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PubMed2026

Educational approaches to enhance genomics competencies among health sciences students: A scoping review with implications for nursing education.

INTRODUCTION: Genomics is increasingly recognized as essential for precision health, yet its integration into undergraduate nursing and other health sciences curricula remains limited. Persistent gaps in genomics literacy and confidence among students and professionals indicate that current educational approaches may not adequately prepare graduates for genomics-informed care and precision health. The aim of this review is to map educational approaches and methods used to enhance genomic competencies among undergraduate health sciences students and discuss implications for nursing education. METHODS: Scoping review, reported in accordance with PRISMA-ScR recommendations. Systematic search in CINAHL Ultimate, ERIC, and MEDLINE for studies published in English between January 2015 and December 2024 was undertaken. Data were charted using a standardized extraction form and synthesized descriptively and narratively, grouping interventions by educational approach, methods, strategies, techniques, and tools. RESULTS: Thirty-one studies were included, mostly from the United States, involving primarily medical and nursing students. Educational approaches centered on experiential and practice-based learning, simulation, case- and problem-based learning, flipped classrooms, collaborative or interprofessional learning, narrative and arts-based methods, and technology-enhanced strategies such as virtual labs, online modules, and digital storytelling. These approaches were associated with improvements in genomic knowledge, application to clinical scenarios, ethical awareness, engagement, and self-reported confidence, although outcomes were predominantly short-term. CONCLUSIONS: Genomics education for health sciences students is characterized by diverse, largely experiential and student-centered approaches. Integration into curricula remains fragmented and often focused on genetics rather than broader genomics and precision health. Nurse educators should prioritize integrated, authentic, and ethically informed genomics education, supported by educator development and digital technologies, including generative AI, to prepare graduates for precision nursing care.

Genomics↗
PubMed2004

The problem of evidence-based medicine: directions for social science.

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is arguably the most important contemporary initiative committed to reshaping biomedical reason and practice. The move to establish scientific research as a fundamental ground of medical decision making has met with an enthusiastic reception within academic medicine, but has also generated considerable controversy. EBM and the broader forms of evidence-based decision making it has occasioned raise provocative questions about the relation of scientific knowledge to social action across a variety of domains. Social science inquiry about EBM has not yet reached the scale one might expect, given the breadth and significance of the phenomenon. This paper contributes reflections, critique and analysis aimed at helping to build a more robust social science investigation of EBM. The paper begins with a "diagnostics" of the existing social science literature on EBM, emphasizing the possibilities and limitations of its two central organizing analytic perspectives: political economy and humanism. We further explore emerging trends in the literature including a turn to original empirical investigation and the embrace of "newer" theoretical resources such as postmodern critique. We argue for the need to move the social inquiry of EBM beyond concerns about rationalization and the potential erasure of the patient and, to this end, suggest new avenues of exploration. The latter include analysis of clinical epidemiology and clinical reason as the discursive preconditions of EBM, the role of the patient as a site for the production of evidence, and the textually mediated character of EBM.

Evidence-Based Medicine↗
PubMed2006

HIV/AIDS and the construction of Sub-Saharan Africa: heuristic lessons from the social sciences for policy.

There is no doubt that Sub-Saharan African countries face major problems due to the HIV/AIDS pandemic that has ravaged the region. Yet the Eurocentric construction of the region as the source of the virus not only creates negative stereotypes in social science disciplines like geography, but also glosses over the potential of social science disciplines to provide knowledge and influence policy about HIV/AIDS. This oppositional construction of the region has unfortunately contributed to a glossing over of many aspects of Sub-Saharan Africa's people, their environment, culture, history, politics, economics, gender relations, and the region's global status that would provide important input for policy aimed at curbing the devastating spread of HIV in the region. This paper argues that once we recognize that HIV is a global virus with trans-cultural implications, social science disciplines, such as geography, can reveal certain attributes about the region and its HIV/AIDS pandemic that can be used in policy formulation to combat the spread of the virus.

Africa South of the Sahara↗
PubMed2006

Global trends in plant transgenic science and technology (1973-2003).

Transgenic science and technology are fundamental to state-of-the-art plant molecular genetics and GM crop improvement. Monitoring the scale and growth of this area of science is important to scientists, national and international research organizations, funding bodies, policy makers and, because of the GM debate, to society as a whole. Literature statistics covering the past 30 years reveal a dramatic increase in plant transgenic science in Asia during the past decade, a sustained expansion in North America and, recently, a slow down in the rest of the world. With the exception of the output of China and India, publications focusing on the development of transgenic technology have been slowing down, worldwide, since the early mid-1990s, a trend that contrasts with the increase in GM crop-related studies.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1998

Chefs' attitudes toward healthful food preparation are more positive than their food science knowledge and practices.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if chefs' and student chefs' attitudes, knowledge, and practices regarding healthful food preparation are consistent with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. DESIGN: An analytical survey questionnaire was distributed to 4 chef groups. Sections 1 and 2 of the survey measured chefs' food science knowledge (13 questions) and likelihood of using food preparation practices (15 questions) necessary to meet the 1990 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Section 3 (22 questions) measured chefs' attitudes toward nutrition in general, toward the importance of healthful food preparation practices, and toward the US Dietary Guidelines. SAMPLE: Of 512 surveys distributed by mail, at culinary meetings, and in classes at 2 culinary schools, 447 (86%) were returned (158 from practicing chefs and 289 from student chefs). Practicing chefs included chef educators, foodservice chefs from a national corporation, and independent chef members of the American Culinary Federation of New York City. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Descriptive statistics included frequencies, means, and standard deviations of survey items and of individual survey sections. Reliability and validity were determined using alpha coefficients and principal components analysis. Analysis of variance was used to examine differences in practice, attitudes, and knowledge among chef groups. RESULTS: Both practicing chefs and student chefs answered more than 70% of the food science questions correctly; independent chefs scored significantly lower than educator and corporate chefs. More than two thirds of the chefs and student chefs correctly responded to questions about the nutrient composition of food and how cooking affects the nutrient content of food. All chef groups were confused about fat and cholesterol in food and in the body. Few healthful food preparation practices were likely to be used by any chef group more than two thirds of the time, although the subscale of the attitude toward the importance of these practices was very positive. The majority of practicing chefs thought that customers do not care about the US Dietary Guidelines and nutrition; student chefs thought that customers do care. Both groups strongly agreed that, as chefs, they are responsible for the nutritional content of the food they prepared. APPLICATION: Both chefs and student chefs are willing to learn about food science and recipe modification principles as they apply to healthful cooking practices. The opportunities are clear: Dietitians have the expertise to teach chefs healthful food preparation techniques, recipe modification, and food composition information.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Translation of highly promising basic science research into clinical applications.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the predictors of and time taken for the translation of highly promising basic research into clinical experimentation and use. METHODS: We identified 101 articles, published between 1979 and 1983 in six major basic science journals, which clearly stated that the technology studied had novel therapeutic or preventive promises. Each case was evaluated for whether the promising finding resulted in relevant randomized controlled trials and clinical use. Main outcomes included the time to published trials, time to published trials with favorable results ("positive" trials), and licensed clinical use. RESULTS: By October 2002, 27 of the promising technologies had resulted in at least one published randomized trial, 19 of which had led to the publication of at least one positive randomized trial. Five basic science findings are currently licensed for clinical use, but only has been used extensively for the licensed indications. Promising technologies that did not lead to a published human study within 10 to 12 years were unlikely to be tested in humans subsequently. Some form of industry involvement in the basic science publication was the strongest predictor of clinical experimentation, accelerating the process by about eightfold (95% confidence interval: 3 to 19) when an author had industry affiliations. CONCLUSION: Even the most promising findings of basic research take a long time to translate into clinical experimentation, and adoption in clinical practice is rare.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Contribution of basic sciences to academic success in nursing education.

The present study set out to examine the contribution of basic sciences to academic success in nursing education. A number of regression analysis models were used to analyze the relationships among predictor and criterion variables. Data analyses showed that basic sciences and grade point average of nursing courses in year 3 and 4 contributed significantly to student success in the program (p < 0.001). The cumulative grade point average was the only significant predictor of the licensure examination success. These results suggested that the content in science courses may have unique relevance to nursing and, therefore, may have a factor in their predictive value.

Achievement↗
PubMed2002

Science in mid-Victorian Punch.

This article examines the scientific content of the most famous comic journal of the Victorian period: Punch. Concentrating on the first three decades of the periodical (1841-1871), I show that Punch usually engaged with science that was highly topical, of consequence to the lives of its bourgeois readers, and suitable for comic interpretation. But Punch's satire of scientific topics was highly complex. It often contained allusions to non-scientific topics, and its engagement with science ranged from the utterly comic to the sharply critical. Punch prompted readers to think as well as laugh about science, and probably shaped their scientific education more than we think.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed2002

Public and private science at home and abroad: networks among chemists, physicians and industrialists in the 1780s.

The tensions between public and private science, so familiar to us today, were alive in the science of the industrial revolution. These tensions confronted the members of a society of chemists and natural philosophers, physicians, industrialists and instrument makers who met in London from 1780 to 1787. Their meetings, held in private rooms in coffee houses, provided an ideal forum for their blend of public and private science, reinforced by a vital international network of scientific intelligence. The records of those meetings tell us a good deal about communication among natural philosophers in the 1780s, and show that some, at least in Britain, were well-informed about the latest foreign developments.

Communication↗
PubMed2003

Zones of inhibition: interactions between art and science.

It has been suggested that successful art helps to solve our emotional problems. Can it therefore help with our current crisis in the relationship between biological science and society? Art and science are activities that have seemingly different cultures; scientists are seen as objective and rational, artists as subjective and intuitive. Each inhabit cultures that are seen to be mutually exclusive, but this has not always been the case. For example, during the Renaissance, people were schooled across both art and science and there was no clear dividing line. Where did the split occur, and is their interaction important in the 21st century?

Biotechnology↗
PubMed1998

Twisting the ladder of science: pure and practical goals in twentieth-century studies of inheritance.

In the twentieth century studies of inheritance have been driven by both practical and theoretical concerns. The metaphor of a ladder helps to illustrate how applied and pure interests have worked together in scientific development. This 'ladder' has significant 'twists' in it due to the unique nature of genetics, entwining the science of heredity with powerful and possibly compromising personal, social and commercial agendas. These implications are manifest in the history of agricultural research, eugenics, and the business of science. Today, as in the past, genetics is a prestigious science that requires cautious movement forward as human beings face its tremendous challenges and potential dangers.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1997

Application of social science on cardiorespiratory specialist courses.

This paper draws on experience of introducing social and behavioural science in the specialist curriculum in cardiorespiratory nursing. There is a tendency for some to see cardiorespiratory care as 'high-tech' with the focus on acute care in hospital. However, health promotion and education are key issues and with an increasing number of individuals with chronic cardiac/respiratory disorders, the nurse's enabling role in promoting self-management is essential. It is in these areas where social and behavioural science is particularly relevant. Such a perspective should not be relegated to pre-registration programmes and this paper will argue for the application of social and behavioural science on specialist clinical courses.

Critical Care↗
PubMed2003

3D electron microscopy in the physical sciences: the development of Z-contrast and EFTEM tomography.

The rapid advances in nanotechnology and the ever decreasing size of features in the microelectronics industry brings with it the need for advanced characterisation with high spatial resolution in two and three dimensions. Stereo microscopy allows some insight into the three-dimensional nature of an object but for true quantitative analysis, one has to turn to tomography as a way to reconstruct a three-dimensional object from a series of two-dimensional projections (images). X-ray tomography allow structures to be imaged at relatively large length scales, atom probe tomography at the atomic level. Electron tomography offers an intermediate resolution (of about 1nm) with a field of view of hundreds of nm making it ideal for the characterisation of many nanoscale devices. Whilst electron tomography has been used in the biological sciences for more than 30 years, it is only now being applied to the physical sciences. In this paper, we review the status of electron tomography, describe the basis behind the technique and some of the practicalities of recording and analysing data for tomographic reconstruction, particularly in regard to solving three-dimensional problems that are encountered in materials science at the nanometre level. We present examples of how STEM dark-field imaging and energy-filtered TEM can be used successfully to examine nearly all types of specimens likely to be encountered by the physical scientist.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2002

Addendum to a note regarding the success of biological and medical science.

Much like mathematics, the biological and medical sciences seem unreasonably successful, considering many potential obstacles to this outcome. A recent suggestion that data should be viewed as 'quantized', that each 'elementary system' contains a single 'bit' of information (A. Zeilinger, A foundational principle for quantum mechanics, Foundations of Physics 29 (1999) 631), would seem ultimately to underlie the coherent relationships between the perceived physical universe and mental constructs within and among mathematics, logic, the 'hard' sciences and those 'softer' sciences directly based on biochemical and physiologic mechanisms (A. Zeilinger, A foundational principle for quantum mechanics, Foundations of Physics 29 (1999) 631; H. C. Von Baeyer, In the beginning was the bit, New Scientist, 17 (2000) 26-30).

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed2000

View of life sciences in the 21st century.

As we contemplate the nature of life sciences in the 21st century, we should briefly consider the changes that have occurred in the past century. Surely, the sources of progress of this science in the next century are the advances emerging now. Furthermore, the likely pace of discovery and change in life sciences in the next century can best be estimated by a reflection on its history.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Microbiology: impact on research in life sciences.

In this essay with a flavor of science history, the influence of imaging techniques, as compared to other research strategies, on microbiologic investigations is discussed. Using a few selected examples, to what degree microbiology became a leading science during the last 50 years in gaining knowledge in life sciences, particularly with regard to molecular genetics and more recently molecular evolution is also discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Making science in a fractal landscape.

There were times when any progress in science was associated with a social benefit. Public support of science was growing continuously without many questions being asked. These times have gone and the public asks now what science is good for and scientists are not yet well prepared to reply. A new social contract between scientists and society should be elaborated based on knowledge, tolerance and transparency.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Towards a unified science of cultural evolution.

We suggest that human culture exhibits key Darwinian evolutionary properties, and argue that the structure of a science of cultural evolution should share fundamental features with the structure of the science of biological evolution. This latter claim is tested by outlining the methods and approaches employed by the principal subdisciplines of evolutionary biology and assessing whether there is an existing or potential corresponding approach to the study of cultural evolution. Existing approaches within anthropology and archaeology demonstrate a good match with the macroevolutionary methods of systematics, paleobiology, and biogeography, whereas mathematical models derived from population genetics have been successfully developed to study cultural microevolution. Much potential exists for experimental simulations and field studies of cultural microevolution, where there are opportunities to borrow further methods and hypotheses from biology. Potential also exists for the cultural equivalent of molecular genetics in "social cognitive neuroscience," although many fundamental issues have yet to be resolved. It is argued that studying culture within a unifying evolutionary framework has the potential to integrate a number of separate disciplines within the social sciences.

Animals↗