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PubMed2003

Socioeconomic determinants of schistosomiasis in an urban area in the Northeast of Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To identify and quantify the socioeconomic determinants of schistosomiasis in the urban section of São Lourenço da Mata, a town in the Northeast of Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 1988 to measure the prevalence of schistosomiasis in São Lourenço da Mata among individuals aged 10-25 years and to estimate the socioeconomic characteristics of the households of those individuals. Household aggregation was tested. The data were analyzed on two levels, the family level and the individual level. On the family level we estimated the odds ratios for the association of schistosomiasis and socioeconomic variables related either to the head of the family or to the household. On the individual level we investigated if for the infected individuals there were differences in the intensity of infection (mean egg count) for the different levels of the socioeconomic variables. RESULTS: We found a significant degree of household aggregation of schistosomiasis (allowing for sex and area of residence (neighborhoods with similar socioeconomic conditions, according to census data)). In the analysis on the family level, better socioeconomic indicators for the place in the productive process (occupation, economic sector, and position in production of the head of the family, plus family income) and better socioeconomic indicators for patterns of consumption (level of education of the head of the family, type of housing, household possessions, water supply for the home, sanitation (that is, excreta collection), and family access to medical care) were all associated with a lower risk of schistosomiasis. The estimation of the probability of schistosomiasis for different levels of the socioeconomic variables showed a lower risk (0.072) for individuals whose households were at the top (best) levels of the indicators relative to the risk (0.715) for individuals whose households were at the baseline (lowest) levels of the indicators. Infected individuals whose families had better socioeconomic conditions had lower mean egg count values. CONCLUSIONS: Control measures that may have a long-term effect, such as improvements in the water supply and sanitation, should be strongly encouraged. The theoretical reduction that we found in the probability of being infected if water supply and sanitation were improved highlights the importance of these measures. Implementing them would have a more permanent effect on the control of schistosomiasis and would also result in other benefits to the population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Community participation in dengue prevention and control: a survey of knowledge, attitudes, and practice in Trinidad and Tobago.

The priorities of public health planners are often at variance with the community's own environmental sanitation priorities and perspectives. Public opinion about individual, collective, and governmental responsibilities in addressing these issues and priorities is of particular importance when designing community-based programs. In a study conducted in Trinidad and Tobago on knowledge, attitudes, and practice regarding dengue, its prevention and control, a high level of awareness about dengue and its etiology was evident, but there was poor understanding of the symptoms and hence little concern about the health risks associated with it. The most important household pest problem identified by the respondents was related to mosquito nuisance, particularly from night-biting mosquitoes. Rodents were also a major concern perceived as being responsible for economic losses, ruined food, and a health hazard. Unreliable water supply, a factor associated with Aedes aegypti abundance, was an environmental sanitation issue of major importance to householders in rural areas. No correlation was found between knowledge of dengue and levels of Ae. aegypti abundance as measured by larval surveys of the respondents' premises. The study gave a clear indication of the need for broad-based environmental sanitation strategies when planning community-based vector control initiatives for the prevention and control of dengue in Trinidad and Tobago.

Aedes↗
PubMed2002

Helicobacter pylori infection in Kazakhstan: effect of water source and household hygiene.

The epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection and risk factors associated with its transmission are not well understood. Kazakhstan is country with two ethnic groups, Asian (Kazakhs) and Western (Russians), living under similar socioeconomic conditions. The aim of this study was to examine the seroepidemiologic pattern of H. pylori and hepatitis A among the same individuals from both ethnic groups, with emphasis on water source and household sanitation practices. This was a cross-sectional seroepidemiologic study conducted among unrelated healthy individuals in Kazakhstan. From May through August 1999, individuals between the ages of 10 and 60 years from Almaty, Kazakhstan, were invited to participate. Demographic information, socioeconomic factors, living conditions, and various aspects of the local household environment including access to water were collected. A clean water index (CWI) was created based on combined factors, consistency of boiling water before drinking, frequency of storing and reusing water, and frequency of bathing and showering. H. pylori and hepatitis A antibodies were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Two hundred eighty-eight individuals between the ages of 10 and 60 years participated. The prevalence of H. pylori infection was almost identical among the two ethnic groups (Russians 79% and Kazakhs 80%). H. pylori infection was inversely correlated with the CWI (i.e., 56%, 79%, and 95% for high, middle, and low, respectively (P < .05). Drinking river water had highest risk of H. pylori infection (OR = 13.6, 95% CI = 1.8-102.4; P < .01, compared with tap water). Crowding showed no significant effect on H. pylori prevalence. Anti-HAV antibodies were found in 86% of the population, 90% among the Russians versus 82% among the Kazakhs (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.1-3.8, P = .05). Although the two infections were highly correlated (P < .001), antibody to both infections were present simultaneously in only 74%. The prevalence of H. pylori infection in Kazakhstan is very high. The data suggest that transmission of H. pylori can be water borne, related to poor sanitary practices, or both. The high prevalence of antibodies to H. pylori and HAV among this population is a marker for poor sanitation and hygienic practices. Reducing the rate of H. pylori transmission will require improvements in overall sanitation including clean water, waste disposal, as well as in household hygienic practices.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Decontamination of beef carcass surface tissue by steam vacuuming alone and combined with hot water and lactic acid sprays.

Hot beef carcass surface regions (outside round, brisket, and clod) contaminated with feces spread over a 5-cm2 (1-in2) area were cleaned using a steam-vacuum spot-cleaning system alone or combined with subsequent sanitizing treatments of hot water (95 degrees C at the nozzle), or warm (55 degrees C) 2% lactic acid spray, or combinations of these two sanitizing methods. These treatments were compared for effectiveness in reducing aerobic plate counts (APC) and counts of Enterobacteriaceae, total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, and Escherichia coli. All treatments significantly reduced the numbers of each group of bacteria on beef carcass surfaces. However, reductions obtained by steam vacuuming were significantly smaller than those obtained by a combination of steam vacuuming with any sanitizing treatment. No differences in bacterial reductions were observed between different carcass surface regions. Steam vacuuming reduced the number of different indicator organisms tested by ca. 3.0 log cycles but also spread the bacterial contamination to areas of the carcass surface adjacent to the contaminated sites. This relocated contamination after steam vacuuming was most effectively reduced by spraying with hot water and then lactic acid. This combined treatment consistently reduced the numbers of Enterobacteriaceae, total and thermotolerant coliforms, and E. coli to undetectable levels (<1.0 log10 CFU/cm2) on areas outside the initial 5-cm2 inoculated areas.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2000

Use of microbial data for hazard analysis and critical control point verification--Food and Drug Administration perspective.

This paper examines the role that the microbiologist and microbiological testing play in implementing hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) programs. HACCP offers a more comprehensive and science-based alternative for controlling food safety hazards compared with traditional sanitation programs based upon good manufacturing practices. Controlling hazards under an HACCP program requires a systematic assemblage of reliable data relating to the occurrence, elimination, prevention, and reduction of hazards. These data need to be developed in a transparent environment that will ensure that the best scientific methodologies have been employed in developing the needed data. The two mechanisms used in HACCP to assess the adequacy of the database are validation studies and the verification assessments. Microbiological testing is an important mechanism for collecting data used in developing and implementing an HACCP plan. Microbial sample data can help establish standard operating procedures (SOPs) for sanitation, assess the likelihood of the occurrence of hazards, establish critical limits, and assess the validity of the HACCP plan. The use of a performance standard to assess whether microbiological hazards have been reduced to an acceptable level creates an especially important use for microbial analysis. Microbial testing is also useful in implementing an HACCP plan by helping to monitor the effectiveness of sanitation SOPs, the compliance of incoming ingredients with safety criteria, the safety of product being held for corrective action, and the safety of the finished product. The verification audits demonstrate that all control measures have been applied as designed in the HACCP plan. Although auditing HACCP records is the primary means of verification, microbial sampling can play an important role as well.

Food Contamination↗
PubMed2000

Efficacy of alkaline washing for the decontamination of orange fruit surfaces inoculated with Escherichia coli.

The effectiveness of washing treatments to decontaminate orange fruit surfaces inoculated with Escherichia coli was evaluated. Washing on roller brushes with fruit cleaners or sanitizers followed by potable water rinse reduced E. coli by 1.9 to 3.5 log cycles. Prewetting fruit for 30 s before washing provided no significant benefit in most cases. Additional sanitizing treatments either with chlorine or acid sanitizers did not enhance the results of alkaline washing. In general, high pH washing solutions (pH 11.8) applied with an adequate spray volume effectively reduced the surface contamination of fruit that lowered the microbial load of fresh juice as well.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Influence of inoculation method, spot inoculation site, and inoculation size on the efficacy of acidic electrolyzed water against pathogens on lettuce.

The influence of bacterial inoculation methods on the efficacy of sanitizers against pathogens was examined. Dip and spot inoculation methods were employed in this study to evaluate the effectiveness of acidic electrolyzed water (AcEW) and chlorinated water (200 ppm free available chlorine) against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. Ten pieces of lettuce leaf (5 by 5 cm) were inoculated by each method then immersed in 1.5 liters of AcEW, chlorinated water, or sterile distilled water for 1 min with agitation (150 rpm) at room temperature. The outer (abaxial) and inner (adaxial) surfaces of the lettuce leaf were distinguished in the spot inoculation. Initial inoculated pathogen population was in the range 7.3 to 7.8 log CFU/g. Treatment with AcEW and chlorinated water resulted in a 1 log CFU/g or less reduction of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella populations inoculated with the dip method. Spot inoculation of the inner surface of the lettuce leaf with AcEW and chlorinated water reduced the number of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella by approximately 2.7 and 2.5 log CFU/g, respectively. Spot inoculation of the outer surface of the lettuce leaf with both sanitizers resulted in approximately 4.6 and 4.4 log CFU/g reductions of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella, respectively. The influence of inoculation population size was also examined. Each sanitizer could not completely eliminate the pathogens when E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella cells inoculated on the lettuce were of low population size (10(3) to 10(4) CFU/g), regardless of the inoculation technique.

Chlorine↗
PubMed2003

Antimicrobial performance of alkaline ionic fluid (GC-100X) and its ability to remove Escherichia coli O157:H7 from the surface of tomatoes.

An efficacy test of GC-100X, a noncorrosive alkaline ionic fluid (pH 12) composed of free radicals and supplemented with xylitol, was carried out against six major foodborne pathogens-Staphylococcus aureus FRI 913, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis ATCC 13076, S. enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 Korean isolate, Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC 17803, Escherichia coli O157:H7 ATCC 43894, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa KCTC 1637-at three different temperatures (4, 25, and 36 degrees C) with or without organic load (2% yeast extract). Results revealed a more than 4-log10 (CFU/ml) reduction (1.0 x 10(4) CFU/ml reduction) against all pathogens reacted at 37 degrees C for 3 h in the absence of organic material. GC-100X solution diluted with an equal volume of distilled or standard hard water (300 ppm CaCO3) showed effective bactericidal activity, particularly against gram-negative bacteria. Washing efficacy of GC-100X solution was compared against E. coli O157:H7 on cherry tomato surfaces with those of a commercially used detergent and chlorine water (100 ppm). Viable cell counts of E. coli O157:H7 that had penetrated to the cores of tomatoes after sanitizing treatment revealed that GC-100X stock and its 5% diluted solutions had similar washing effects to 100-ppm chlorine water and were more effective than the other kitchen detergent. These results indicate that GC-100X has good bactericidal and sanitizing activities and is useful as a new sanitizer for food safety and kitchen hygiene.

Chlorine↗
PubMed2004

Development of a laboratory scale clean-in-place system to test the effectiveness of "natural" antimicrobials against dairy biofilms.

A laboratory scale system, partially reproducing dairy plant conditions, was developed to quantify the effectiveness of chlorine and alternative sanitizers in reducing the number of viable bacteria attached to stainless steel surfaces. Stainless steel tubes fouled in a continuous flow reactor were exposed to a standard clean-in-place regime (water rinse, 1% sodium hydroxide at 70 degrees C for 10 min, water rinse, 0.8% nitric acid at 70 degrees C for 10 min, water rinse) followed by exposure to either chlorine (200 ppm) or combinations of nisin (500 ppm), lauricidin (100 ppm), and the lactoperoxidase system (LPS) (200 ppm) for 10 min or 2, 4, 8, 18, or 24 h. There was significant variation in the effectiveness of the alkaline-acid wash steps in reducing cell numbers (log reduction between 0 and 2). Following a 10-min treatment, none of the sanitizers significantly reduced the number of attached cells. Two hours of exposure to chlorine, nisin + the LPS, or lauricidin + the LPS achieved 2.8, 2.2, and 1.6 log reductions, respectively. Exposure times > 2 h did not further decrease the number of viable bacteria attached to the stainless steel. The effectiveness of combinations of nisin, lauricidin, and the LPS was similar to that of chlorine (P > 0.05), and these sanitizers could be used to decontaminate the surfaces of small-volume or critical hard-to-clean milk processing equipment.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[The characteristics of the oral health promotion of patients with hematological diseases].

A total of 197 patients were subjected to planned sanitization of the oral cavity in St. Petersburg specialized dental hospital for short-term treatment. Critical values of blood parameters were determined for preventing the complications after planned sanitization. The probability of complications is lower if blood hemoglobin level is at least 100 g/liter, granulocyte count at least (1.5-2.0).10(9)/liter, platelet count at least 60.10(9)/liter, and erythrocyte content in patients with polycythaemia vera no more than (4.5-5.0).10(12)/liter. Preparation of patients to treatment carried out by a dentist together with a hematologist and total analgesia help eliminate stress reactions and effectively and timely correct the complications developing during treatment. This means that oral sanitization in patients with diseases of the blood system should be carried out at dental hospitals for short-term treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Laparostomy in treatment of diffuse peritonitis].

Two methods for laparostomy were used in peritonitis: programmed sanitation and variant of N.S. Makokha method (68.8 and 31.2% of patients respectively). 215 patients with diffuse peritonitis have been under control for the period from 1989 to 1997, beginning with the method of Makokha for laparostomy and then converting to programmed sanitation. Lethality rate in 1989-1992 made up 67.6%, in 1993-1997--35.4%. Among the patients, in whom for performing elective sanitation "ventrophiles" were fixed during the initial operation, lethality made up 25.7% and if it was done during the second and later procedures, lethality made up 45.7%.

Drainage↗
PubMed2001

Anomalous observations on IPV and OPV vaccination.

Anomalies of vaccine performance are events or observations that go counter to the current paradigms on the properties of a vaccine. In the current paradigm, inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) induces serum immunity to protect the individual from poliomyelitis, but not mucosal immunity to prevent subsequent wild poliovirus infection. Therefore, it is believed not to be suitable to interrupt virus transmission in polio-endemic tropical and developing countries, where poliovirus transmission is thought to be predominantly faecal-oral, unlike in countries with excellent sanitation, where it is predominantly respiratory. Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), because it is believed to mimic natural (wild) poliovirus infection and to induce serum and mucosal immunity, is considered ideal to interrupt virus transmission in countries with poor sanitation and endemic polio. Moreover, the vaccine viruses are shed in the stools and it is presumed to spread faeco-orally to unvaccinated children in the vicinity, thus increasing its effectiveness in the community. These paradigms on both vaccines may be seen in standard textbooks of virology and paediatrics. In reality, IPV induces very high mucosal immunity in a monkey model, lasting at least 12 months and providing complete protection against oral challenge with wild virus. In field trials, IPV has been found to have very high vaccine efficacy (VE) and to retard significantly wild-virus transmission in communities. OPV, requiring five to seven doses for individual protection, does not seem to induce effective mucosal immunity. Hence, 10-15 doses of OPV and near 100% vaccination coverage are necessary for interruption of virus transmission in countries with poor sanitation. In the monkey model, wild poliovirus infection did not offer any mucosal protection against a second infection, indicating that live virus infection is not the best way to induce mucosal immunity (unless repeated several times). The immunity induced by OPV has two arms, individual protection (by serum immunity) and mucosal protection from later infection by wild virus; these are dichotomous, as evidenced further by protected children participating in wild virus transmission in breakthrough outbreaks in communities well vaccinated with OPV. There is no evidence that polioviruses, wild or vaccine, spread faeco-orally to any meaningful extent. The median age of polio in India, in the pre-vaccine era, and even in recent years was 12-18 months. No other faeco-oral infection has such a low median age. Measles virus transmission is respiratory, and the median age of measles is over two years. Wild virus is shed faecally, but by the age when faecal microbes infect children, most of them are already immune to disease caused by polioviruses. As for vaccine viruses, even when heavy inocula are fed repeatedly, children may not always become infected. That exposure to the small amounts of virus through faecal contamination (unlike microbes that multiply in food) would infect them, is an unrealistic expectation. There are sufficient anomalies demanding our revision of the old paradigms. IPV is a better immunogen than OPV and is completely safe. During the interval between the cessation of wild virus transmission and the global stoppage of polio vaccination, it will be advantageous to use IPV, particularly combined with DPT vaccine, to provide individual protection, and herd effect to prevent spread in case of the introduction of wild polioviruses, whether unintentionally or otherwise, and to bolster the Expanded Programme on Immunisation.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Prevalence of infection with waterborne pathogens: a seroepidemiologic study in children 6-36 months old in San Juan Sacatepequez, Guatemala.

Water and sanitation interventions in developing countries have historically been difficult to evaluate. We conducted a seroepidemiologic study with the following goals: 1) to determine the feasibility of using antibody markers as indicators of waterborne pathogen infection in the evaluation of water and sanitation intervention projects; 2) to characterize the epidemiology of waterborne diarrheal infections in rural Guatemala, and 3) to measure the age-specific prevalence of antibodies to waterborne pathogens. Between September and December 1999, all children 6-36 months of age in 10 study villages were invited to participate. We collected sufficient serum from 522 of 590 eligible children, and divided them into six-month age groups for analysis (6-12, 13-18, 19-24, 25-30, and 31-36 months). The prevalence of antibodies was lowest in children 6-12 months old compared with the four older age groups for the following pathogens: enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (48%, 81%, 80%, 77%, and 83%), Norwalk virus (27%, 61%, 83%, 94%, and 94%), and Cryptosporidium parvum (27%, 53%, 70%, 67%, and 73%). The prevalence of total antibody to hepatitis A virus increased steadily in the three oldest age groups (40%, 28%, 46%, 60%, and 76%). In contrast, the prevalence of antibody to Helicobacter pylori was relatively constant in all five age groups (20%, 19%, 21%, 25%, and 25%). Serology appears to be an efficient and feasible approach for determining the prevalence of infection with selected waterborne pathogens in very young children. Such an approach may provide a suitable, sensitive, and economical alternative to the cumbersome stool collection methods that have previously been used for evaluation of water and sanitation projects.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

An experimental model to evaluate the role of transport vehicles as a source of transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus to susceptible pigs.

The objectives of this study were to determine the concentration of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in a scale-model trailer that was required to infect susceptible pigs, evaluate the potential of PRRSV-contaminated transport vehicles to infect naïve pigs and assess 4 sanitation programs for the prevention of virus spread. To maximize study power, scale models (1:150) of weaned-pig trailers were constructed that provided an animal density equal to that of an actual weaned-pig trailer capable of transporting 300 pigs. The 1st aim involved contaminating the interior of the model trailers with various concentrations (10(1) to 10(4) TCID50/mL) of PRRSV MN 30-100, then housing sentinel pigs in the trailers for 2 h. Pigs exposed to trailers contaminated with > or = 10(3) TCID50/mL became infected. The 2nd aim involved housing experimentally infected seeder pigs in trailers for 2 h, then directly introducing sentinel pigs for 2 h. Infection of sentinels was demonstrated in 3 of 4 replicates. The 3rd aim involved applying 1 of 4 sanitation procedures (treatments) to contaminated trailers. Treatment 1 consisted of manual scraping of the interior to remove soiled bedding (wood chips). Treatment 2 consisted of bedding removal, washing (80 degrees C, 20,500 kPa), and disinfecting (with 1:256 phenol; 10-min contact time). Treatment 3 consisted of treatment 2, followed by freezing and thawing. Treatment 4 consisted of bedding removal, washing, disinfecting, and drying. Ten replicates were conducted per treatment. Pretreatment swabs from all trailers tested positive by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Post-treatment swabs were PCR-positive for all trailers except those that were washed, disinfected, and dried. Infection of sentinel pigs by PRRSV was also detected by PCR after all treatments except washing, disinfecting, and drying. Under the conditions of this study, drying appeared to be an important component of a sanitation program for ensuring PRRSV biosecurity of transport vehicles.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Conscious survey of dental patients. 2. Questionnaire related to prevention (in the case of the new patients of the Nippon Dental University Hospital)].

A questionnaire on the consciousness of new patients was conducted in Nippon Dental University Hospital. Following our prior report, items regarding dental prevention were asked to 196 subjects in the present case. The results are as follows. 1. 53.1% of the subjects had experienced scaling of the teeth. However only 15.4% of them had regularly scaling. 2. 62.8% of the subjects had been given guidance in brushing and 39.8% of them had used toothbrushes by themselves in the guidance. 3. 99.5% of the subjects brushed their teeth everyday. 58.5% of them brushed twice a day. Regarding the brushing period, "3 minutes" amounded the highest radio, 33.3%. 4. Regarding the major purpose of brushing, "prevention of oral diseases" amounted to 50.5%, followed by "unknown". Namely, 23.0% of the subjects had no definite purpose of brushing. This figure suggests that the awareness on brushing was unexpectedly low. 5. 85.7% of the subjects wanted to have oral sanitation guidance and oral health management. Among them. 59.5% wanted to have "regular examination". To the question "How often can you visit our hospital except treatment?", 48.2% of the subjects answered "twice or more per year", 41.1% "a day for each examination" and 53.6% answered "60 minutes per day". Among those who wanted to have oral sanitation guidance and oral health management, only 32.7% wanted to participate in our oral sanitation class. These results indicate that many patients want to have passive management but for would start action by themselves. Thus it is the most important for dentists to carry out sufficient education and guidance under these situations.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1987

Influence of biofilms by chemical disinfectants and mechanical cleaning.

Water conducting systems in hospitals (endoscopes, nebulizers, tap water systems, dental units etc.) are often important reservoirs of conditional pathogens. The sanitation of those systems by in vitro efficient chemical disinfectants is very difficult. An explanation may be that microorganisms are growing in such systems in wall adhering biofilms wherein they are protected from biocides. A method for testing the efficacy of chemical disinfectants and mechanical cleaning is described under conditions which imitate those in natural systems. A criterion for the efficacy of sanitation procedure is not only the good disinfection result but also the removal of biofilms. The investigation showed that aldehydes, and peracetic acid can reduce multiplying microorganisms without disrupting the biofilm. A preparation on the basis of hydrogen peroxide showed good antimicrobial efficacy and a distinct reduction and influence of the biofilm. The best result was achieved by mechanical cleaning. The test model is simple and a supplement to the conventional in vitro laboratory test for the efficacy of sanitation procedures of water conducting systems.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed1986

[Therapy of hepatitis B virus carriers].

Examination of 200 gastroenterological patients with a suspected chronic diffuse liver disease has demonstrated that only in 18.9% of the patients with chronic hepatitis, the disease was induced by the virus. Based on the experience gained with the treatment of 7 patients with chronic hepatitis B it is concluded that sanitation may be performed with levamisole. However, the data obtained in the course of the 5-year observation over sanitation of HBsAg carriers (25 subjects) do not provide any convincing evidence in favour of levamisole sanitation. The authors hold that at the blood transfusion stations the prophylaxis of serum hepatitis falls short of ideal. Selection of the donors according to CCIE does not give any guarantee against the viral hepatitis B carrier state. Like patients with viral hepatitis B, the HBsAg carriers badly need active prophylactic-and-treatment medical examination with the use of the antiviral agents.

Antiviral Agents↗
PubMed1982

[Control of enzootic Aujeszky's disease on pig farms].

Virologic and serologic investigations were carried out to demonstrate the persistence of the virulent virus of Aujeszky's disease. Threefold vaccinations were conducted with a live vaccine, embracing all animals on the farm and those that were born during the time when sanitation measures were applied. The first vaccination of the sucking pigs was performed with 10 doses of the vaccine in each case. During the time of applying sanation measures the farm was kept closed, the pigs after weaning being transferred to another farm. After sanitation was over some new virologic and serologic studies were carried out along with the serologic examination of nonimmune pigs that had stayed on the farm. These investigations did not prove the presence of a wild virus on the farm. It was found that the manifold vaccinations and use of higher amounts of the vaccine might well suit the base in working out sanitation programmes for farms infected with Aujeszky's disease.

Animals↗