study of HIV-HBV-infected individuals on extended lamivudine therapy.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the prevalence and pattern of hepatitis B virus (HBV) mutations in HIV/HBV co-infected individuals on long-term lamivudine (3TC) therapy. METHODS: HBV polymerase/envelope/basal core promoter/pre-core sequences from 81 HIV-HBV co-infected persons who received at least 6 months 3TC were compared to HBV reference sequences. Host and viral characteristics associated with HBV mutations were determined. RESULTS: HBV viraemia was detected in 53 persons (65%) and was associated with lower CD4 cell count nadir and higher HIV RNA at the time of testing but not with 3TC duration. Known 3TC-resistant mutations occurred in 50% and 94% of viremic patients with < 2 years and > 4 years 3TC, respectively. The CD4 cell count at testing was significantly higher in those with 3TC-resistant mutations. The triple polymerase mutant (rtL173V, rtL180M, rtM204V), which behaves as a vaccine escape mutant in vitro, occurred in 17% of viraemic patients. Polymerase mutations that may confer resistance to other anti-HBV agents were also detected. CONCLUSIONS: In HIV-HBV co-infected patients, greater immunocompromise is associated with continued HBV viraemia while on 3TC, and development of 3TC-resistant mutations are inevitable with prolonged 3TC use. These mutant viruses may limit future therapeutic options due to cross-resistance or may produce HBV vaccine escape mutants. Thus, timing and selection of antiretroviral therapy is critical in this population.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Making the most of collaboration: exploring the relationship between partnership synergy and partnership functioning.

Considering the challenges inherent to collaboration and the time it takes to achieve measurable outcomes, partnerships need a way to determine, at an early stage, whether they are making the most of collaboration. The authors have developed a new measure, partnership synergy, which assesses the degree to which a partnership's collaborative process successfully combines its participants' perspectives, knowledge, and skills. This article reports the results of a national study designed to examine the relationship between partnership synergy and six dimensions of partnership functioning: leadership, administration and management, partnership efficiency, nonfinancial resources, partner involvement challenges, and community-related challenges. Data were collected from 815 informants in 63 partnerships. Results of regression analysis conducted with partnership-level data indicated that partnership synergy was most closely related to leadership effectiveness and partnership efficiency. Implications of these findings for research and practice are discussed.

Community Health Planning↗
PubMed1994

Measurement of lifetime alcohol consumption.

The reliability and validity of a retrospective, self-report measure, the Concordia Lifetime Drinking Questionnaire (CLDQ), were assessed with a group of 72 elderly Canadian men. The CLDQ includes quantity and frequency questions on current beverage-specific alcohol use and a series of questions about the start of alcohol use. The innovative features of the CLDQ include requiring subjects to collaborate with the interviewer in drawing a graph that represents their lifetime drinking patterns and encouraging more accurate recall by the use of salient events in the subject's life history. Drinking was assessed on two occasions approximately 33 months apart. Forty-six wives responded to questions about their husband's drinking. The reliability coefficient for lifetime drinking was .78. A comparison of the two graphs every fifth year from 1945 to 1985 yielded significant correlations that ranged from .65 to .87. Validity was tested by comparing each wife's rating of her husband's drinking at present and at time of marriage with similar points on the husband's graphs; the correlations were .87 and .72, respectively. Moderate correlations were obtained between the MAST and the CLDQ. The CLDQ was judged to be a reliable and valid measure of lifetime drinking, appropriate for use with the elderly. The longitudinal lifetime drinking patterns appeared similar to those found in cross-sectional studies.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Screening for congenital hypothyroidism in Turkey.

UNLABELLED: A pilot study was performed to determine the incidence of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) in Turkey and to build a model for nationwide screening. From December 1991 to December 1992, 30,097 newborns were screened for CH using a primary measurement of thyroid stimulating hormone in capillary blood on days 3-5 of life. Samples were obtained in collaboration with the ongoing nationwide phenylketonuria screening programme. Eleven cases of primary CH were detected giving the incidence of 1:2736. Recall rate was 2.3%. Replacement therapy with L-thyroxine was started after the confirmation of diagnosis. The median age at the initiation of replacement therapy was 23 days (range 7-35 days). CONCLUSION: The incidence of CH is notably higher in Turkey than reported in most other countries. Iodine deficiency and/or dyshormonogenesis might contribute to this high incidence. This result emphasizes the necessity of a nationwide screening programme.

Congenital Hypothyroidism↗