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At least 1,567 records · Page 87Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

What do we want and what do we get from not-for-profit hospitals?

The tax exemption for not-for-profit hospitals has been subject to many recent challenges, in part related to concerns over whether these hospitals provide sufficient levels of community benefits to merit tax exemption. Computing the value of community benefits for California hospitals as the sum of uncompensated care, education and research, net income, money-losing services, and price discounts from for-profit hospitals reveals that 20 to 80 percent of hospitals would have met various recommended community benefits standards. There is a clear need for hospitals and their communities to establish dialogues on what levels of community benefits are appropriate.

Accounting↗
PubMed1992

Limits on Medicaid program fund transfers.

Recent Federal legislation has curtailed many of the so-called creative ways states previously used to fund their Medicaid programs. Specifically, the Medicaid Voluntary Contributions and Provider-Specific Tax Amendments of 1991 prevent states from using voluntary donations and taxes on healthcare providers to obtain increased Federal matching funds. In the future, therefore, many state governments may be forced to make a difficult choice between either increasing taxes significantly to finance health care for the poor or drastically reducing Medicaid rates and coverage.

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.↗
PubMed1999

Status of national diabetes programmes in the Americas.

Reported are the responses in the latter half of 1997 of all ministries of health in the Region of the Americas to the Declaration of the Americas on Diabetes, which was adopted by the Directing Council of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) in 1996 as a basis for national programme development in diabetes. The short-term targets were the designation of national focal points, the preparation of national estimates of the disease burden, and the development and implementation of national strategies and plans to deal with diabetes. The survey found that most countries recognized diabetes as a significant public health problem. In terms of global relevance, a number of lessons have been learned from this exercise: the role of broadly based participation in gaining recognition at the national health policy level; the wide acceptance of an integrated programme model; the relevance of process-related targets to achieve short-term success; and the critical role of having a designated focal point within the managerial approach.

Americas↗
PubMed2002

Thermodynamic indicators for environmental certification.

The Earth is an open thermodynamic system, that remains in a steady state far from the equilibrium, through energy and matter exchanges with the surrounding environment. These natural constraints, which prevent the system from maximizing its entropy, are threatened by human action and our ecosystem needs urgent protection. In this viewpoint the environmental certification was born, according to international standards ISO 14001, ISO 14040, and European Regulation EMAS. These are voluntary adhesions to a program of environmental protection by companies, administrations and organizations which, starting from the respect of the existing environmental laws and regulations, decide to further improve their environmental performance. To obtain and maintain certification of a system is necessary to apply some indicators to evaluate its environmental performance and to demonstrate its progressive improvement. Here we propose to use for this purpose the thermodynamic indicators produced from energy analysis by Odum. The case study is Montalcino city (Italy) and energy indicators are used to evaluate environmental performance of this system where exist different activities, from agricultural productions, to tourism. Results show that energy analysis could become a valid standard monitoring method for environmental certification, especially in consideration of its wide application field.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed2004

Chronic care improvement in Medicare FFS: cosmetic or transforming?

As part of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003, Congress mandated development of "Voluntary Chronic Care Improvement Programs under Traditional Fee-For-Service." These programs represent an ambitious new federal attempt to reduce quality failings under the Medicare fee-for-service (FFS) plan cost-effectively and on a large scale. CCI programs cannot be expected to rescue Medicare from current cost pressures or from the perverse incentives inherent in FFS provider reimbursement, but they may reduce health risks, yield savings, and foster progress toward system integration on behalf of some major subgroups of chronically ill beneficiaries who need added support to manage their health effectively.

Fee-for-Service Plans↗
PubMed2004

Ka Lŏkahi Wăhine: a culturally based training for health professionals.

Native Hawaiian women in Hawai'i suffer the highest breast cancer incidence and death rates among women from Hawai'i's five major ethnic groups. Native Hawaiian women have the third highest breast cancer mortality rate in the nation, following African American and Native American/Alaska Native women. While overall cancer mortality rates in other U.S. populations have improved, epidemiological research shows mortality rates among Native Hawaiians has dramatically increased since 1976. Several barriers prevent Native Hawaiian entry into health care. Frequently cited barriers are: a history of oppression; high prevalence of behavioral risk factors; ineffective screening, prevention and treatment efforts; poor utilization of existing services; poor financial and geographical access to care; an absence of culturally appropriate programs, and few Native Hawaiian health professionals. To address poor health service utilization and to sensitize the health care system in Hawai'i, the Native Hawaiian Breast Cancer Sub-Committee (NHBCSC) of the American Cancer Society Hawai'i Pacific, developed and implemented a culturally based training for health professionals. The training is designed to meet continuing medical and professional education requirements. Professional in-service training began in 2001, with over 300 of Hawai'i's health care professionals participating, to date (March 2004). This training provides a model for other cultural and ethnic groups.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Functional voiding disorders: rehabilitation of children with urge syndrome].

Urge syndrome is a condition associated with functional voiding disorders. Urological symptoms (urgency, frequency and incontinence) are manifestations of uninhibited detrusor contractions. The goal of rehabilitation programs is to develop voluntary bladder control, to improve urologic symptoms and to increase bladder capacity. Bladder training, strategies to suppress urgency, electrical stimulations such are anogenital, transcutaneous and percutaneous electrical nerve stimulations have been used in the treatment.

Child↗
PubMed1990

AIDS. Natural history and prognosis.

Infection with HIV results in a chronic, persistent infection that usually progresses slowly from an asymptomatic state to full-blown AIDS. AIDS remains a lethal disease with no effective cure. A great deal of information has been learned in the past decade, yet many questions remain unresolved. Much more research is needed into the conditions surrounding the perinatal transmission of HIV. Many women who give birth to a child with AIDS are themselves asymptomatic for HIV infection during pregnancy and at delivery; thus, routine voluntary prenatal HIV screening programs must be instituted in areas of high seroprevalence. Such screening programs must provide pretest and post-test counseling with consent and confidentiality. Seroprevalence studies conducted during the perinatal period or at birth using newborn blood samples will provide important epidemiologic data for further research investigations as well as continued estimates of the prevalence of HIV infection. Currently, there is no formal reporting system for HIV infection, only for the clinical expression of AIDS. There may be a need to develop a centralized reporting unit for HIV infection. As the epidemic continues and the true prevalence rates are determined, additional resources for public health care, housing, insurance, and foster care for children will be needed. The number of women who are infected is increasing at an alarming rate. Every opportunity to increase public awareness about the AIDS epidemic and modes of transmission must be exploited if we are to impact on the spread of HIV infection. Prospective studies of pregnant HIV-positive women and pediatric follow-up can provide a wealth of data about AIDS and disease progression in both the mother and the infant. Even if some children do not develop AIDS, the possibility of permanent effects of in utero exposure to the virus still exists. At what exact point in gestation does infection occur? Can infection be prevented or delayed with current chemotherapeutic protocols? Even if a cure or vaccine is developed in the near future, the impact of this deadly virus will have repercussions for many years to come.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Attitudes toward voluntary surgical contraception in four districts of Kenya.

A series of 32 focus groups were held among men and women in the catchment areas of four active voluntary surgical contraception (VSC) programs in Kenya. Women who had had tubal ligation and their husbands were uniformly favorable to this method. The majority of couples using reversible methods saw tubal ligation as a logical future choice. Participants were frank about economic motives, and many were willing to endure criticism of the older generation in accepting tubal ligation. By contrast, attitudes toward vasectomy were uniformly negative. These findings dispel the idea that tubal ligation is culturally unacceptable in the sub-Saharan African context. Rather, favorable attitudes appear to have emerged due to readily accessible, low-cost VSC services in the areas studied.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed1988

Effects of the Medicare prospective payment system on hospital cost containment: an early appraisal.

In 1983 federal efforts to contain hospital costs were coalesced under the Medicare prospective payment system (PPS)--a "self-interest" approach to administered prices. Diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) and the tougher peer review organizations (PROs) serve to define "products"; PPS sets the price on each. The effects of PPS go beyond Medicare; they have been system-wide. Differential impacts on hospital utilization, substitution of capital for labor, and quality are examined through a variety of data sources and descriptive as well as regression analyses. The greatest cost savings are attributed to a reduction in hospital admissions per capita.

Cost Control↗
PubMed1986

Stability of reserpine injections and tablets submitted by U.S. hospitals.

The stability of reserpine injections and tablets that had been stored in hospital pharmacies across the United States was studied. Through a voluntary FDA drug stability program, all hospital pharmacies in the United States were asked to complete a response card indicating information about the reserpine injections and tablets they had in stock. Based on the responses, FDA selected 93 samples of reserpine injections and 51 samples of reserpine tablets. The samples of injections were subjected to tests for identification, pH, presence of other alkaloids, presence of 3,4-dehydroreserpine, and strength. All samples of reserpine injections met USP requirements. Two samples of reserpine tablets representing one lot each from two manufacturers failed to meet USP requirements for content uniformity. Reserpine injections and tablets appear to be stable under actual marketplace conditions.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1986

Stability of prednisone tablets submitted by U.S. hospitals.

The stability of prednisone tablets that had been stored in hospitals across the United States was studied. Through a voluntary FDA drug stability program, all hospital pharmacies in the United States were asked in October 1982 to complete a response card indicating information about prednisone tablets they had in stock. Based on the responses, FDA selected 117 samples (representing 18 manufacturers and all available tablet strengths) from pharmacies that represented an adequate cross section of the country. The samples were analyzed for content uniformity, strength, identification, dissolution, and the presence of other steroids. All samples met USP requirements for content uniformity and strength. Four samples failed to meet USP requirements for dissolution. Prednisone tablets appear to be stable when stored under actual marketplace conditions.

Drug Contamination↗