Differences in visual analysis and sequence memory of skilled and poor readers.
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Adolescent↗
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Free recall and rehearsal strategies in average and severely disabled readers.
Free recall and rehearsal strategies were investigated in 43 boys and 24 girls in fifth and sixth grades; they were 18 average and 49 severely disabled readers. Memory abilities were measured by recall in the overt recall condition in a written free-recall test of three lists of 20 words each that required second-grade reading ability or less. Average readers performed better than severely disabled readers in terms of total recall and long-term memory. Elaborative rehearsal strategies rather than non-elaborative rehearsal strategies (repetition only) discriminated between the two groups. The organizational ability represented in elaborative rehearsal strategies was the hypothesized mechanism responsible for the better long-term memory and total recall observed in average readers.
Child↗
Comparison of performance of eight-year-old children on three auditory sequential memory tests.
20 normal children (Mage = 8.2 yr.) were administered three tests of auditory sequential memory. A Pearson product-moment correlation of .50 and coefficients of determination showed all but one relationship to be nonsignificant and predictability between pairs of scores to be poor.
Attention↗
Effects of signability and imagery on word recall of deaf and hearing students.
This study examined 40 deaf and 20 hearing students' free recall of visually presented words varied systematically with respect to signability (i.e., words that could be expressed by a single sign) and visual imagery. Half of the deaf subjects had deaf parents, while the other half had hearing parents. For deaf students, recall was better for words that had sign-language equivalents and high-imagery values. For the hearing students, recall was better for words with high-imagery values, but there was no effect of signability. Over-all, the hearing students recalled significantly more words than the deaf students in both immediate and delayed free-recall conditions. In immediate recall, deaf students with deaf parents reported using a sign-language coding strategy more frequently and recalled more words correctly than deaf students with hearing parents. Serial-position curves indicated several differences in patterns of recall among the groups. These results underline the importance of sign language in the memory and recall of deaf persons.
Adolescent↗
Effects of age, education and sex on two tests of immediate memory: a study of normal subjects from 20 to 99 years of age.
Spatial span (Corsi's block-tapping test) and verbal span (Wechsler Digits Forward) were measured in 1354 normal subjects, aged from 20 to 99 yr., who were subdivided into seven age groups, into three groups according to education, and according to sex. Analysis of variance showed that the three main factors were significant for the spatial span test. The two spans examined held well up to the 60s, and only after this age did significant differences appear in the other age groups. On both tests there were significant differences between the groups divided according to education.
Adult↗
Auditory sensitivity and tone-sequence reproduction in oral contraceptive users and nonusers.
In two stages spanning a single academic year, 10 women using oral contraceptives and 11 not using oral contraceptives were tested on their auditory threshold sensitivity to six frequencies (250, 750, 1500, 3000, 6000, and 8000 Hz) as a function of phases of the menstrual cycle. 11 women (5 users and 6 nonusers) were also tested on their ability to reproduce successively longer tone sequences. Results showed that there was little variation due to phase of the menstrual cycle, with the exception that oral contraceptive users showed lower relative thresholds at low frequencies during the postmenstrual phase. Over-all, oral contraceptive users had higher absolute and relative thresholds than nonusers, except at 3000 Hz. Although not statistically significant, results on the tone-reproduction test showed an enhanced ability to reproduce tones during the premenstrual phase for women using oral contraceptives. Results are discussed in relation to previous findings.
Adult↗
Short-term memory digit-span performance under auditory and visual contexts as a function of rate of digit presentation.
This exploratory investigation concerned the effects of both auditory and visual context variations on the immediate recall of a series of digits presented on a computer screen (CRT). 5 intensities of background noise and 5 background hues were presented randomly to 110 undergraduate volunteers as they studied 25 numerals ranging from 1 to 5 at rates of change of either 1 or 3 sec. per numeral timed from the onset of the previous numeral. A 2 x 2 x 5 mixed split-plot factorial analysis of variance gave a significant difference in mean immediate-recall scores between rates of digit presentation with better recall associated with the 3-sec. rate. There was no significant main effect in recall scores for auditory vs color contexts, yet a post hoc analysis of variance for successive stages followed by Scheffé comparisons showed that across auditory intensities, Stages 3 and 4 and 5 (combined) had significantly higher immediate recall scores than Stages 1 and 2 (combined). This improvement across stages was not found under the visual (color) series. There was a three-way interaction for modality-contexts x rates x levels explained by the partitioning of stages which differed for auditory and for visual contexts. Results are discussed in terms of effects of modality.
Adolescent↗
Rapid sequential processing in dyslexic and ordinary readers.
42 dyslexic and 42 ordinary readers were given a rapid sequential short-term memory task using materials adapted from the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities Visual Sequential Memory subset. Dyslexic readers performed at a similar level to ordinary readers. In Study 2, the same readers were given a 10-piece form board to complete as quickly as possible. Dyslexic readers were significantly slower on this task. Since short-term memory was not a feature of the second task, it was reasoned that short-term memory problems were unlikely to be a feature of dyslexic's performances on rapid sequential processing tasks.
Adolescent↗
Development and evaluation of CHIPASAT, an attention test for children: II. Test-retest reliability and practice effect for a normal sample.
The CHIPASAT (Children's Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task), developed to assess auditory-verbal attention, was administered to a sample of 70 normal school children on two occasions separated by an interval of approximately 4 weeks. A significant practice effect was found, independent of age and sex, with performance improved by approximately 20% on retest. The test-retest reliability of .90 was significant, indicating task stability. The practice effect was consistent with that reported in the literature for the adult PASAT, and reasons for this effect are discussed. Initial test raw scores on WISC--R Arithmetic and Digit Span subtests yielded low but significant correlations of .38 and .35 with CHIPASAT scores.
Adolescent↗
Reading, spelling, and recognition of briefly exposed words and nonwords.
Four groups distinct in terms of English reading comprehension and spelling skills were identified among 141 Japanese college students: 5 good readers and spellers, 6 good readers but poor spellers, 3 poor readers but good spellers, and 4 poor readers and poor spellers. They were then tested on instantaneous recognition of words and nonwords. Analysis showed that the recognition performance was more strongly associated with spelling than with reading comprehension. Immediate memory and "sophisticated" guessing, which were associated with spelling, were considered to be critical for the recognition task, but the hypothesis that a common processing mechanism is involved in instantaneous word recognition and spelling was rejected.
Adult↗
Cyclical variation in digit-span and visual-search performance in women differing in the severity of their premenstrual symptoms.
Groups of women differing in the severity of reported premenstrual symptoms were compared over two menstrual cycles on a digit-span task, a visual-search task, and a combination of the two. Neither group exhibited large performance changes during the premenstrual phase of the cycle. High-symptom women differed somewhat from low-symptom women in the effect of menstrual phase on digit-span performance, recalling slightly fewer series correctly during the premenstrual phase. The response latency of high-symptom women on the visual-search task was substantially longer than that of the low-symptom women regardless of menstrual phase. These results suggest that there may be stable differences between high-symptom and low-symptom subjects that are greater than the cyclical fluctuation within either group.
Adult↗
Effects of time of day, introversion and neuroticism on selectivity in memory and attention.
Two experiments examined the effects of time of day, introversion and neuroticism on selectivity in memory and attention. The first experiment showed that none of these factors interacted with task priority, which suggests that such variables do not produce the same changes in selectivity as do exogenous factors such as noise. In Exp. 2, colour names were read more quickly in the late afternoon than in the early morning, whereas patches of colour were named more quickly in the morning. Results from the Stroop interference condition showed that subjects classified as extraverts on the basis of Eysenck Personality Questionnaire scores were less susceptible to distraction than those scored as introverts, but the size of this effect was influenced both by time of day and by whether the subjects scored as stable or neurotic on the questionnaire.
Arousal↗
Aging and serial list picture memory.
List memory of 6 young and 6 older human adults was tested with lists of four visual items (black and white patterns and colored abstract paintings). We investigated the effects of varying the length of the recognition interval on the serial-position function for picture recognition in the two age groups. Increases in the retention interval showed a consistent modification of the shape of the serial-position function from a monotonically increasing function at the shortest interval to a monotonically decreasing function at the longest interval. The time course of these changes was faster for older adults than for young adults. Age differences in the length of the interval required for a shift in the serial-position functions from recency to primacy effects were strikingly similar to those previously found between young people and nonhuman species.
Adult↗
Effect of visual cues with the WAIS--R Digit Span subtest.
The WAIS-R Digit Span subtest was administered to 43 women and 31 men, ages 18 or 19 years, under standard conditions (examiner facing the person) and with the examiner sitting behind the person to eliminate possible visual cues as the examiner read the numbers. Analysis of variance of the total digits recalled indicated no differences between the sexes or between the two methods of presentation.
Adolescent↗
Differences in neuropsychological correlates between normals and those experiencing "Old Hag Attacks".
240 university students were given The Cognitive Laterality Battery as well as a questionnaire, the answers to which were used to identify those who had experienced an "Old Hag Attack." This refers to a hypnagogic sleep disorder in which there is paralysis and, quite often, terrifying hallucinations. Those suffering from this disorder showed a statistically significantly different profile of scores from normal subjects on The Cognitive Laterality Battery. The implications of this finding for existing theories concerning "Old Hag Attacks" are discussed.
Auditory Perception↗
A memory advantage for serial lists composed of active words.
Results from subject-wise and word-wise analyses of recall for four types of emotional lists memorized by 14 subjects confirm that active words (pleasant and active, unpleasant and active) are better recalled than passive words (pleasant and passive, unpleasant and passive). The standardized formula 'recall = .68 (serial position) + .24 (activation)' successfully predicts 53% (R = .73) of variance in the recall criterion.
Adult↗
Choice reaction times for structural relationships between possible response sequences.
To investigate human motor programming, choice reaction times were measured on tasks for which subjects made choices between two alternative finger-tapping-movement sequences. The total-number-of-responses and the hierarchical editor models were tested. In Exp. 1 the choice was carried on the situations with the same total numbers of possible responses and different structural relations between alternative sequences. The right-hand reaction times in mirror choice (e.g., subject chose between the middle, index, and ring finger sequences of the left or right hand) were shorter than those in nonmirror choice (e.g., subject chose between the middle, index, and ring finger sequence on one hand and the middle, ring, and index finger sequence on the other hand); the total-number-of-responses model was not supported. In Exp. 2 two conditions had the same operation numbers of the hierarchical editor model. In Condition 1 subjects chose between the index finger of the right hand and the ring, index, and middle finger sequence of the left hand. In Condition 2 subjects chose between the index, ring, and middle finger sequences of the left right hand. The reaction time in the former condition was shorter than that in the latter condition. Exp. 2 exhibited a counterexample of the hierarchical editor model that had been fairly robust in previous studies.
Adult↗
"Experimental amnesia" induced by emotional items.
Tulving described an effect of retrograde amnesia in a free-recall task of word lists, produced by inserting items having priority in recall. Other authors confirmed the amnesic effect without giving instructions for priority both in recall and in recognition tasks. The effect was explained by Tulving as a premature termination of encoding processes. The similarity between these experiments and the researches aimed at reproducing amnesia by emotional trauma led us to hypothesize that the two phenomena might be due to the same functional mechanisms. We have organized a free-recall task of word lists into which emotional items were inserted. Our aim was to verify whether with these experimental conditions Tulving's results would be reproduced. The obtained data show amnesic effects in free recall; nevertheless, they do not seem to confirm closely the experimental hypothesis. Lastly, changes in primacy and recency effects produced by emotional items are analyzed.
Adult↗