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PubMed2003

Effect of surface penetrating sealant on roughness of posterior composite resins.

PURPOSE: To verify the effect of surface penetrating sealant on the roughness of posterior resin-based composites before and after mechanical toothbrushing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 10 specimens of four different composites (Alert, Definite, Z100 and Prodigy Condensable) were made using a metal matrix (height 2 mm and diameter 4 mm). After 24 hours, the specimens were polished using Sof-Lex discs in sequence: coarse, medium, fine and superfine, each for 40 seconds and, immediately, one of the surfaces was covered with Protect-It surface sealant. All the specimens were examined with a profilometer to measure the initial surface roughness before mechanical toothbrushing at a constant speed of 250 strokes/minute with a total of 30,000 cycles, using a toothbrush and dentifrice containing calcium carbonate as abrasive, under a load of 200 g. After toothbrushing the surface roughness was measured once again. The data were analyzed with ANOVA and the Tukey test at a 95% confidence level. RESULTS: Mechanical toothbrushing increased the surface roughness of all the composites studied (Alert: 0.7303 +/- 0.0942 microm; Definite: 0.4961 +/- 0.1255 microm; Z100: 0.3428 +/- 0.0841 microm), with the exception of Prodigy Condensable (0.2782 +/- 0.0678 microm) (P > 0.05). The surface penetrating sealant effectively decreased the surface roughness for Alert (0.5435 +/- 0.2182 microm) and Definite (0.2956 +/- 0.0368 microm) (P < 0.05), but had no effect upon Z100 (0.3331 +/- 0.0565 microm) and Prodigy Condensable (0.2760 +/- 0.0920 microm) as these have smaller filler sizes than the other composites tested (P > 0.05).

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

The comparison of various oral hygiene strategies in neuromuscularly disabled individuals.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to investigate the effect of various oral hygiene strategies on the symptoms of inflammation in neuromuscularly disabled patients and to define the optimum hygiene method. METHODS: Fifty-nine neuromuscularly disabled participants, suffering from cerebral palsy, were randomly divided into five groups as follows: Group M: manual toothbrush (n=14), Group E: electrically powered toothbrush (n=9), Group MC: manual toothbrush and chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) spray (n=13), Group EC: electrically powered toothbrush and CHX spray (n=9), and Group C: CHX spray (n=14). The oral hygiene applications were provided by the parents and staff. At baseline and after 21 days the plaque index (PI), the gingival index (GI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded. RESULTS: In intra-group comparisons of the pre- and post-application scores, in all groups the PI and GI scores and BOP percentages, except in Group C, were found significantly different (p<0.05). There were significant differences among the post-application scores, between Group M and Group E and between Group C and Group E in PI scores; between Group C and Group E the difference in GI scores were found statistically significant (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Although all oral hygiene strategies reduced plaque and gingival inflammation, the results of our study suggested the electrically powered toothbrush could be more recommendable to neuromuscularly disabled people in these strategies, while the combined procedures appeared to be neither beneficial nor favorable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Plaque reduction over time of an integrated oral hygiene system.

This article compares the efficacy of a prototype integrated system (the IntelliClean System from Sonicare and Crest) in the reduction of supragingival plaque to that of a manual toothbrush and conventional toothpaste. The integrated system was compared to a manual toothbrush with conventional toothpaste in a randomized, single-blinded, parallel, 4-week, controlled clinical trial with 100 subjects randomized to each treatment group. There was a low dropout rate, with 89 subjects in the manual toothbrush group (11% loss to follow-up) and 93 subjects in the integrated system group (7% loss to follow-up) completing the study. The Turesky modification of the Quigley and Hein Plaque Index was used to assess full-mouth plaque scores for each subject. Prebrushing plaque scores were obtained at baseline and at 4 weeks after 14 to 20 hours of plaque accumulation. A survey also was conducted at the conclusion of the study to determine the attitude toward the two oral hygiene systems. The integrated system was found to significantly reduce overall and interproximal prebrushing plaque scores over 4 weeks, both by 8.6%, demonstrating statistically significant superiority in overall plaque reduction (P = .002) and interproximal plaque reduction (P < .001) compared to the manual toothbrush with conventional toothpaste, which showed no significant reduction in either overall plaque or interproximal plaque. This study demonstrates that the IntelliClean System from Sonicare and Crest is superior to a manual toothbrush with conventional toothpaste in reducing overall plaque and interproximal plaque over time.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Reasons for early loss of primary molars.

PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to investigate the principal reasons for untimely loss of primary molars and to evaluate the risk factors of early primary molar loss in children aged four to nine years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 1150 untimely lost primary molars were analyzed from 546 patients. The early loss of primary molars was analyzed in relation to age, sex, dmf (t), DMF (T) scores, toothbrushing frequency, history of treatment and maternal education. The data were converted to SPSS format. Pearson Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Among the investigated subjects, 15.2% of children reported regular toothbrushing. Only 23.1% of subjects had a history of treatment before the tooth extraction and 33% of mothers had a low education level. Untimely loss of primary molars due to pain, caries and sepsis were 30.2%, 31% and 38.8%, respectively. The frequency of 'only one primary molar loss' was significantly higher in group 1 (p < 0.05), however the frequency of 'more than one primary molar loss' for group 2 was more than group 1 (p < 0.05). Irregular toothbrushing for the children in group 2 was found significantly high than in group 1 (p < 0.05). Irregular toothbrushing was associated with number of early primary molar loss in group 2 (p < 0.05). The level of maternal education was associated with dmf (t) scores (p < 0.05). The caries incidence was associated with number of early primary molar loss in both groups (p < 0.05). The mean number of treated teeth before extraction for group 2 was significantly higher than for group 1 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Results of this study suggested that irregular toothbrushing, high dmf (t) scores and untreatment of carious primary molars were significant risk factors in early loss of primary molars. Every effort must be taken into account in restoring rather than extracting carious teeth.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of irrigation to floss as an adjunct to tooth brushing: effect on bleeding, gingivitis, and supragingival plaque.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this twenty-eight day, randomized, single-blind clinical trial was to assess the efficacy of the addition of daily oral irrigation to both power and manual tooth brushing, compared to a traditional regimen of manual tooth brushing and flossing, to determine which regimen had the greatest effect on the reduction of gingival bleeding, gingivitis, and supragingival plaque. METHODOLOGY: The study was designed for a total of 105 subjects to participate in a twenty-eight day trial, with 35 subjects randomly assigned to one of three groups: Group 1-manual toothbrush and floss; Group 2-manual toothbrush and dental water jet; and Group 3-sonic toothbrush and dental water jet. All subjects received written and verbal instructions for using their regimens. Subjects were asked to brush for a timed two minutes, twice per day, with the brush and the dentifrice provided, and to refrain from using any additional oral hygiene aids. Subjects using the dental water jet were instructed to use the water jet on a medium setting, irrigating once per day with 500 ml of luke warm water. Subjects using the dental floss were instructed to use the floss once daily. Subjects were examined by two calibrated examiners, and data were collected at baseline (BSL), 14 days (D14), and 28 days (D28). Subjects were asked to abstain from any oral hygiene for 12 hours prior to each study visit. Subjects were scored using the Carter and Barnes Bleeding Index, Löe and Silness Gingival Index, and the Proximal/Marginal Plaque Index. Mean scores on the three indices for the three groups were used for statistical analysis at each time point. Additionally, the means were used for comparisons as change from baseline and percent change from baseline at D14 and D28. The significance of percentage change in each index from baseline to D14 and D28 was evaluated using a one-tailed t-test. Significant differences are reported at alpha < or = 0.05 for these planned group comparisons. RESULTS: Thirty-one subjects in Group 1, 32 subjects in Group 2, and 32 subjects in Group 3 completed the study. Bleeding Index: Groups 2 and 3, the irrigation groups, were statistically significantly more effective than Group 1 in reducing the bleeding index at D14 and D28, whether measured by mean reduction or percentage reduction. Gingival Index: At D14, both irrigation groups demonstrated a statistically significantly greater reduction in the gingival index compared to brushing and flossing for the facial surfaces. There was no significant difference between groups for the lingual surface at D14. At D28 there was a significant difference between Groups 1 and 2 for both the facial and lingual surfaces. Plaque Index: There was one significant difference between groups for the plaque index measured on the lingual surfaces. The manual toothbrush and floss were less effective than the sonic toothbrush and irrigation. Group 3 was also significantly better than Group 1 in reducing the plaque index on the facial surfaces at both D14 and D28. On plaque percentage reduction on the facial surface, Group 2 was significantly better than Group 1 at D14. There was no statistical difference between Group 1 and Group 2 at D28. CONCLUSION: The results of this clinical trial indicate that when combined with manual or sonic tooth brushing, oral irrigation is an effective alternative to manual tooth brushing and dental floss for reducing bleeding, gingival inflammation, and plaque removal.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

An update of mechanical oral hygiene practices: evidence-based recommendations for disease prevention.

PURPOSE: This review updates the mechanical oral hygiene practices discussed at a 1986 State-of-the-Science Workshop. METHODS: The 1984-1995 MEDLINE database was searched and appropriate studies that used disease outcome measurements were located and selected. Recommendations were made based on the levels of evidence concept. RECOMMENDATIONS: 1) There is good evidence to recommend: toothbrushing twice daily with fluoridated toothpaste; using oscillating-rotating or counter-rotational-action electric toothbrushes; flossing for adults; personal supragingival irrigation as an adjunct to toothbrushing; and scaling of disease active sites for the treatment of periodontal diseases. 2) There is moderate evidence to recommend: using any soft-bristled manual toothbrush; using wooden interdental cleaners; scaling of disease active sites every three to four months for patients with histories of moderate/severe periodontitis; scaling of disease active sites at intervals of > or = 6 months for most patients, based on patient need; and removal of restoration overhangs. 3) There is moderate evidence to not recommend: use of vibrating, rotating or sonic action electric toothbrushes; using foam brushes; flossing for children; using interdental brushes; gingival massage; and tongue brushing or scraping. 4) There is good evidence to not recommend: subgingival scaling for patients with no signs of active disease; and polishing for disease prevention. CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with the 1986 workshop report, the 1996 recommendations emphasize the importance of personal oral hygiene and the provision of professional treatment when personal care fails to prevent disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

An assessment of oral self-care in the student population of a Turkish university.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the oral health behavior of Turkish non-dental university students. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A sample of 610 non-dental university students attending the University of Ondokuz Mayis in Samsun were randomly selected from the whole student population (n=12604) via the random number method. The students were asked to fill out a standardized self-completion questionnaire about daily frequency of toothbrushing, kind of toothbrush, frequency of toothbrush replacement, frequency of dental flossing, use of antibacterial rinse, or any other oral hygiene aid, receiving of oral hygiene instruction and frequency of oral check-up. The data were analysed using the SPSS version 12.0.1 statistical software package. RESULTS: Sixty-eight per cent of the students brushed their teeth two or more times per day. Two or more times a day toothbrushing was more common among females than males (P<0.001). Few subjects (3%) used dental floss daily. Forty per cent of students used only the toothpick as an interdental oral hygiene device. Thirty per cent of the students visited a dentist for preventive treatment at least once a year. There was no significant difference in regularity of visits to the dentist between females and males (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: This study indicated that self-preventive oral behaviour of the Turkish university student is at a lower level than in industrialized countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Eighteen-month evaluation of the effects of a 0.4% stannous fluoride gel on gingivitis in orthodontic patients.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether conventional toothbrushing and twice daily use of a brush-on 0.4% stannous fluoride (SnF2) gel containing more than 90% available Sn2+ would be more effective for controlling plaque accumulation and gingivitis in the presence of orthodontic appliances than conventional toothbrushing alone. Consecutively treated adolescents who were to receive full-mouth fixed orthodontic appliances were assigned to one of two groups according to age and sex criteria. The first group (control, n = 35) used toothbrushing with a standard fluoride toothpaste, whereas the second group (treatment, n = 30) used toothbrushing supplemented with a 0.4% SnF2 gel used twice daily for the entire 18-month study period. Clinical assessments (Plaque Index, Gingival Index, bleeding tendency, and coronal staining) were made single blind before appliances were placed and 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 months after appliances were placed. Complete data were obtained for 32 control and 23 SnF2 gel subjects. The results indicated that the SnF2 gel group had significantly lower scores for plaque index (p < 0.01), gingival index (p < 0.001), and bleeding tendency (p < 0.001) at all examinations than did the control group. In the SnF2 group, one subject developed mild coronal staining, and two subjects developed moderate staining. We conclude that the use of a 0.4% SnF2 gel containing more than 90% available Sn2+ is an effective adjunct to mechanical tooth cleaning in preventing gingivitis in adolescents undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Acoustic energy affects human gingival fibroblast proliferation but leaves protein production unchanged.

BACKGROUND, AIMS: Sonic toothbrushes are well-established in oral home care for plaque removal; however, the effects of low frequency acoustic (sonic) energy released from sonic toothbrushes to the cells of the periodontium have not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of sonic energy on human gingival fibroblast proliferation and protein production in cell culture. METHODS: Direct and indirect transfer calibration studies found the fundamental frequency of the Sonicare sonic toothbrush to be 261 hertz (Hz) with amplitudes ranging from 70 to 104 decibels (dB) in the human periodontium. Using an in vitro delivery system, which coupled a signal-wave generator with a bone transducer to mimic the energy delivered by the Sonicare toothbrush, the effects of signal, amplitude and duration were evaluated longitudinally using a gingival fibroblast cell culture model. 8 strains of fibroblasts isolated from healthy human gingiva were seeded at 30,000 cells/35 mm culture dish in minimum essential medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. To ascertain the relationship of the amplitude and the duration of sonic stimulation to cellular proliferation, gingival fibroblasts were subjected 2x daily to 261 Hz sound at various amplitudes (67-97 dB) for 0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 s on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10. RESULTS: It was found that either 30 or 120 s of sound exposure for 10 days of treatment had significant effects on cell proliferation in comparison to control cultures. Specifically, at day 10, 87 dB at 261 Hz for 30 s 2x daily resulted in a 25.5% increase in cell number (p<0.001), whereas 87 dB at 261 Hz for 120 s twice daily caused a 30.9% decrease in cell number (p<0.001) when compared to control cultures. When cells are stimulated under optimum acoustic conditions for 10 days, there was no difference between the treatment and control groups for collagen (p=0.897) or noncollagen (p=0.697) protein production. CONCLUSIONS: Sonic energy has been shown to both increase and decrease cellular proliferation depending on exposure time; however, during optimum sound-induced conditions for cellular proliferation, sonic energy had no effect on fibroblast protein production. These data suggest that sonic energy can affect the behavior of cells in culture. Further research into the mechanisms of these changes will provide important information for manipulating cellular behavior.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Effects of occlusal load on cervical lesions.

Toothbrush abrasion has been considered to cause cervical lesions. However, some investigators have proposed that occlusal loading factors direct tensile stresses at the cervical area, resulting in wedge-shaped abfraction defects. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of axial and non-axial load on the development of cervical lesions. Matched paired premolars, extracted for orthodontic purposes, were used in a custom-fabricated toothbrushing apparatus. A periodontal sulcus width of 0b1 mm with 1 mm gingival recession was simulated with denture base resin. In phase 1, eight matched premolar pairs were subjected to 80 h (1b4 million strokes) of brushing and 300 g of toothbrush force. Toothpaste slurry was applied continuously through the toothbrush. One specimen in each pair was subjected to 250 h and 45 kg of continuous axial load, while the other unloaded tooth served as a negative control. In phase 2, 10 matched premolar pairs were subjected to the same conditions; however, the experimental teeth were subjected to 250 h and 45 kg of intermittent non-axial load, directed at a 45 degrees angle to the buccal cusp. Rubber impressions were made of the cervical lesions, then trimmed, weighed, and compared to determine the amount of tooth material lost. When teeth were loaded axially, there was significantly less tooth material loss (P < 0b02); however, when teeth were loaded non-axially, there was no significant difference (P =0b80) when compared with controls. Optical and scanning electron microscopy did not reveal any significant differences in the morphology between pairs. Our data suggest that the application of occlusal load may not necessarily play a significant role in the progression of cervical tooth wear commonly referred to as abfraction.

Bicuspid↗
PubMed1989

Effects on gingivitis of daily rinsing with 1.5% H2O2.

The purpose of this study was to compare 2 groups of adolescents undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances to determine whether once daily use of a mouthrinse containing 1.5% H2O2 along with toothbrushing would be better than toothbrushing alone in maintaining their periodontal health. The 2 groups of subjects were selected non-randomly but were matched for age and sex. The control group (N = 34) used toothbrushing and a mint-flavored 0.05% NaF mouthrinse once daily, while the treatment group (N = 25) used toothbrushing and a once daily rinse with a preparation containing 0.05% NaF and 1.5% H2O2 (Orthoflur). 2 calibrated clinical examiners made single-blind clinical assessments of the plaque index, gingival index, and bleeding tendency in 6 standard sites per subject. They also noted any generalized mucosal irritations or staining of the teeth or tongue. Assessments were made before appliances were placed (baseline) and 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 18 months after appliances were placed. Results indicated that although there were no significant differences at baseline, the Orthoflur group had significantly fewer study sites with gingival indes or bleeding tendency scores greater than 1 than the control group from the 1-month through the 18-month examinations (P less than 0.01), and significantly fewer sites with plaque index greater than 1 and bleeding tendency scores of 2 or more from the 3-month through the 18-month examinations (P less than 0.02 and 0.01, respectively). No generalized mucosal irritations or clinically significant staining of the tongue or teeth were noted in either group during the study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Comparison between mechanical cleaning and an antimicrobial rinse for the treatment and prevention of interdental gingivitis.

This study compared the efficacy of an antimicrobial mouthrinse (0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate) plus toothbrushing (mouthrinse group), mechanical interdental cleaning plus toothbrushing (mechanical group), and toothbrushing alone (control group), at reducing and preventing interdental gingival inflammation. 92 male subjects were examined for interdental inflammation using the Eastman interdental bleeding index at baseline, then monthly for 3 months after using one of the above oral hygiene regimens. The mechanical cleaning group had significant reductions in bleeding sites compared to baseline at 1 month (56.90% versus 13.17%) that persisted throughout the study (2 months = 6.65%, 3 months = 5.70%). The other regimens showed no significant bleeding reduction at any time point in the study. The mechanical interdental cleaning group showed improvement over baseline at 1 month with the full benefit apparent after 2 months. The effect of location in the mouth on bleeding reduction was also assessed. The % of posterior sites which bled was always higher than anterior sites. Analysis of maxillary versus mandibular, and buccal versus lingual sites showed no significant differences. Additional observations of the data demonstrated that sites which bled at baseline were more likely to stop bleeding in the mechanical cleaning group. Also, sites which did not bleed at baseline were unlikely to bleed subsequently when mechanical cleaning was used. Neither of these observations were true for the other cleaning regimens. These data show that only mechanical interdental plaque removal combined with toothbrushing is effective at reducing or preventing interdental inflammation. This underscores the importance of instituting mechanical interdental cleaning to eliminate interdental inflammation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Efficiency of traditional chewing sticks in oral hygiene programs among Ethiopian schoolchildren.

The effect of oral hygiene programs was studied in 248 children from five schoolclasses in Asella, Ethiopia. All children received professional toothcleaning after an initial clinical examination, and were again examined after a trial period of 3 months. The classes were assigned to the following procedures: one class received information and instruction in the use of the toothbrush, and a second class in the use of the mefaka, a wooden chewing stick traditionally used for oral cleaning. The children were advised to clean their teeth daily. Two other classes received similar information and instruction with regard to the toothbrush and the mefaka. Oral cleaning was then performed daily under direction and supervision, in one class with the toothbrush and in the other class with the mefaka. The fifth class was used as control. Instruction only was found to have no effect on the amount of oral deposits. Supervised oral cleaning, on the other hand, improved the oral hygiene of the schoolchildren significantly. The mefaka was found to be as effective as the toothbrush in removing oral deposits. It was concluded that the mefaka should be recommended for use in preventive dental programs in Ethiopia since it is effective, inexpensive, and familiar to the population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Trends in the development of oral hygiene habits in Finnish adolescents from 1977 to 1981.

The aim of this study (part of the Juvenile Health Habit Study) was to analyze changes in how frequently certain oral hygiene measures are used, namely toothbrushing and dental flossing in 1977-81. A representative sample of Finnish adolescents aged 12, 14, 16 and 18 yr old, were sent a postal questionnaire in February 1977 (n = 3209), another in February 1979 (n = 4953), and a third one in February 1981 (n = 4705). The response rates for the three questionnaires were 88%, 86% and 88%, respectively. During the years studied no systematic changes occurred in the toothbrushing frequency. When the background factors that are highly correlated with toothbrushing frequency (school career or school success of adolescents, householder's occupation and education, place of residence) were studied, no consistent changes were observed from 1977 to 1981. The percentage of adolescents who used dental floss daily did not change. However, the proportion of sporadic users of dental floss increased from 13% in 1979 to 24% in 1981. Dental health education had little effect on toothbrushing habits and its background variables, although the amount of time spent in dental health education during the same period had increased significantly. Programs of dental health education should be evaluated so that the situation can be improved in the future.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Risk factors of dental caries in 9-10-year-old mentally retarded Finnish children.

Mentally retarded children from one age cohort and their randomly selected controls in one Finnish county were examined for standard of oral hygiene, and their parents and nurses interviewed for information on dental health habits and for other relevant background information. The mentally retarded consumed sugar containing products less frequently than the mentally normal controls. Toothbrushing and fluoride supply was also less common in the retarded than in the healthy. Among the retarded, the dental health habits were most favorable in registered outpatients and least favorable in administratively unknown retarded not included in special welfare. Differences in dental health habits between these subgroups of the retarded were large. In contrast to the findings in the healthy children, frequency of toothbrushing was not associated with the observed standard of oral hygiene in the mentally retarded. The toothbrushing subgroup of the mentally retarded consumed sugar more frequently than the toothbrushing healthy children and commonly used drugs which reduced saliva flow or promoted gingival hyperplasia.

Child↗
PubMed1993

Dental health habits of 3-year-old Finnish children.

The aim was to study whether 3-yr-old children's toothbrushing habits are associated with the child's other dental health habits and whether the mother's background influences the child's toothbrushing frequency. The survey used stratified randomized cluster sampling, confidential questionnaires and clinical dental examinations. A random sample of 1443 (91.2%) of a Finnish province's 1582 primiparous women participated in the study at the onset of their pregnancy. Dental health care clinics of the public health care system carried out dental examinations in 1018 (83.5%) 3-yr-old children born of these pregnancies. The variables used in the study included consumption of juice at night and sugar at the age of 1.5 yr and the use of fluoride tablets and sweets at the age of 3. The mother's background factors included age, basic education and occupation. Daily toothbrushing was practised by 78.2% of the children. Addition of sugar to the diet and frequent use of sweets at the age 3 were more common in those who brushed their teeth only occasionally, whereas the use of fluoride tablets was less frequent in them than in those brushing their teeth every day. Of the mothers' background factors, age was the most significant. The youngest mothers paid the least attention to their children's toothbrushing habits. The proportion of those brushing their teeth was 67.9% in rural areas, 78.6% in semi-urban population centers and 80.1% in towns (P = 0.02). The results indicate that the health education provided by dental health care clinics should be focussed on young mothers and rural families.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Oral health in adolescents from a small French town.

In France, caries are more prevalent in rural areas than in large cities. This study analyzed the relationship between number of oral health indices and some known risk factors (toothbrushing, sugar consumption, saliva components) and sociodemographic factors in adolescents from a small town. The sample included 112 children aged 12-14 in the north-east of France. School marks was found to be better linked with dental caries indices than the socio-occupational category of parents: gingival index (GI), DMFS, DMFT and caries severity (CS) significantly increased with decreasing school marks; oral plaque was related to socio-occupational of parents. The analysis using the regression method showed that the variance explained by the various factors studied was modest (between 23 and 30%) for GI, initial caries sites (IS), DS, DMFS, DMFT and CS, and was small for plaque (5%) and calculus (3%). This would be due in part to the wide dispersion of these indices. The sex had a non-significant regression coefficient for all oral health indices investigated. For GI, only mutans streptococci (MS) and plaque had a significant regression coefficient. Calculus was explained by any factor considered. Only MS had a significant part in plaque. IS was explained by MS, toothbrushing and age. For DS, only toothbrushing, MS and sweet drinks during meals had a significant part. DMFS and DMFT were explained only by MS and age. CS was explained by MS, age, salivary buffer pH, salivary flow rate, and toothbrushing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of several brushing motion combinations in relation to plaque-removing efficacy with Oral-B CrossAction Power: a professional brushing study.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the additional effect of a newly developed battery-operated brush Oral-B CrossAction Power with a hybrid brush head design (CAPB). The brush combines an oscillating/rotating part, a PowerHead(R), with a non-moving part with CrissCross bristles. It was compared with a manual control toothbrush Butler GUM 311 (CTB). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty subjects were requested not to brush their teeth 48 h prior to the examination, when plaque removal efficacy was assessed by scoring plaque before and after brushing. Plaque was assessed according to the Silness & Loë Index at six sites per tooth. Subjects were brushed by a dentist using one of the four randomly chosen procedures of brushing in each quadrant. The CAPB was used with three different modes of brushing each in different randomly chosen quadrants, with the manual toothbrush being used in the remaining quadrant as a control. RESULTS: The baseline plaque levels ranged from 1.69 to 1.74 and the end levels ranged from 0.39 to 0.45. In terms of percentage, the results with the four procedures run from 75% to 79%. These differences between the battery brush and manual brush irrespective of the brushing mode used were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The results of this Professional Brushing Study show that the CrossAction Power toothbrush was as effective as a regular manual toothbrush.

Dental Devices, Home Care↗