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PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of acute and chronic treatment with magnesium in the forced swim test in rats.

The antidepressant-like activity of magnesium, the non-specific N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor antagonist, in the mice forced swim test was demonstrated previously. In the present study, the effects of this biometal were studied in the rat forced swim test. Magnesium (MgCl2) at doses ranging from 15 to 50 mg Mg/kg reduced the immobility time in the forced swim test, thus exerting antidepressant-like activity. To evaluate tolerance to this effect, we also performed experiments with the following acute/chronic magnesium treatment schedule: chronic saline and saline challenge at 0.5 h before behavioral experiments (S + S), chronic saline and magnesium challenge (S + Mg), chronic magnesium and saline challenge (Mg + S), chronic magnesium and magnesium challenge (Mg + Mg). The antidepressant-like effect of magnesium was demonstrated in the group treated acutely with magnesium (S + Mg) but not in the chronically treated group (Mg + S) and (Mg + Mg). It is interesting to note that in Mg + Mg group serum concentration of magnesium was quite similar to the S + Mg group (6.44 vs. 6.08 mg/100 ml, respectively), which displayed antidepressant-like effect. The results confirmed that magnesium administered acutely induced the antidepressant-like effects also in rats. However, contrary to mice, chronic treatment with magnesium induced tolerance to this effect in rats.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Changes of plasma fibrinogen and fibrinolysis in response to competition stress in swimming coaches.

AIM: The aim of the paper is to investigate the effects of competition stress in swimming coaches. METHODS: The effect of competition stress on fibrinogen and t-PA antigen concentrations was studied in 14 coaches during an international swimming meeting. Three blood samples were collected at the 1st day of the swimming meeting: a) 30 min before the start of the 1st event of the morning session, b) 10 min before the start of the most important event, and c) during the event itself. These were analyzed for plasma fibrinogen and t-PA antigen. RESULTS: An increase of plasma fibrinogen and t-PA antigen was observed during the race compared to 30 min before the start of the 1st day's event and 10 min before the race. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that competition stress in a very important event has significant effects on plasma fibrinogen and t-PA antigen concentrations.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of flow turbulence on swimming speed of fish].

The effect of flow turbulence on the swimming speed was studied in perch (Perca fluviatilis) with different body length. The critical flow rate was used as an index of fish swimming performance. The longer was the fish, the higher turbulence was required to decrease the critical flow rate. The mechanism of turbulence impact on fish locomotion relies on the vortex structure of the flow. The torque produced by hydrodynamic forces in a vortex favors fish overturn and loss of balance. Such effect of turbulence is observed when the sizes of the vortex and fish body are similar. The fish uses the pectoral fins to restore the balance, which increases their hydraulic resistance and, together with energy expenditure for spatial balance control, decreases the swimming speed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Zinc supplementation in rats subjected to acute swimming exercise: Its effect on testosterone levels and relation with lactate.

OBJECTIVE: There is fairly scarce information about the effects of zinc, an essential trace element, on performance. Studies concerned with the relation between zinc and exercise mostly concentrate on the distribution of this element in the body in response to exercise. The objective of the present study is to explore how zinc supplementation affects testosterone levels and its relation with lactate in rats subjected to acute swimming exercise. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty adult male rats of Sprague-Dawley species were equally allocated to 3 groups. Group 1: Control. Group 2: Group subjected to 30-minute acute swimming exercise. Group 3: Group supplemented with intraperitoneal (i.p.) zinc (3 mg/kg day) for 4 weeks and subjected to 30-minute swimming exercise. Blood samples collected from all experimental animals by decapitation method were analyzed to determine free and total testosterone and lactate levels in the plasma. RESULTS: Group 3 had the highest free and total testosterone levels, followed by Group 1 and Group 2. The highest lactate levels were found in Group 2 and the levels in Group 3 were higher than those in Group 1. CONCLUSION: Results of the study demonstrate that zinc supplementation leads to a significant increase in testosterone levels and a significant decrease in lactate levels. In conclusion, physiological doses of zinc supplementation can be useful for performance.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Urea as an indicator of anthropogenic pollution of water of swimming pools].

The sports swimming pools of Volgograd were examined for the levels of urea. All the study swimming pools were found to have a level of urea in the range of 28-80 micromol/l; which is about 10-15 times higher that its background level in the natural water reservoirs. Analysis of urea in the water of a swimming pool is proposed as a sensitive and simple test for fresh man-made water pollution.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Does net energy cost of swimming affect time to exhaustion at the individual's maximal oxygen consumption velocity?

AIM: The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between time limit at the minimum velocity that elicits the individual's maximal oxygen consumption (TLim-v VO2max) and three swimming economy related parameters: the net energy cost corresponding to v VO2max (Cv VO2max), the slope of the regression line obtained from the energy expenditure (E) and corresponding velocities during an incremental test (C(slope)) and the ratio between the mean E value and the velocity mean value of the incremental test (C(inc)). Complementarily, we analysed the influence of Cv VO2max, C(slope) and C(inc) on TLim-v VO2max by swimming level. METHODS: Thirty swimmers divided into 10 low-level (LLS) (4 male and 6 female) and 20 highly trained swimmers (HTS) (10 of each gender) performed an incremental test for v VO2max assessment and an all-out TLim-v VO2max test. RESULTS: TLim-v VO2max, v VO2max, Cv fVO2max, C(slope) and C(inc) averaged, respectively, 313.8+/-63 s, 1.16+/-0.1 m x s(-1), 13.2+/-1.9 J x kg(-1) x m(-1), 28+/-3.2 J x kg(-1) x m(-1) and 10.9+/-1.8 J x kg(-1) x m(-1) in the LLS and 237.3+/-54.6 s, 1.4+/-0.1 m x s(-1), 15.6+/-2.2 J x kg(-1) x m(-1), 36.8+/-4.5 J x kg(-1) x m(-1) and 13+/-2.3 J x kg(-1) x m(-1) in the HTS. TLim-v VO2max was inversely related to C(slope) (r = -0.77, P < 0.001), and to v VO2max (r = -0.35, P = 0.05), although no relationships with the Cv VO2max and the C(inc) were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study confirmed exercise economy as an important factor for swimming performance. The data demonstrated that the swimmers with higher and v VO2max performed shorter time in TLim-v VO2max efforts.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Occurrence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in swimming pools in the province of Palermo, Italy].

21 samples of waters of 7 swimming pools in the province of Palermo were investigated for the presence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts. Some chemio-physical parameters (chlorine, temperature, turbidity and pH) were also evaluated as well as the presence of bacterial indicators of faecal (total coliforms, Escherichia coli and enterococci), mucocutaneous and environmental (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) contamination. All samples were negative for bacterial indicators of faecal contamination; 3 were positive for the presence of coagulase-negative staphylococci, 1 was positive for Alcaligenes spp. and 2 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 8 samples proved to be positive for Giardia and 6 also for Cryptosporidium. All but one of them were coming from waters of 2 swimming pools of the same recreational center. In all samples the concentration of Giardia was substantially higher than that of Cryptosporidium. This study shows that the disinfection and filtering plants are not always suitable to ensure a good level of the quality of the waters of swimming pools and suggests that should be necessary to check them also for the presence of protozoa like Giardia and Cryptosporidium, which may be responsible for gastroenteritis.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Swimming and the older athlete.

Swimming is an organized, fast-growing sport and competitive swimmers are now found in abundance in all age groups. Including those athletes who do not compete in formal events (masters swimming program) and those participating in outside events (long-distance, channel swimming, triathlons, and so on), it may be one of the largest participant sports in this country. Injuries to the elite collegiate competitive swimmers have been well-documented. Considerations and injuries to the masters-level swimmer closely mirror those found in the younger athlete, but these injuries reflect the impact of tissue aging (degenerative disease). The preparticipation history and physical examination become more important. We are hopeful that this article will contribute to greater safety and enjoyment among all older swimmers.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

[Non-linear development of the frequency of swimming movements during ontogeny in rats].

The choice of swimming as locomotor behaviour was justified by the fact that it could be elicited from birth to adult age. We have recorded electromyographic activities during swimming movements, on flexor muscles in front legs and hind legs (Spinodeltoidus and Gluteus superficialis). The mean frequency of activity of each limb during swimming, for animals aged from 0 to 20 or 30 days was then computed. The results showed an increase in frequency between 0 and 20 days from 1 to 4 Hz. This increase was not linear, but composed of different successive phases. After a first period of increase between 0 and 6 days (slope 0.25), for the hind limbs and the fore-limbs, we noted a plateau between 6 and 12 days during which the frequency was stable. This plateau was followed by another increase in the frequency values between 12 and 16 days (slope 0.30), followed by another plateau that corresponded to the adult frequency.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

Dermatophyte feet infection among students enrolled in swimming courses at a university pool.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of dermatophyte feet infection among students enrolled in swimming courses at a university swimming pool. Tinea pedis infection was determined on two occasions. The first study took place on the first day of classes and the second on day twelve of swimming lessons. Culture and KOH examination of the interdigital skin scrapings of the left foot showed superficial foot infection with dermatophytes or Candida albicans in 13.2% of the students (11/83) in the first study, and in 22.2% of the students (16/72) in the second study. The most common agent of tinea pedis in the first study was Trichophyton rubrum (82%), infections by T. mentagrophytes (9%) and Epidermophyton floccosum (9%) were less common. At that time, no dermatophyte was recovered from any of 30 floor samples taken from the bathroom and pool facilities. In the second study the following dermatophytes were isolated from the student's feet: T. mentagrophytes (70.6%), T. rubrum (17.6%) and Candida albicans (11.8%). On this occasion T. mentagrophytes was recovered from 5 out of 30 floor samples. It is possible that the frequency of the use of the pool facilities may influence the prevalence of tinea pedis as well as the etiological agent involved in this disease.

Female↗
PubMed1991

Adaptations to swimming training: influence of training volume.

In an effort to assess the contributions of a period of increased training volume on swimming performance, two matched groups of collegiate male swimmers were studied before and during 25 wk of training. For the first 4 wk of this study, the two groups trained together in one session per day for approximately 1.5 h.d-1. During the following 6 wk (weeks 5-11), one group (LONG) trained two sessions per day, 1.5 h in the morning and 1.5 h in the afternoon. The other group (SHORT) continued to train once each day, in the afternoon with the LONG group. Over the final 14 wk of the study, both groups trained together in one session per day (1.5 h.d-1). Although the swimmers experienced significant improvements in swimming power, endurance, and performance throughout the 25 wk study, there were no differences between the groups. However, during the 6 wk period of increased training, the LONG group experienced a decline in sprinting velocity, whereas the SHORT group showed a significant increase in sprinting performance. The test results suggest that a 6 wk period of two 1.5 h training sessions per day does not enhance performance above that experienced with a single training session of 1.5 h each day. It was also noted that both groups showed little change in swimming endurance and power after the first 8 wk of training, though their performances improved significantly after each taper period.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The temporal dynamics of swimming in rats as a possible index of the circadian mobility of the animals].

By the time course of forced swimming all rats may be separated in several groups with typical patterns of circadian motility. In case when active swimming movements and reduced immobility predominated, invert type of daily chronogram with low activity at the night hours and high sensitivity to chronic imipramine treatment were observed. Considerable immobility correlates with clear circadian rhythm and weak response to antidepressant. It is suggested that rhythmical pattern of the forced swimming may be used as predicator of circadian motility type.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Temporal dynamics of forced swimming in rats as an adequate criterion for assessing the specific effects of antidepressants].

Rats with different rhythmical structure of forced swimming had different susceptibility to antidepressant drugs. The drugs equally changed only the rhythmical index of depression but not other swimming parameters in sensible animals. As suggested, the assessment of swimming time-course can be used for antidepressant screening and preliminary selection of drug-resistant animals.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A biorhythmologic approach to evaluating forced swimming as an experimental model of a "depressive" state].

Rhythmical structure of forced swimming was studied on rats. Reserpine (1 mg/kg, 24 h before testing), clonidine (150 mkg/kg) and prolonged repeated striatal stimulation induced behavioural depression with reorganization of swimming rhythm and increase of short cycles (less than 6 s) of immobility. After chronic administration of antidepressants (imipramine, amitriptyline, niamid, 10 mg/kg/day, during 14 days), on the contrary, the number of these cycles diminished, while the number of active swimming cycles increased. Chrono-biological "index of depression" is suggested to express more exactly behavioural depression and specific activity of antidepressants than usual registration of immobility time.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Health status and the characteristics of autonomic reactions in infants engaged in swimming].

The health status of young children systematically engaged in swimming was evaluated with account of the physiological characteristics and results of an analysis of the anamnestic and catamnestic data. The health-improving effect of the swimming was noted, being more pronounced in children with risk factors. It was established that swimming did not produce any undesirable vegetative alterations. The possibility of its use as a means of the improvement and correction of children's development based on their individual characteristics is discussed.

Autonomic Nervous System↗
PubMed1989

Pulmonary diffusing capacity as a predictor of performance in competitive swimming.

Pulmonary diffusing capacity has been noted by many investigators to be higher in championship swimmers than in average swimmers and in the non-swimming population. We measured pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLCO) and other parameters in 22 members of a collegiate swimming team and studied the relationship between pulmonary diffusing capacity and swimming performance. We also investigated change in lung function over a season of training and racing. Results suggested that while most good swimmers had above average diffusing capacities, there was no statistically significant difference in performance between those swimmers with high DLCO (greater than or equal to 110% predicted value) and those with a low DLCO (less than 100% predicted value). It was also determined that there was not a good correlation between performance (measured by either "best time" or "average time") and lung function (DLCO or VC).

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The striatum and the organization of forced swimming in rats].

Prolonged repeated electric stimulation of rats striatum causes stable behavioural depression and reorganization of temporal dynamics of forced swimming. Simultaneously increases the depression index offered by us as ratio of the number of immobilization cycles shorter than 6 s to the total number of active swimming cycles. Striatectomy and amphetamine administration (1 mg/kg) uniformly change the rhythmic structure of swimming with an increase of animals general motor activity without change of the depression index. It is suggested to use striatal inactivation as a model of depression state.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

O2 tension, swimming-velocity, and thermal effects on the metabolic rate of the Pacific albacore Thunnus alalunga.

The oxygen consumption rates (VO2) of 9 albacore tuna, Thunnus alalunga (8.5-12 kg) were measured at sea in a swimming respirometer to determine the effects of relative swimming velocity, ambient O2 tension, and water temperature. Significant positive relationships were obtained between tail-beat frequency and relative speed and between relative speed and VO2. The albacore metabolic rate was not appreciably affected by exposure to water temperatures ranging from 13.5 degrees to 16.9 degrees C. Brief exposure to hyperoxia (200-400 mmHg), which was done to reduce the initial stress upon fish in the respirometer, did not affect VO2. Hypoxia (50-99 mmHg), however, did tend to reduce VO2 and affect swimming velocity.

Animals↗