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PubMed1981

Accuracy and dimensional stability of four interocclusal recording materials.

Four materials, zinc oxide-eugenol paste, eugenol-free-zinc oxide paste, a silicone, and polyether jaw relations registration material were studied in a controlled laboratory environment to determine their accuracy and stability in intervals over a 1-week period. The results are as follows: 1. The eugenol-free zinc-oxide paste was the only material which exhibited no statistically significant difference between the die scribes and those of the sample. 2. The setting reaction of the eugenol-free-zinc oxide paste was a saponification reaction, resulting in the production of an insoluble soap. 3. With polyether, silicone, and zinc oxide-eugenol paste, there was a statistical difference between the die and the respective samples at the immediate reading and throughout the experiment. Polyether showed the least difference, and zinc oxide-eugenol paste the greatest.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1984

Sanitization of dentures by several denture hygiene methods.

Denture sanitization is an important element in the treatment of denture stomatitis and should be emphasized in instructions to patients. A two-part study was designed to compare the efficacy of eight denture-cleaning methods in removing and/or killing aerobes, anaerobes, and yeasts on dentures. Part I tested the effectiveness of the cleaners on a pure yeast culture of C. albicans. Part II tested the various denture sanitization techniques under actual clinical conditions. The following conclusions were made from the information obtained in this study: Miller's and Kleenite were the most effective sanitizing agents. Brushing the denture with soap and water and soaking the denture in the cleaner Mersene were effective to a lesser degree. Although Clorox and Calgon was effective at killing yeast under in vitro conditions, it was not effective under clinical conditions. The other denture cleaners were not found to be effective under the clinical conditions of this study for the removal and/or killing of any of the three microorganism groups cultured. In the past, the function of denture cleaners has been to remove deposits and stains from dentures. With the present knowledge of the role of microorganisms in the etiology of denture stomatitis, more emphasis should be placed on the ability of denture cleaners to sanitize dentures.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1993

Role of calcium in colon cancer prevention: experimental and clinical studies.

Many dietary factors have been studied for their potential in the chemoprevention of human colorectal cancer. From an epidemiological standpoint, there have been many studies linking calcium intake to colon cancer risk. Significant reductions in risk have been shown for the consumption of milk, dietary calcium and dairy products in general. Additionally, there have been numerous studies of calcium and cell proliferation in experimental animals. Supplemental calcium in the diet or drinking water has been reported to decrease the colonic epithelial hyperproliferation induced by bile and fatty acids, enteric resection, a nutritional stress diet, and to suppress induction of the tumor-promotion enzyme ornithine decarboxylase. Calcium has also demonstrated an inhibitory effect on experimental colon carcinogenesis. Mechanisms of calcium inhibition are still speculative, but the "calcium soaps" hypothesis, fatty acid destabilization of cellular membranes, modulation of protein kinase C and K-ras mutations are under investigation. Additionally, numerous clinical studies of calcium modulation of human colonic hyperproliferation in high-risk groups as well as chemoprevention trials of calcium supplementation are currently ongoing. Although the question of whether dietary calcium can prevent human colorectal cancer remains to be answered, the data presently available appear promising.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Chlorhexidine for prevention of neonatal colonization with group B streptococci. V. Chlorhexidine concentrations in blood following vaginal washing during delivery.

Chlorhexidine 2 g/l was applied to the vagina of 96 women during delivery, whereas 28 served as controls. Both groups were given a shower using a chlorhexidine soap, and outer washing of the outer anogenital tract was also performed in all patients using chlorhexidine 2 g/l. Using a gas chromatographic method with a detection limit of 10 ng chlorhexidine per ml blood, 10-83 ng/ml was demonstrated in 34 (35%) of the study group patients, whereas the remaining study group patients and controls showed no detectable chlorhexidine. Performing the washing a second time after 6 hours in 14 patients and a third time in 3 patients after a further 6 hours did not result in increased serum levels. It was concluded that small amounts of chlorhexidine are absorbed through the vaginal mucosa and that chlorhexidine is not accumulated in the blood on repeated usage with 6 hour intervals during delivery.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed1995

Depth of associated activation in the cerebral hemispheres: mediated versus direct priming.

This study investigated the depth of associative activation in the cerebral hemispheres. Semantic priming was assessed for direct (WATER-DRINK) and indirect (mediated: SOAP-DRINK) associates presented to the left and right visual fields across stimulus-onset-asychronies (SOAs) of 50, 250 and 750 msec. Priming for both the direct and indirect associates was found in both visual fields at all SOAs. Our results imply that activation via associated relations in semantic memory is early and extensive in both hemispheres. We relate our findings to the previous suggestion [5, 9, 14] that meaning activation is more narrow in the left hemisphere (LH) than in the right hemisphere (RH).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

The epidemiology of acute diarrhoea in a rural community in Imo State, Nigeria.

As part of an evaluation of a water supply and sanitation project, a baseline cross-sectional study of diarrhoea, and its putative risk factors, was conducted in 5 villages in Imo State, Nigeria. Data were collected from 4641 and 5920 persons during surveys in the dry and wet seasons, respectively. 8 d period prevalence rates for diarrhoea ranged from 5 to 50%, with the highest rates occurring in the 6 to 23 month age group. Diarrhoea was associated with up to 75% of all illnesses in young children and with about 20% in adults. Risk factors included lower socio-economic status, an unclean domestic environment, use of non-purified water, absence of soap, and feeding methods other than exclusive breast-feeding in the early months of infancy. These results suggest that the education component of water supply and sanitation projects should emphasize personal and domestic hygiene and infant feeding.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevention of diarrhoea and dysentery by hand washing.

A 'non-blind' randomized hand washing intervention study was conducted in a low socioeconomic community in Rangoon to determine if hand washing by 494 children under 5 years old and their mothers could reduce the incidence of diarrhoea and dysentery in these children. Children and mothers in the intervention group were asked to wash their hands after defaecation and before preparing or eating their 3 main meals; 2 bars of plain soap were provided. The control group was left to follow customary practice. Diarrhoea and dysentery incidences in the 2 groups were monitored during 4 months by comparing the incidence density ratios (IDR). The diarrhoeal incidence among the children in the hand washing households was significantly lower than that among those in the control households (IDR = 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.54-0.92). For dysentery incidence, although there was a 40% reduction (IDR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.22-1.55) in the children under 2 years, there seemed to be no impact in older children (IDR = 1.2, 95% CI = 0.52-2.80). The study indicates that hand washing is effective in reducing the morbidity from diarrhoea and dysentery.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hand-washing reduces diarrhoea episodes: a study in Lombok, Indonesia.

Sixty-five mothers from Balai Lua, Central Lombok, Indonesia were given soap and an explanation of the faecal-oral route of diarrhoea transmission. This very simple health message was repeated and reinforced fortnightly when mothers were also asked whether any members of their family had suffered from diarrhoea over the previous 2 weeks. Children of these mothers experienced an 89% reduction in diarrhoea episodes compared to a control period before the intervention.

Diarrhea↗
PubMed1983

Role of calcium and free fatty acids in epinephrine-induced myocardial necrosis.

A possible mechanism by which large doses of catecholamines produce myocardial necrosis was investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, 275 to 325 g in weight, were injected once, sc, with 3 mg/kg epinephrine (E) or infused iv for 1 hr with E at a rate of 1.2 or 1.7 micrograms/min, and also injected iv with either 45Ca or [3H]palmitic acid (3H-PA) at the same time as or at various periods of time after E administration but exactly 0.5 or 1 hr before death. Controls were injected with saline solution. Heart/plasma ratios of radioactivity (H/P) were determined. The ratios increased in the case of both 45Ca and [3H]PA within 0.5 hr after E, reached peak values after 18 to 24 hr with 45Ca and 3 to 6 hr with [3H]PA, and remained above values for the controls for at least 72 hr with 45Ca and 48 hr with [3H]PA. The rate of 45Ca influx into heart 20 hr after E administration paralleled the severity of the myocardial damage that had been produced. When 45Ca and E were injected simultaneously, H/P increased progressively with time to 30 times control values, indicating the accumulation and retention of Ca in the heart. Under the same conditions, H/P values with [3H]PA also rose but remained constant at a level two to three times that in controls. Total cardiac free fatty acids (FFA) rose slightly and remained constant at the elevated level. It was not possible to distinguish a given point in time at which the increase in either Ca or FFA influx, initially due to the normal pharmacological effect of E, began to occur as a consequence of damage produced by the latter. It is concluded that high concentrations of catecholamines promote the deposition of Ca and FFA in myocardial cells in various forms, and that the deposition of these substances as soaps in the plasma membranes may cause permeability changes that lead to cell injury.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The fate of dienochlor administered orally and dermally to rats.

Within four days of receiving a single oral dose (1 mg/kg) of [U-ring-14C]dienochlor [bis(pentachloro-2,4-cyclopentadien-1-yl)] female rats excreted 2 and 88% of the applied 14C in urine and feces, respectively. Metabolites could not be identified and the preponderance of the fecal radioactivity consisted of unextractable 14C-labeled residues. Within 1 day virtually all of the dienochlor had been degraded by rats, with only traces of parent dienochlor in excreta and tissues. After four days only 2% of the applied dose remained in tissues (mainly kidney, liver, and gastrointestinal tract). Pharmacokinetic studies with blood plasma and bile showed dienochlor (and/or its metabolites) to be poorly absorbed. Rats were exposed dermally for 24 hr to [14C]dienochlor formulated as Pentac WP miticide both as an aqueous suspension and as an undiluted wettable powder. Half of the dose adhered to the skin and the other half was found in gauze patches used to protect the treated skin. After a 24-hr exposure over 60% of the radiolabel that adhered to skin was removed by washing with an aqueous soap solution and 86% of this rinsing solution was unmetabolized dienochlor. The dienochlor and its metabolites were transported inefficiently from the application site; only 1% of the applied dose was detected in urine plus feces and less than or equal to 0.2% in tissues. With application rates that simulate field exposure by humans, the actual residue of dienochlor and metabolites in skin (i.e., not removable by washing) is about thirteen times higher following exposure to dienochlor as undiluted wettable powder than as an aqueous suspension.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1989

In vitro percutaneous absorption and stratum corneum binding of alachlor: effect of formulation dilution with water.

The effect of vehicle dilution on the percutaneous absorption of alachlor, 2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide, through excised human skin was determined using flowthrough design glass penetration cells and 14C radiotracer methodology. Three dilutions of alachlor (in the solubilizing commercial formulation) with distilled water were utilized: 1:20, 1:40, and 1:80 (v/v); corresponding to concentrations of 23.0, 11.8, and 5.98 mg alachlor per milliliter, respectively. Skin from the penetration studies and human powdered stratum corneum from the binding studies demonstrated a high capacity for alachlor. A soap and water (1:1, v/v) solution effectively decontaminated powdered stratum corneum. Using plasma as the receptor solution, penetration ranged from 0.5 to 4% of the applied dose for an 8-hr exposure period. Lag times of 1.2 to 1.8 hr were observed. Increasing dilution resulted in significant enhancement (p less than 0.01) in the rate and extent of alachlor penetration. Although the biological significance of this observation is unclear, this phenomenon might be explored in future studies because of its ramifications for human toxicity and for decontamination opportunities.

Acetamides↗
PubMed1985

Giant cell tumor in cervical spine.

A giant cell tumor in the cervical spine of a 67-year-old man complaining of pain in the neck and occipital area is reported. Cervical x-ray films revealed a round destructive lesion in the vertebral body of the fourth cervical vertebra. On the plain cervical computed tomography scan, the most impressive finding was a soap-bubble appearance, which showed a linear high-density area in the mass lesion with destruction of the vertebral body. After embolizing one branch of the artery feeding the tumor, a radical operation was carried out via the anterior approach. The role of cervical computed tomography scanning and computed tomographic myelography in diagnosing and showing the extension of the giant cell tumor is discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

An appraisal of Impregon as a deterrent of domestic fungus growth.

Impregon brand of tetrachlorsalicylanilide (TCSA) has been profferred widely as a household fungistatic agent, although its value remains unproved. To assess its effects, this agent was used as a laundry and paint additive and as a treatment for burlap rug backing; after recommended applications of Impregon, coded replicate materials were inoculated with mixed suspensions of fungus particles. No difference was evident in fungus growth points on fabric swatches washed in tap water with and without Impregon. However, growth on both of these was significantly greater than on samples laundered in tap water using only a commercial soap or liquid detergent. Fungus soiling of burlap was not clearly diminished by prescribed applications of Impregon solution 3 mo previously. Similarly, the addition of this agent to paint did not suppress fungus growth on Masonite plaques to which it had been applied. However, comparable levels of Impregon incorporated into agar media substantially inhibited spore germination. These findings suggest that the bioavailability of TCSA is insufficient to provide desired household antifungal effects when Impregon is used in accord with current recommendations.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1985

Sublethal effects of simulated pulp mill effluents on the respiration and energy metabolism of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).

Rainbow trout were exposed to 0.08 X 96-hr LC50 concentration of simulated unbleached (KME-Sa) and bleached (KME-Sa + CP) kraft pulp mill effluents. A sulfate soap preparation (Sa) with and without added chlorophenols (CP) was used as the toxicant mixture. The lipid content of white muscle increased in both test groups, and its protein content decreased in the KME-Sa-treated group. The ammonia excretion rate also decreased in both test groups. These results show that there was a shift from protein to lipid metabolism. On the other hand, apart from a slight hypoglycemia, only minor changes were observed in the carbohydrate metabolism. The overall effects on blood respiratory properties were functionally insignificant. However, the effects of kraft mill effluent with and without chlorophenols were qualitatively dissimilar in several respects.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Subchronic metabolic effects and toxicity of a simulated pulp mill effluent on juvenile lake trout, Salmo trutta m. lacustris.

Juvenile lake trout (Salmo trutta m. lacustris) were exposed for 7 weeks to 0.05X and 0.2X 96-hr LC50 concentrations of simulated bleached kraft pulp mill effluent (KME - Sa + CP). A sulfate soap preparation, composed mainly of resin and fatty acids, with added chlorophenols (CP, tri-, tetra-, and penta-CP) was used as the toxicant mixture. Concentrations of free CP in plasma and free and conjugated CP in bile were proportional to their concentrations in the water. The greatest total gradient between bile and water CP was 5.2 X 10(4) for pentachlorophenol. The activity of a liver polysubstrate monooxygenase (PSMO) system, assayed with three model substrates, increased 40 to 67% due to KME - Sa + CP. However, the increase was not directly dependent on the exposure concentration. In contrast to PSMO, activities of conjugating enzymes (p-nitrophenol UDP-glucuronosyl and glutathione transferases) were decreased in the liver. Increased concentration of glutathione was noted in the liver and kidney. In addition, a small (9%) but significant decrease in blood hemoglobin concentration was observed at the higher exposure concentration. Although growth rate of lake trout was markedly decreased due to KME - Sa + CP, hydromineral balance and carbohydrate metabolism in fish were unaffected, indicating possible physiological compensation. On the other hand, lethality tests with lake trout preexposed to KME - Sa + CP at 0.2 X LC50 revealed decreased tolerance, whereas at the lower exposure concentration it was unchanged. We therefore conclude that various physiological adjustments in trout during subchronic exposures were not adaptive in terms of short-term tolerance.

7-Alkoxycoumarin O-Dealkylase↗
PubMed1988

Toward a resolution of contradictions. Utility of feedback from the GHQ.

Methodologic problems in prior research have contributed to contradictory findings about the effect of feedback from self-report questionnaires on the recognition of mental disorders in primary care settings. This study addresses those problems by assigning family practice resident physicians (N = 32), not their patients, to experimental and control groups, and by collecting baseline as well as postintervention data, for a total of 1040 patient encounters. The 28-item GHQ served as the screening instrument and was given to all participating patients seen by the experimental group. Following training in their interpretation, feedback of GHQ results constituted the intervention. Measures of recognition included a psychiatric diagnosis, psychologic and psychosocial chart notations, and various treatment options (e.g., therapy, consultation, referral, drugs, singly and in combination). Evidence for a diagnosis of mental disorder was limited to the Assessment portion of the SOAP note. Results indicate that GHQ feedback resulted in a significant twofold increase in the total number of psychiatric diagnoses. Recognition was heightened in all diagnostic categories, with a statistically significant increase in the number of depression diagnoses. Similarly, employment of all treatment modalities increased following feedback, although the only statistically significant increase was the prescription of antidepressant drugs. Psychologic notations increased as well, but psychosocial notations did not. Physicians who tended to recognize psychiatric morbidity at pretest benefited most from GHQ feedback. Implications for future research are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A spectrophotometric assay for lipase activity utilizing immobilized triacylglycerols.

New substrates for the determination of lipase activity have been developed. Triacylglycerols were immobilized by adsorption on an appropriate carrier or adsorbent yielding a lipase substrate in a powder form. The adsorbed triacylglycerols were easily hydrolyzed by lipases present in a reaction mixture. The released fatty acids were extracted with benzene and converted to the corresponding Cu (II) salts (copper soaps) which were measured spectrophotometrically.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1987

Killing of preimplantation mouse embryos by main ingredients of cleansers AS and LAS.

When main ingredients of cleansers, alcohol sulfate (AS) and linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), were applied to the dorsal skin of pregnant JCL:ICR mice during preimplantation period (days 0-2), significant numbers of embryos collected from the oviducts and uteri on day 3 showed severe deformity or remained at the morula stage. Most of abnormal embryos were fragmented or remained at the 1-8 cell stages, and they were either dead or dying. Even when these abnormal embryos were cultivated in the detergent-free medium, they were not recovered, while most growth-retarded embryos (morula) could grow and hatch with one or two days lag by the further in vitro cultivation. Similar results were observed with commercially obtained kitchen detergent and hair shampoo, although such embryocidal effects were not detected with natural soap and distilled water. Fertilized eggs may be specifically sensitive to synthetic detergents. Very low doses of X-rays also induced significant yields of abnormal embryos. Major difference between X-rays and detergents was that X-ray-induced abnormality appeared at the morula or blastocyst stage, while detergent-induced one did at the earlier stages.

Alcohols↗