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PubMed1991

Plasma androgens in spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta): influence of social and reproductive development.

Differences in plasma testosterone and androstenedione concentrations in male spotted hyaenas belonging to various reproductive and social categories 4 clans resident in South Africa and Botswana suggest that central-immigrant males have the highest concentrations of androgens, reflecting their roles as mating males. Social inhibition of reproductive function may occur in other males. A reversal in the ratio of testosterone: androstenedione occurs at puberty in most individuals, testosterone becoming the dominant hormone, especially in males that have procured mating rites. Cubs of either sex had low testosterone concentrations, except for a 4-day-old male that displayed adult concentrations, which were accompanied by a temporary testicular descent. Plasma testosterone concentrations in females largely reflected ovarian activity and showed no correlation with androstenedione concentrations. Female cubs had androstenedione concentrations significantly higher than those in all other social categories except for the central-immigrant males. The androgen profiles presented here suggest that the key to the behavioural dominance of female spotted hyaenas over males may lie with the neonatal developmental stages, rather than with the androgen patterns of adult animals.

Androgens↗
PubMed2000

The development of an ethanol model using social insects I: behavior studies of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.).

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this experiment was to test the feasibility of creating an animal model of ethanol consumption using social insects. Honey bees were selected as the model social insect because much is known about their natural history, physiology, genetics, and behavior. They are also inexpensive to procure and maintain. Of special interest is their use of communication and social organization. METHODS: Using both between- and within-experiment designs, studies were conducted with harnessed foragers to determine whether honey bees would consume ethanol mixed with sucrose (and, in some cases, water). Shuttle-box and running-wheel studies were conducted to examine the effect of ethanol on locomotion. The effect of ethanol on stinging behavior in harnessed foragers was investigated. The effect of ethanol on Pavlovian conditioning of proboscis extension was also investigated. Finally, in a self-administration study, foraging honey bees were trained to fly to an artificial flower containing ethanol. RESULTS: (1) Harnessed honey bees readily consume 1%, 5%, 10%, and 20% ethanol solutions; (2) 95% ethanol will also be consumed as long as the antennae do not make contact with the solution; (3) with the exception of 95% ethanol, consumption as measured by contact time or amount consumed does not differ in animals that consume 1%, 5%, 10%, and 20% ethanol solutions; (4) exposure to a lesser (or greater) concentration of ethanol does not influence consumption of a greater (or lesser) concentration; (5) consumption of 10% and 20% ethanol solutions decreases locomotion when tested in both a shuttle-box and running-wheel situation; (6) consumption of 1%, 5%, 10%, and 20% ethanol does not influence stinging behavior in harnessed foragers; (7) ethanol solutions greater than 5% significantly impair Pavlovian conditioning of proboscis extension; and (8) free-flying honey bee foragers will readily drink from an artificial flower containing 5% ethanol. CONCLUSIONS: The experiments on consumption, locomotion, and learning suggest that exposure to ethanol influences behavior of honey bees similar to that observed in experiments with analogous vertebrates. The honey bee model presents unique research opportunities regarding the influence of ethanol in the areas of language, social interaction, development, and learning. Although the behavioral results are interesting, similarity between the physiologic effects of ethanol on honey bees and vertebrates has not yet been determined.

Aggression↗
PubMed2002

From personal reflection to social positioning: the development of a transformational model of professional education in midwifery.

A transformational model of professional identity formation, anchored and globalized in workplace conversations, is advanced. Whilst the need to theorize the aims and methods of clinical education has been served by the techno-rational platform of 'reflective practice', this platform does not provide an adequate psychological tool to explore the dynamics of social episodes in professional learning and this led us to positioning theory. Positioning theory is one such appropriate tool in which individuals metaphorically locate themselves within discursive action in everyday conversations to do with personal positioning, institutional practices and societal rhetoric. This paper develops the case for researching social episodes in clinical education through professional conversations where midwifery students, in practice settings, are encouraged to account for their moment-by-moment interactions with their preceptors/midwives and university mentors. It is our belief that the reflection elaborated by positioning theory should be considered as the new epistemology for professional education where professional conversations are key to transformative learning processes for persons and institutions.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

Young children of affectively ill parents: a longitudinal study of psychosocial development.

The course of social-emotional development of young children of affectively ill and well parents was assessed. The families were classified by mother's diagnosis: bipolar illness (N = 22), unipolar depression (N = 41), and normal (N = 37). Father's diagnosis also was obtained. Pairs of siblings were studied; the younger was between 1 1/2 and 3 1/2 years and the older between 5 and 8 years when the study began. They were seen again 3 years later. Psychiatric assessment and mother's report were used to evaluate children's disruptive behavior, anxiety, and depressive characteristics. The frequency of problem-level behavior changed over time in relation to mother's diagnosis. By middle and late childhood, significantly more children of affectively ill than well mothers had depressive and disruptive problems and multiple behavior problems. Offspring of unipolar mothers developed problems earlier and both siblings were more likely to have behavior problems.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed2006

Differential effects of chemoreceptor methylation-domain mutations on swarming and development in the social bacterium Myxococcus xanthus.

The soil bacterium Myxococcus xanthus is a model organism for the study of multicellular behaviour and development in bacteria. M. xanthus cells move on solid surfaces by gliding motility, periodically reversing their direction of movement. Motility is co-ordinated to allow cells to effectively feed on macromolecules or prey bacteria when nutrients are plentiful and to form developmental fruiting bodies when nutrients are limiting. The Frz signal transduction pathway regulates cellular movements by modulating cell reversal frequency. Input to the Frz pathway is controlled by the cytoplasmic receptor, FrzCD, a methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein (MCP). FrzCD lacks the transmembrane and periplasmic domains common to MCPs but contains a unique N-terminal domain, the predicted ligand-binding domain. As deletion of the N-terminal domain of FrzCD only results in minor defects in motility, we investigated the possibility that the methylation of the conserved C-terminal domain of FrzCD plays a central role in regulating the pathway. For this study, each of the potential methylation sites of FrzCD were systematically modified by site-directed mutagenesis, substituting glutamine/glutamate pairs for alanines. Four of the seven mutations produced dramatic phenotypes; two of the mutations had a stimulatory effect on the pathway, as evidenced by cells hyper-reversing, whereas another two had an inhibitory effect, causing these cells to rarely reverse. These four mutants displayed defects in vegetative swarming and developmental aggregation. These results suggests a model in which the methylation domain can both activate and inhibit the Frz pathway depending on which residues are methylated. The diversity of phenotypes suggests that specific modifications of FrzCD act to differentially regulate motility and developmental aggregation in M. xanthus.

Bacterial Proteins↗