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PubMed2004

A practitioner's primer on foot-and-mouth disease.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is caused by an RNA virus of the genus Aphthovirus; 7 immunologically distinct serotypes of the virus have been identified. Susceptible species are mainly domestic and wild even-toed ungulates, such as cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, bison, and deer. All body fluids of infected animals can contain the virus and are considered infective. The primary mode of transmission is animal-to-animal transmission through inhalation or ingestion of aerosols containing the virus. The virus can also be spread mechanically by contaminated organic debris and fomites and can survive for 48 hours on human oral and nasal mucosa and be spread to uninfected animals in this manner. There is a rapid progression of clinical signs after an animal becomes infected, and the virus spreads rapidly throughout a herd. Clinical signs include excessive salivation; fever; vesicles and erosions of the oral and nasal mucosa, coronary band, interdigital area, and teats; lameness; sloughing of claws; reluctance to move; anorexia; mastitis; decreased milk production; and abortion or weak newborns. In mature animals, FMD has high morbidity and low mortality rates. Infected animals can become inapparent carriers of the virus.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed2005

Isolation of necrotoxigenic Escherichia coli from a dog with hemorrhagic pneumonia.

A 7-month-old sexually intact male Cocker Spaniel was admitted to the North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for evaluation of lethargy, panting, and excessive salivation that had become progressively severe during a 5-hour period. Despite intensive medical care, the dog died within the first 24 hours of hospitalization, and death was attributed to acute, severe, necrotizing pneumonia. Lung tissue collected at necropsy by use of swabs was cultured and yielded an isolate of Escherichia coli; because of the rapid progression of illness in an otherwise healthy dog, the isolate underwent virulence typing and was determined to be a necrotoxigenic E. coli. Necrotoxigenic E. coli produce a toxin called cytotoxic necrotizing factor and are known to be involved in extraintestinal infections, including urinary tract infection, in humans and animals. Virulence typing of E. coli isolates from dogs with peracute pneumonia is recommended to further characterize the epidemiologic characteristics and public health importance of necrotoxigenic E. coli.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Clinical signs and clinicopathologic abnormalities in dogs with clinical spirocercosis: 39 cases (1996-2004).

OBJECTIVE: To determine clinical signs and clinicopathologic abnormalities in dogs with naturally occurring clinical spirocercosis. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: 39 dogs with spirocercosis. PROCEDURES: Medical records were reviewed, and information on signalment, residence (rural vs urban), owner complaints, physical examination findings, clinicopathologic abnormalities, radiographic and endoscopic findings, and concurrent systemic diseases was recorded. RESULTS: Hellenic hounds and mixed-breed dogs were overrepresented, compared with a group of 117 control dogs without spirocercosis that were examined because of gastrointestinal tract disease, and mean body weight of dogs with spirocercosis was significantly higher than mean body weight of control dogs. Odynophagia (34 [87%]), regurgitation (24 [62%]), and excessive salivation (14 [36%]) were the most common clinical findings. The most common radiographic abnormalities were a mass in the caudodorsal aspect of the mediastinum (15/35 [43%]) and spondylitis of the caudal thoracic vertebrae (10 [29%]). Parasitic nodules were seen during esophagoscopy in all 39 dogs. Normocytic, normochromic, nonregenerative anemia; neutrophilic leukocytosis; hyperproteinemia; and high alkaline phosphatase activity were significantly more common in dogs with spirocercosis than in a control group of 56 healthy dogs. Concurrent systemic diseases, mainly leishmaniosis, dirofilariosis, and monocytic ehrlichiosis, were documented in 14 (36%) dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that clinical spirocercosis occurs more often in young-adult, large-breed dogs. Nonregenerative anemia, neutrophilic leukocytosis, hyperproteinemia, and high alkaline phosphatase activity may be useful clinicopathologic indicators of this disease.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Susceptibility to motion sickness induced by optokinetic rotation and self-rotation by walking around a vertical pole.

31 subjects viewed an optokinetic rotating drum for 12 min. in one session and self-rotated by walking quickly around a vertical pole with eyes closed while alternately flexing and extending the neck in another session. The self-rotation session contained 6 trials (3 clockwise and 3 counterclockwise rotations). Each trial contained 20 cycles of self-rotations. Self-reported ratings of nausea and symptoms of motion sickness were obtained for each session. The subjects developed symptoms of nausea, sweating, dizziness, headache, drowsiness, and changes in salivation in both drum rotation and self-rotation sessions. However, the subjects reported higher ratings of nausea in the session of optokinetic rotation than in the session of self-rotation around a vertical pole. These results indicated that both optokinetic rotation and self-rotation with eyes closed while alternately flexing and extending the neck are effective means of inducing nausea and motion sickness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Influence of penning type and feeding level on sexual behavior and feet and leg soundness in boars.

Ninety-six Yorkshire males at 28 d of age were placed on a pre-test feeding regimen (22% CP) of either ad libitum (A) access to feed or a restricted (R, 85% of A) diet. All pigs were housed in groups of four until approximately 30 kg body weight. The boars were then placed under test and assigned to a group pen (GP) containing eight boards or to individual pens (IP) and fed a 16% CP diet at A or R levels. Feeding types during pre-test and test phases were, therefore, ad libitum followed by ad libitum (AA), ad libitum: restricted (AR), restricted: ad libitum (RA), and restricted: restricted (RR) for each of the two (IP and GP) housing types. All boars were weighed every 2 wk to determine the feeding level and ADG. The pen floors were partly slatted with water nipples in the slatted areas. Areas available for each board were 1.63 and 2.15 m2 in IP and GP, respectively. Sexual behavior, semen characteristics, and feet and leg scores were recorded between 150 and 240 d of age. The IP boards required longer (P < .05) contact with receptive gilts before mating, made more (P < .01) ano-genital sniffings, and attempted more (P < .10) incorrect mounts than GP boars. The GP boards had a higher (P < .01) mating score, younger (P < .001) age at completion of the mating test, and lower (P < .01) total sperm count and sperm concentration (P < .001) than IP boars. The AA boards exhibited less (P < .10) chomping and salivation than boars on other feeding regimens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1985

Effect on the ewe and lamb of low zinc intake throughout pregnancy.

Throughout pregnancy, 30 primiparous Finn cross ewes were given a low Zn (less than or equal to 1 ppm) semi-purified diet. A 100-g hay supplement was fed three to seven times/week. Supplemental Zn (20 ppm) was provided in the drinking water of 14 ewes. At parturition, lambs were removed from ewes before suckling. Viable lambs not taken for tissue analysis were given 200 ml cow colostrum and raised on an artificial feeder. Throughout gestation, unsupplemented (-Zn) ewes gained less weight and had lower plasma Zn levels than Zn-supplemented (+Zn) ewes. One -Zn ewe was not pregnant, three aborted, one resorbed, one delivered mummified twins at term and two delivered malformed lambs. Average weight of lambs born to -Zn ewes d 136 or later (excluding mummified twins and one weighing less than 20% as much as its twin) was 1.8 +/- .6 (SE) kg. Only three lambs born to -Zn ewes were vigorous enough to put on the artificial feeder; none survived. One +Zn ewe was not pregnant. Of 23 lambs born to the remaining +Zn ewes, five were used for tissue analysis, two lambs of triplets were born dead, twins born d 138 died at birth. One twin died 6 d after birth. The 14 remaining lambs were weaned in good health. Average birth weight of +Zn lambs was 3.3 +/- 1.0 kg. Increased salivation was seen in -Zn ewes after 6 wk of low Zn intake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acetates↗
PubMed1988

Toxicoses in livestock from the hemlocks (Conium and Cicuta spp.).

The hemlocks, Conium maculatum (poison-hemlock) and Cicuta spp. (waterhemlock), are poisonous plants that cause sizeable losss to the livestock industry. Clinical signs of poisonhemlock toxicosis are similar in all species of livestock and include muscular weakness, incordination, trembling, initial central nervous system stimulation, depression and death from respiratory paralysis. Poison-hemlock also causes skeletal defects in the offspring of cattle, pigs and sheep and cleft palate in pigs when ingested during specific periods of gestation. The primary toxicants in poison-hemlock are coniine and gamma-coniceine. Coniine predominates in mature plants and seed, whereas gamma-coniceine predominates in early growth of the plant. Waterhemlock is the most violently toxic poisonous plant known. The toxicant is cicutoxin, which acts on the central nervous system, causing violent convulsions and death. Clinical signs of poisoning appear within 15 min after ingestion of a lethal dose and include excessive salivation, nervousness, tremors, muscular weakness and convulsive seizures interspersed by intermittent periods of relaxation and a final paralytic seizure resulting in anoxia and death. Elevated activities of lactic dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase in blood are observed, indicative of muscular damage. Toxicoses from poisonhemlock and waterhemlock generally occur in early spring when both plants emerge before other, more palatable plants begin to grow. All parts of the poison-hemlock plant are toxic. The root or tubers of waterhemlock are toxic; however, experimental evidence concerning the toxicity of other plant parts is inconclusive.

Alkaloids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Change in susceptibility to vestibular-visual conflict sickness in monkeys by repeated exposure.

Squirrel monkeys, susceptible to the vestibular-visual conflict sickness in pitch (with frank vomiting), were subjected to repeated exposure to pitch conflict in various modes and in a randomly mixed order (30 min daily, for 10 consecutive days). Immediately after the training, a significant decline in susceptibility was found, represented by reduced vomiting rates, reduced sickness scores, reduced salivation and improved regularity of vertical oculomotor responses. Susceptibility at the pre-training level returned when the test was repeated 10 days later. Temporary suppression of pitch conflict sickness susceptibility indicates the possibility of training crew members prior to their space flight missions to control the space motion sickness, particularly vomiting.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Pre-endoscopic medication. A randomized double-blind trial of atropine and meperidine as a supplement to diazepam.

The effects of an intramuscular injection of atropine (0.6 mg) and meperidine (1 mg/kg body weight) 30 min before topical benzocaine and intravenous diazepam administration were compared with those of a control group that received only benzocaine and intravenous diazepam in a randomized double-blind controlled trial of premedication for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in 100 consecutive patients. Atropine and meperidine decreased the amount of salivation and gastric secretion (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.001, respectively) and increased the period of sedation (p less than 0.001). The patients' and examiners' evaluation of the procedure was the same with either premedication regimen. Neither regimen affected the success rate of the endoscopy. Regardless of the regimen used, every patient who underwent endoscopy stated that they would consent to another examination, if necessary. Patients judged before endoscopy to be most apprehensive tolerated the procedure least, and those judged to be least apprehensive tolerated the procedure best, irrespective of premedication. The addition of meperidine and atropine to a premedication regimen of diazepam and topical benzocaine does not appear to be beneficial.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Teratogenic evaluation of tributyltin chloride in rats following oral exposure.

The teratogenicity of tri-n-butyltin chloride (TBTC1) was examined in Wistar rats. The pregnant rats were administered orally 25, 15, 9, 5 and 0(Control) mg of TBTC1/kg of body weight/day from day 7 to 15 of pregnancy. Maternal toxicity, as evidenced by both of decreased body weight gain and food consumption was observed at 25, 15 and 9 mg/kg/day dose group. However, only in the 25 mg/kg/day dose group some clinical signs of toxicity (sedation, diarrhoea and salivation) were observed and 70 percent of the dams were dead. In the 25 mg/kg/day dose group, all fetuses were dead. Statistically significant reductions in the female fetal body weight were observed in 9 and 5 mg/kg/day dose groups. In all groups treated with TBTC1 except the 25 mg/kg/day dose group, no significant differences in the numbers of live fetuses and intrauterine death (dead fetuses and resorptions) or sex ratios of fetuses were found between the TBTC1-treated and control groups. Fetal external, skeletal and internal malformations were not observed at any of the dose levels. However, several types of skeletal and internal variations including delayed ossifications were observed in some groups treated with TBTC1, but the incidences were not significantly different from controls. Also, two fetuses with dilatation of the renal pelvis were found in 9 and 5 mg/kg/day dose group. Statistically significant increases of placental weight in all TBTC1-treated groups were observed when compared to that of control group. In conclusion, TBTC1 administered orally to Wistar rats during days 7-15 of pregnancy produced related signs of fetal toxicity but no evidence of teratogenicity and induced a marked increase in placental weight.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1995

Chronic toxicity of zatosetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, in rhesus monkeys.

A 1-year chronic toxicity study was conducted in which rhesus monkeys (4/sex/dose) were given daily doses of 0, 3, 10, or 25 mg zatosetron/kg by nasogastric intubation. Clinical signs of toxicity characterized by salivation, diarrhea or soft stools, and/or emesis occurred in animals that received 10 or 25 mg/kg of zatosetron. One monkey in the high-dose group and one in the middle-dose group died as a result of intratracheal administration of the compound. The death of another monkey in the high-dose group was associated with an unexpectedly high (3-fold the mean plasma Cmax value in surviving females in this group) plasma level of zatosetron as indicated by postmortem analysis of heart blood. Animals of both sexes in all treatment groups gained weight at a slightly reduced rate when compared to control monkeys. Depressed appetite occurred in some monkeys in all treatment groups but was most evident in those receiving 25 mg/kg. Evaluation of ECG's indicated that treatment with zatosetron did not produce any rhythm or conduction disturbances. However, there was a mild increase in the Q-Tc interval throughout the treatment period at 4 hours postdosing in monkeys in the middle- and high-dose groups and a slight increase prior to dosing in animals in the high-dose group. Mean plasma Cmax and AUC(0-24 hr) values on Day 360 were dose proportional for zatosetron and for the N-demethylated metabolite in both sexes over the dose range tested. The mean t1/2 (elimination phase) for the plasma disappearance of zatosetron ranged from 3.4 to 7.2 hr in males and from 2.3 to 6.8 hr in females. Hematology, urinalysis, and clinical chemistry parameters were unaffected by treatment. There were no treatment-related gross or microscopic alterations or changes in organ weights. With the exception of mild effects on body weight gain, there was no evidence of chronic toxicity in monkeys given 3 mg/kg zatosetron daily for 1 year.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

New generic approach to the treatment of organophosphate poisoning: adenosine receptor mediated inhibition of ACh-release.

Current treatment of acute organophosphate (OP) poisoning includes a combined administration of a cholinesterase reactivator (oxime), a muscarinic receptor antagonist (atropine) and an anticonvulsant (diazepam). This treatment is not adequate since it does not prevent neuronal brain damage and incapacitation. Here, as in a recent review it is stated that other therapeutic approaches may improve protection. Former studies on the "direct effects" of oximes led to the conclusion that drug-induced inhibition of acetylcholine (ACh)-release shortly (1 min) after the acute OP-intoxication, could prevent and counteract convulsions and improve survival. In general, the accumulation of ACh in the synaptic cleft is considered to be responsible for the symptoms that ultimately lead to death. Therefore, prevention or suppression of this excessive accumulation of ACh could be a generic approach to antagonize OP-poisoning. Preliminary evidence for this concept has been put forward. Evaluation of drugs that would be able to prevent and counteract ACh accumulation, led to the conclusion that adenosine receptor agonists could be promising candidates. Pilot experiments demonstrated that intramuscular administration of the adenosine receptor agonists NECA (5'-N-ethylcarboxamido-adenosine) or CPA (N6-cyclopentyl adenosine) 1 min following a subcutaneous soman poisoning (1.5-2LD50) in rats, resulted in (1) prevention or postponement of chewing, salivation, convulsive activity, and respiratory distress (cholinergic symptoms), (2) improvement of survival rate (24 h), (3) a low level of extracellular brain ACh, as opposed to high levels of extracellular brain ACh in untreated animals. It is concluded that (1) adenosine agonists protect acutely soman-poisoned rats without the need of additional treatment with atropine, oxime or diazepam, (2) prevention of ACh accumulation in this way may be a new generic approach in the treatment of OP-poisoning.

Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide)↗
PubMed1997

Pilocarpine hydrochloride for symptomatic relief of xerostomia due to chronic graft-versus-host disease or total-body irradiation after bone-marrow transplantation for hematologic malignancies.

Xerostomia due to chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) or total-body irradiation (TBI) is an important cause of morbidity after BMT. The ophthalmic or oral form of pilocarpine, a parasympathomimetic agent with predominantly muscarinic activity, was given orally to 13 patients with moderate (n = 6) or severe (n = 7) xerostomia due to chronic GVHD (n = 7) or TBI (n = 6). The duration of 19 courses of therapy was 7-245 days (median 73). Ten patients (77%) noticed significant improvement in salivation and relief of symptoms which reached its maximum after 7-186 days (median 46). Difficulty in eating and speaking reduced, and there was a beneficial effect on the oral mucosa and teeth. Xerophthalmia improved in one of six patients. Five patients had adverse reactions: wheezing (n = 1), and increased sweating without (n = 3) or with (n = 1) abdominal cramps (n = 1): leading to discontinuation of pilocarpine in one. Three patients stopped pilocarpine, became symptomatic again, but the benefits were reproducible on restarting pilocarpine. The ophthalmic preparation was as effective as the oral, and was one-tenth the cost of the oral. We conclude that oral pilocarpine is effective in relieving xerostomia associated with chronic GVHD and TBI. The time taken for a response to be seen is variable, and unless significant adverse effects are encountered, pilocarpine should be continued for 6-8 weeks before it is considered to have failed.

Bone Marrow Transplantation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The release of glandular kallikrein from submaxillary glands of rats exposed to heat.

The salivary flow elicited by phenylephrine was reduced in kininogen-deficient rats or by pretreatment of normal Wistar rats with HOE 140, a bradykinin antagonist. Salivary flow induced by substance P was similar in normal and kininogen-deficient rats. Phenylephrine released large amounts of kallikrein in saliva. Isoproterenol was less active while pilocarpine and substance P induced a small secretion of kallikrein. The saliva produced by anaesthetized rats in response to heat stress contained low levels of kallikrein. However a large depletion of the kallikrein content of submaxillary glands was observed in awake animals exposed to 36 degrees C and 40 degrees C for one hour. This depletion was suppressed by prazosin administered with a beta-adrenergic antagonist. Administered alone, these drugs had no effect, whereas atropine increased the depletion. The presence of kallikrein was observed in the oedema fluid which developed around the submaxillary glands in rats pretreated with atropine or exposed to 40 degrees C. A consumption of plasma kininogens occurred during heat exposure. The reflex-induced release of kallikrein during heat exposure is mainly controlled by sympathetic nerves through activation of both alpha and beta-adrenoreceptors. This release induces the formation of kinins which participate to the thermolytic salivation.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Poisoning due to illegal use of carbamates as a rodenticide in Rio de Janeiro.

Carbamate insecticides (mainly aldicarb) are illegally commercialized as rat poisons and commonly used by the population of Rio de Janeiro for this purpose. A retrospective study concerning 189 cases (80 men, 109 women) of carbamate poisoning referred to the Poison Control Center of Rio de Janeiro throughout 1993 is described. The causes of carbamate poisoning were suicide attempts (65%) and accidental ingestions (35%). The main signs and symptoms found (86%) were those related to the SLUDGE syndrome (increased salivation, lacrimation, urinary incontinence, diarrhea, gastrointestinal cramping and emesis) which were more commonly seen in adults than in children. Despite treatment with atropine, the case-fatality was 4%. It is concluded that there is a widespread risk of carbamate poisoning in Rio de Janeiro due to its clandestine use as a rodenticide. Effective measures by the government authorities should be implemented to stamp out the illicit commercialization of these compounds.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Effects of polybrominated biphenyls on health and performance of pregnant Holstein heifers.

The toxicity of a commercial blend of polybrominated biphenyls was determined in 24 pregnant Holstein heifers that were allotted randomly to one of four experimental groups given 0, .25, 250, or 25,000 mg/day of fire-Master BP-6. The polybrominated biphenyls were mixed with finely ground corn and given by bolus for 60 days or until the animal became moribund. Average body weight of heifers at onset of experiment was 381 kg. No clinical signs of toxicosis were evident in heifers fed 0, .25 or 250 mg/day. Toxicosis was induced in heifers fed 25,000 mg/day resulting in reduced dry matter intake, body weight, heart rate, and respiration rate. Clinical signs were anorexia, emaciation, dehydration, excessive lacrimation and salivation, diarrhea, depression, and abortion or fetal death. All heifers fed 25,000 mg/day became moribund within 33 to 66 days.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1979

Potassium toxicity and acid-base balance from large oral doses of potassium to young calves.

Potassium chloride and sodium chloride were infused into the reticulorumen of male Holstein calves, approximately 6 mo of age and 260 kg, at .29, .58, 1.15, 1.73, 2.31, or 2.88 g potassium per kilogram body weight or 1.35, 2.12, or 2.16 g sodium per kilogram in equal volumes of water. Paired controls were infused with water. Calves were monitored for physiological changes for 6 h at 15, 30, or 60-min intervals. Potassium and total solids of plasma and packed cell volume were increased at potassium doses greater than .29 g of potassium per kilogram body weight within 1 h after dosing. At the higher doses of potassium, sodium content of plasma increased about 1 h after the increase in plasma potassium. Respiration rates within a potassium treatment varied with respect to time after dosing, but generally they increased, and associated variables of carbon dioxide pressure, pH, and bicarbonate in blood were decreased accordingly. Clinical toxicity signs, including excess salivation, muscular tremors of legs, and excitability were observed with potassium doses greater than .58 g of potassium per kilogram body weight. Three of five calves given 1.73 g of potassium per kilogram, three of four calves given 2.31 g of potassium per kilogram, and one calf given 2.88 g of potassium per kilogram body weight died. With a small number of calves, oral sodium infusions increased plasma sodium in proportion to the dose, but plasma potassium remained relatively constant. Sodium infusions of 2.12 and 2.16 g of sodium per kilogram body weight were fatal.

Acid-Base Imbalance↗
PubMed1986

Rumen clearance rates in relation to the occurrence of alfalfa bloat in cattle. 1. Passage of water-soluble markers.

Ruminal chlorophyll and rates of passage of two water-soluble markers were simultaneously determined in cattle with different susceptibilities to alfalfa bloat. The markers showed a slower rate of passage from the rumens of more susceptible cattle where the average half-lives for cobalt-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and chromium-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid were 12 to 17 h. Average half-life of the markers was 8 h in the rumens of the less susceptible animals. In agreement, chloroplast particles in the liquid phase of rumen contents showed greater accumulation in animals susceptible to bloat, but many more observations were required to detect differences in chlorophyll among animals. This was partly due to the unhomogeneous dispersion of chloroplast fragments in the reticulorumen compared with the uniform distribution of the inert markers. Differences in rumen volumes (estimated from the quantity of marker administered and its initial concentration) were detected among animals, but these did not show a relationship to bloat susceptibility. In vitro studies indicated that alfalfa chloroplast particles were not readily degraded by rumen microorganisms. Our results support earlier conclusions on slower rates of salivation for cattle that bloat compared with those that do not.

Animals↗