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The winner of the sixth spectroscopy challenge (published in issue 379/1) is: Xiancui Li, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China The award entitles the winner to select a Springer book from our catalogue up to a value of euro 75.00. Our Congratulations!
This study was conducted on the spread and usage of computer-aided software programme (GDS) in 72 obstetric departments. Standardised questionnaires were sent to universities and hospitals to ask for information on registered perinatal data. The record with the hand-written delivery book cannot record all data needed for quality protection as the PC is able to list. 89% of the obstetricians evaluate their clinical data regularly by statistical survey and classification. By analysing the general trend they can critically assess their actual obstetrical management. The PC is established in 83%, functions without technical problems in 92% and is optimal in the sequence of operation in 57% of all departments questioned. Overtime hours for the staff could be reduced in 11%, if a computer was used, and in 13% the nurses could take more care of mother and child because of less official red tape. Independent of the size of the department and the data processing knowledge of the staff, the software programme runs efficiently. The comprehensive basis data documentation with all perinatal and neonatal data is used to its full extent in 100% of the cases and documents the clinical effectivity. With regard to the standardised hospital quality control process by the modified requirements in the public health legislation, the directors of the hospital departments are able to assess the quality control and show economic independence.
STUDY DESIGN: Meta-synthesis of qualitative research. OBJECTIVES: To identify, compare and synthesize the factors found to contribute to, or detract from the experience of a life worth living following spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS: Published articles were identified from the Medline, CINAHL and Sociological Abstracts databases, a hand search through selected journals published since 1990, and from reference lists. These were assessed for their relevance to the focus of interest and appraised for rigour and quality. The key themes that emerged from the data were summarized, compared and synthesized. RESULTS: The search located 64 papers and four books, of which seven papers met the review criteria for relevance and rigour, and in which 10 main concepts were identified: (1) body problems, (2) loss, (3) relationships, (4) responsibility for, and control of one's life, (5) occupation, and ability to contribute, (6) environmental context, (7) new values/perspective transformation, (8) good and bad days, (9) self-worth, (10) self-continuity. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the utility of synthesizing qualitative research to provide a greater depth of insight into the factors that contribute to, and detract from, quality of life (QOL) after SCI. It also provides a more nuanced understanding of the experience of QOL following SCI than is achievable by quantitative methods. Future qualitative research is required to probe further the concepts and connections identified in this study, and to identify how rehabilitation services might best address these issues.
I am Jacob B. Berkson, a 68-year-old resident of Hagerstown, Maryland. I was a trial lawyer for some 40 years. I am now retired and writing a book on Environmental Pollution and Environmental Illness, titled A Canary's Tale. I was invited to speak to you as a patient--one who was poisoned by an organophosphate pesticide and who subsequently developed Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS, or sometimes referred to as Environmental Illness, EI).
OBJECTIVE: The goal of this review is to report the epidemiology and risks associated with tobacco smoking. It also suggests reasons and measures to achieve a smoke-free society. DATA SOURCES: References are limited to the English language and human subjects. All are publications from either the United States or the United Kingdom and extend back to the past 50 years. Sources include computerized databases and bibliographies of recent articles and books. STUDY SELECTION: Papers were selected on the basis of their timeliness, credibility of their data, explanation of important findings, extrapolation of clinical data from large patient populations, and clarification of controversial issues. Approximately 60% of the articles initially reviewed are included in the bibliography. RESULTS: Tobacco smoking continues to affect the lives of millions of Americans. The risks of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and respiratory diseases are significantly increased in both the smoker and in those exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the consequences of tobacco smoking is necessary to effectively mobilize the appropriate political, social, and medical resources to combat this most important health issue.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the referential rule and the informative absorbing capacity of the Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine (CJITWM), and analyze the characteristics of literature requirement of scientists working in integrated Chinese and Western medicine (ICWM) field offering suggestions on literary utilization. METHODS: Citation analysis was used to analyze the references cited in 1825 articles published in CJIM from 2001 to 2004 according to their time sequence of publishing. RESULTS: The citation rate was 53.64%, and 9.51% citations per article. Most of the citations were mainly cited from journals (85.38%) and books (13.4%). The Price Index was 49.22%, and the self-citation rate for author and periodical were 3.63% and 7.77% respectively. CONCLUSION: CJITWM is a highly authorized and representative professional academic periodical in the field of ICWM. The citations are mainly cited from periodicals written in Chinese or English, they are of good novelty and quality, but the citation rate should be further improved.
This article reviews additions to 3 ways of visually enriching verbal accounts of the history of psychology: illustrated books, slides, and videos. Although each approach has its limitations and its merits, taken together they constitute a significant addition to the printed word. As such, they broaden the toolkits of both the learners and the teachers of the history of psychology. Reference is also made to 3 earlier publications.
Professor Armando Roa had an original conception of the clinical-phenomenological method of investigation in clinical psychiatry, differing from that applied in European clinical studies. Considering that the psychiatrist must rely on clinical facts, the generic features of symptoms must be studied and the way a symptom is lived must be specified. In this way, Professor Roa made five descriptions of normal and pathological anxiety, obsessions, phobias, autism, larvate psychical forms of epilepsy, primitive perception of reference, psychopathy and anorexia nervosa. He created the concepts of communicative and indicative language, destroyed thinking and unwillingness in schizophrenics, notifying language in neurotics and awareness and notion of disease. He also made a new classification of alcoholics. He has published 28 books and 120 articles in journals. He performs outstanding undergraduate teaching and has powerfully influenced contemporary and younger psychiatrists. In summary, he is a prominent Chilean intellectual.
OBJECTIVE: To produce standard curves of birth weight according to gestational age validated by ultrasonography in the British population, with particular reference to the effects of ethnic origin. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of computerised obstetric database. SETTING: Three large maternity units associated with Nottingham University with over 16,000 deliveries a year. PATIENTS: 41,718 women with ultrasound dated singleton pregnancies and delivery between 168 and 300 days' gestation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Length of gestation, ethnic origin, parity, maternal height and weight at booking, smoking during pregnancy; the effect of these variables on birth weight. RESULTS: Birth weights from ultrasound dated pregnancies have a higher population mean and show less flattening of the birthweight curve at term than those of pregnancies dated from menstrual history. Significant differences were observed in mean birth weights of babies of mothers of European origin (3357 g), of Afro-Caribbean origin (3173 g), and from the Indian subcontinent (3096 g). There were also significant interethnic differences in length of gestation, parity, maternal height, booking weight, and smoking habit which affected birth weight. The ethnic differences in birth weight were even greater when the effect of smoking was excluded. CONCLUSIONS: Birthweight standards require precise dating of pregnancy and should describe the population from which they were derived. In a heterogeneous maternity population the accurate assessment of an individual baby's weight needs to take the factors which affect birthweight standards into consideration.
Mammalian cells usually possess the capacity to rejoin disruptions introduced into their deoxynucleoprotein structures by ionizing radiation. I believe that analyses of the strand-break-inducing and the strand-break-rejoining mechanisms operating on the DNA of irradiated cells can provide clues to the nature of the structure of mammalian chromatin in situ. In particular, I wish to consider evidence relevant to the idea that mammalian DNA contains special sites which are sensitive to radiation (Left and Sun, 1970; Lett et al., 1972), alkali (Lett et al., 1970), and perhaps other agents and treatments. This concept is usually referred to as the "subunit hypothesis." The present communication extends previous arguments along similar lines (Lett et al., 1972) with an evaluation of more recent data. Since these data have been, or will be, published in the open literature or elsewhere in this book, they will be described here only in general terms.
Virtually all software is constantly changing and evolving (and crystallographic software is no exception), which makes it nearly impossible to write a chapter that will remain current. In this chapter, we introduce CRYSTAL, a website (http://crystal.uvm.edu) where a comprehensive list of available crystallographic packages for each step of macromolecular structure determination will be maintained. Additionally, we provide links to books, journals, and a number of educational sites on crystallography. For each program/site included at CRYSTAL, a detailed description will include: the most current version, the authors, and appropriate operating systems to host the program. Links to download the programs, available tutorials, and references to cite when using the program/site are also provided.
Thousand Golden Prescriptions, including Thousand Golden Prescriptions for Emergencies and Supplements to Thousand Golden Prescriptions is an important medical book containing the main medical achievements before the Tang dynasty. It attaches great attention to daily tuina for health-care, enriches its contents, and makes a description to the method of tuina for children, offering detailed materials for later ages with significant reference value, and makes an important contribution to the art of tuina.
OBJECTIVE: To describe the cost of medicines used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis in South Africa. DESIGN: MIMS was used as the reference for the list of drugs, drug formulation and size, and recommended dosage. These figures were then checked against the package insert of each agent. The cost of each agent was originally derived from the same source, but for standardisation purposes the blue book price was used. Measure of effectiveness was derived from the International Consensus Report on the Diagnosis and Management of Rhinitis. Costs per treatment periods of 10 days (course) and 30 days (month) were calculated. The 'cost' differs from the 'price' in that it takes efficacy into account. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cost of drugs used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. RESULTS: The least costly treatments for allergic rhinitis are the intranasal corticosteroids. Sodium cromoglycate was the most costly, being nearly 20 times more expensive than the nasal steroids. Anticholinergic sprays and topical decongestants were also more costly than nasal steroids, as were the antihistamines. The older-generation antihistamine, ketotifen, was not only more costly than the four oral newer-generation agents in this class but has the added disadvantage of greater sedative side-effects. All oral antihistamines were outclassed by the topical antihistamine, levocabastine. CONCLUSIONS: This study in no way aims to recommend treatment for allergic rhinitis. However, it highlights the need to consider efficacy of a drug before unit price in the selection of treatment regimens. It is therefore a comment on practical issues in drug selection in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to describe Doody's Core Titles in the Health Sciences as a new selection guide and a virtual community based on an effective use of online systems and to describe its potential impact on library collection development. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS/RESOURCES: The setting is the availability of health sciences selection guides. Participants include Doody Enterprise staff, Doody's Library Board of Advisors, content specialists, and library selectors. Resources include the online system used to create Doody's Core Titles along with references to complementary databases. BRIEF DESCRIPTION: Doody's Core Titles is described and discussed in relation to the literature of selection guides, especially in comparison to the Brandon/Hill selected lists that were published from 1965 to 2003. Doody's Core Titles seeks to fill the vacuum created when the Brandon/Hill lists ceased publication. Doody's Core Titles is a unique selection guide based on its method of creating an online community of experts to identify and score a core list of titles in 119 health sciences specialties and disciplines. RESULTS/OUTCOME: The result is a new selection guide, now available annually, that will aid health sciences librarians in identifying core titles for local collections. EVALUATION METHOD: Doody's Core Titles organizes the evaluation of core titles that are identified and recommended by content specialists associated with Doody's Book Review Service and library selectors. A scoring mechanism is used to create the selection of core titles, similar to the star rating system employed in other Doody Enterprise products and services.
Guidelines for improving the effectiveness and efficiency of conducting a search of scientific literature are presented. Initial leads can be gained by contacting a local expert or consulting a textbook. An impression of advances being made in a particular field can be gained efficiently by scanning weekly issues of Current Contents, containing the tables of contents of most scientific journals. Recent review articles on most topics can usually be found listed in the Index Medicus. With at least one significant reference dealing with a specific topic of interest, the Science Citation Index may be used to identify articles published during a particular indexing period which cited the article as a reference. Practical guidelines are also presented for establishing a simple but comprehensive personal system for filing and retrieving on demand reprints, pamphlets, and notes.
During his house staff training before World War II, Dr. W. Proctor Harvey encountered Dr. Samuel A. Levine at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston. Following military service, Harvey returned to Boston and became Levine's first cardiology fellow. The book Clinical Auscultation of the Heart--the Little Green Book by Levine and Harvey in 1949 combined Levine's clinical wisdom with Harvey's objective phonocardiographic methods and brought an important objective dimension to the art of cardiac auscultation. Both Levine and Harvey shared experiences and friendship with Henry Christian, the first Physician-in-Chief when the new Brigham Hospital Opened in 1913. Christian, appointed Dean of the Harvard Medical School in 1908 at the age of 32, was referred to as the "Boy Dean." He held the Hersey Chair of Theory and Practice of Physic from 1908 until 1939, was one of the founding group of the American Society for Clinical Investigation, and a major force in academic medicine. Levine served as intern to Christian and then joined the Brigham medical staff in 1915. Proctor Harvey followed Henry Christian's path from their mutual hometown of Lyunchburg, VA to the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital. A series of illuminating and respectful professional interactions--initially between Christian and Levine, between Levine and Harvey in the early 1940s, and between Harvey and Christian in the 1950s--provide the background for the genesis of the Little Green Book and a remarkable example of academic heritage.
CONTEXT: Duplicate publication is publication of an article that overlaps substantially with an article published elsewhere. Patterns of duplication are not well understood. OBJECTIVE: To investigate duplication patterns and propose a decision tree for classification. DATA SOURCES: We searched a comprehensive list of systematic reviews (1989 through August 15, 2002) in anesthesia and analgesia that is accessible on the Internet. We selected published full articles of duplicates that had been identified in these systematic reviews. Abstracts, letters, or book chapters were excluded. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Authors of 56 (40%) of 141 systematic reviews acknowledged identification of duplicates. Duplication patterns were identified independently by all investigators comparing samples and outcomes of pairs of duplicates and main articles. Information on cross-reference, sponsorship, authorship, and publication characteristics was extracted from the articles. DATA SYNTHESIS: The 56 systematic reviews included 1131 main articles (129 337 subjects) and excluded 103 duplicates (12 589 subjects) that originated from 78 main articles. Sixty articles were published twice, 13 three times, 3 four times, and 2 five times. We identified 6 duplication patterns: (1A) identical samples and identical outcomes (21 pairs); (1B) same as 1A but several duplicates assembled (n = 16); (2) identical samples and different outcomes (n = 24); (3A) increasing sample and identical outcomes (n = 11); (3B) decreasing sample and identical outcomes (n = 11); (4) different samples and different outcomes (n = 20). The prevalence of covert duplicate articles (without a cross-reference to the main article) was 5.3% (65/1234). Of the duplicates, 34 (33%) were sponsored by the pharmaceutical industry, and 66 (64%) had authorship that differed partly or completely from the main article. The median journal impact factor was 1.8 (range, 0.1-29.5) for duplicates and 2.0 (range, 0.4-29.5) for main articles (P =.13). The median annual citation rate was 1.7 (range, 0-27) for duplicates and 2.1 (range, 0-31) for main articles (P =.45). The median number of authors was 4 (range, 1-14) for duplicates and 4 (range, 1-15) for corresponding main articles (P =.02). The median delay in publication between main articles and duplicates was 1 year (range, 0-7 years). CONCLUSIONS: Duplication goes beyond simple copying. Six distinct duplication patterns were identified after comparing study samples and outcomes of duplicates and corresponding main articles. Authorship was an unreliable criterion. Duplicates were published in journals with similar impact factors and were cited as frequently as main articles.
AIMS: Primary small cell carcinoma (SCC) of the urinary bladder is rare, accounting for less than 1% of all primary bladder malignancies. Metastases are often present at the time of diagnosis, prognosis is poor and there is no established optimum treatment strategy. Small cell carcinoma of the lung (SCLC) shares many clinicopathological features with SCC of the bladder, and there is good evidence supporting the use of combination chemotherapy in SCLC. In addition, consolidation thoracic irradiation and prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) both increase 3-year absolute survival by 5.4% in SCLC patients with limited disease and a complete response to chemotherapy. Therefore, we adopted a similar staging and treatment strategy for SCC of the bladder. We report our clinical experience using this strategy, and review published studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All cases of SCC of the bladder referred to Velindre Hospital between 1998 and 2005 were identified and data collected retrospectively on demographic details, stage, performance status, treatment and response to treatment. For the review, the electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cancerlit were searched, along with hand searching of journals, relevant books and review papers. RESULTS: Seven patients were identified. In total, six out of seven had platinum-based chemotherapy. Four patients received consolidation radiotherapy (CRT) to the bladder after a complete response to chemotherapy, and none have locally relapsed to date. The three patients with limited disease remain alive and disease free 14, 30 and 36 months after diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Combined modality therapy using platinum-based combination chemotherapy and consolidation radiotherapy may provide effective local control and allow a bladder-preserving approach to the management of SCC of the bladder. The role of PCI is controversial, and should be discussed with patients on an individual basis.